Study Guide for Test on DNA & Protein Synthesis (for extra ...

Study Guide for Test on DNA & Protein Synthesis (for extra credit, write answers to "Quiz Yourself!")

a. DNA and RNA i. Big Ideas: The structure of DNA, compare and contrast DNA and RNA ii. Vocabulary: Double Helix, Nucleotide, Nitrogenous Base, Base Pairing Rule iii. Essential Questions: How are DNA and RNA similar? How are they different? iv. Quiz Yourself!: (1) What two people are credited with discovering DNA's shape and function? (2) What are the three parts of a nucleotide? (3) What are the four kinds of nitrogenous bases in DNA? (4) Which nitrogenous base is NOT found in RNA? (5)Which is NOT found in DNA? (6) How is the Base Pairing Rule different for DNA and RNA?

b. Genes i. Big Ideas: Genes are pieces of DNA that code for a specific trait. Each gene is divided up into codons. There are 3 types of RNA, each with a special job. ii. Vocabulary: Gene, Codon, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA iii. Essential Questions: How do DNA and RNA store genetic information? iv. Quiz Yourself!: (7) How many nucleotides are in a codon? (8) Why is the base pairing rule important when it comes to the genetic code? (9) If the DNA never leaves the nucleus, how does it control the cell?

c. Protein Synthesis i. Big Ideas: The DNA in the nucleus controls all cell functions by sending copies of its code to the ribosome. The ribosome reads that code and builds proteins based on it. Amino acids are put together, one-by-one, to make proteins at the ribosome. Proteins control what organisms look like, and how they work. ii. Vocabulary: Transcription, Translation iii. Essential Questions: How does DNA transmit genetic information? iv. Quiz Yourself!: (10) Which comes first, transcription or translation? (11) Where in the cell does transcription happen? (12) What actually happens during transcription? (13) Where in the cell does translation happen? (14) What actually happens during translation? (15) How does the ribosome know where to put each individual amino acid?

d. Gene Mutations i. Big Ideas: Mutations are changes in the DNA that can occur for a variety of different reasons and may result in a variety of different effects. ii. Vocabulary: Mutation, Mutagen, Point Mutation, Gene Mutation iii. Essential Question: What is a mutation? What might cause a mutation to occur? iv. Quiz Yourself!: (16) What is a mutagen? (17) List at least three different examples of mutagens in the environment around us that we are commonly exposed to. (18) Why will a mutation not be able to instantly transform an entire organism's body? (19) Do mutations always have a negative effect? Why or why not? (20) Explain what a "frameshift" mutation is.

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