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Appendix 1. Characters and states of phylogenetic analysis. Characters and states used in the phylogenetic analysis. Characters are coded with respect to Kielantherium gobiense as outgroup. All characters are treated as unordered.1. Presence of teeth (Muizon et al., 2015 - ch. 1): (0) present, (1) absent 2. Teeth types (Muizon et al., 2015 - ch. 2): (0) differentiated into morphological types (incisors, canines, premolars, molars) with enamel, (1) simple peg-like teeth 3. Postcanine loci (Muizon et al., 2015 - ch. 3): (0) eight or more, (1) seven, (2) six, (3) five or less 4. Development of parastyle: (0) developed, (1) reduced or vestigial 5. StA lingual placement relative to paracone (Davis, 2007 - ch. 1): (0) well-removed labial to paracone, (1) somewhat lingually placed, (2) extremely lingually placed so that it is directly anterior to paracone 6. Pre-parastye presence: (0) present, (1) absent 7. Development of StA in comparison to StB (Muizon and Cifelli, 2001): (0) enlarged, (1) small, (2) vestigial 8. Supernumerary cusp between StA and StB in M1-3: (0) absent, (1) present 9. Development of StB in M2-3: (0) developed, (1) vestigial or absent, (2) massively developed (i.e. evidently larger than paracone) 10. Zig-zag crest connecting StB and StD (Oliveira and Goin, 2011): (0) absent, (1) present 11. Morphology of StB: (0) flattened or labiolingually compressed, (1) pyramidal, (2) conical12. Broad and well-developed labial accessory crest of StB (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a): (0) absent, (1) present 13. Lingual accessory crest of StB (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a): (0) absent, (1) developed and not invasive in stylar shelf, (2) developed and invasive in stylar shelf, (3) developed, invasive and merged with lingual accessory crest of StD 14. Mesiolingual crest of StB development: (0) developed, (1) vestigial 15. StB with distolabial accessory cuspule (StB1) (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a): (0) present and weakly or moderately developed, (1) vestigial or absent, (2) present and well-developed 16. StB1 at the labial center of stylar shelf: (0) absent, (1) present 17. Presence of StC: (0) vestigial or absent in all molars, (1) weakly to moderately developed, (2) well-developed 18. StC merging with StD (StC+StD) (Abello, 2013): (0) absent, (1) StC very close or in contact with StD, but not merged, (2) StC and StD merged, (3) complete merged 19. StC shape: (0) conical, (1) flattened (i.e. labiolingually compressed) 20. StC mesiolingual orientation: (0) absent, (1) present only in M1, (2) present in M1 and also M2 or M3 21. Lingual shifting of StC (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015): (0) not evidently lingual, (1) evidently lingual 22. Lingual accessory crest of StC (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a): (0) absent, (1) present 23. Twinned StC: (0) present, with StC and a supernumerary cusp, (1) absent, (2) present, with StC and two or more supernumerary cusps 24. StD development: (0) reduced or absent, (1) weakly to moderately developed, (2) well-developed 25. Morphology of StD (Oliveira and Goin, 2011; Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a): (0) flattened, (1) conical, (2) pyramidal, (3) inflated, (4) pyramidal and well labially compressed 26. StD number of apices: (0) single apice, (1) three 27. StD with bifurcated medium crest (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a): (0) absent, (1) present 28. StD with concave medial borders (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a): (0) absent, (1) present29. StD with lingual and labial accessory crests (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a): (0) absent, (1) present on M1-2, but not M3, (2) present on all molars 30. StD morphology of distal wall (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a): (0) continuous, (1) with abrupt vertical distal wall, (2) flat distal wall associataded with a lingual accessory crest 31. StD1 presence (Travouillon et al., 2018): (0) absent, (1) present 32. Notch between StB and StD: (0) absent, (1) present 33. Twinned cusps on the posterior border of metastylar shelf of M3: (0) absent, (1) present 34. Labial cuspules keel (sensu Cifelli, 1990): (0) present, (1) absent 35. Supernumerary cusps (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015): (0) absent, (1) present 36. Cuspules on the center of the stylar shelf (Cohen, 2017): (0) absent, (1) present 37. Epiconular plataform (Zimicz, 2011): (0) absent, (1) present 38. Low parallel crests that contact StB and StD with paracone and metacone, respectively: (0) absent, (1) present 39. Preparacrista orientation (Oliveira and Goin, 2011): (0) oriented to StB, (1) oriented to StA, (2) preparacrista reduced or nearly absent in M1-2 40. Preparacrista with accessory cusps: (0) present, (1) absent 41. Anterobasal cingulum separated from the parastyle by the lingual accessory crest of StA, which are distolingually oriented (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a): (0) absent, (1) present 42. Development of the postmetacrista: (0) well-developed, (1) moderately to poorly developed, (2) very short or reduced 43. Postmetacrista cusps (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017a): (0) with a single and enlarged cusp closely spaced to metacone, (1) with three cusps, (2) without cusps 44. Oblique oriented crest at the labio-distal border of metacone: (0) present, (1) absent 45. Development of stylar shelf: (0) developed, (1) vestigial, with para- and metacone as part of the labial wall of upper molars, (2) vestigial, with para- and metacone do not forming the labial wall of upper molars 46. Parastylar shelf development in M3 (Davis, 2007): (0) developed, (1) reduced to a narrow lobe 47. Comparative development of parastylar lobe and metastylar lobe in M3: (0) subequal, (1) parastylar larger, (2) metastylar larger, (3) metastylar much larger 48. Labial border of metastylar shelf oblique oriented on M1, being twice the size of the parastylar shelf labial border: (0) absent, (1) present 49. Labial cingulum (=ectocingulum) (Forasiepi et al. 2014): (0) absent, (1) present and restricted to the labial border of paracone, (2) present and developed as an ectocingulum to the base of metacone, (3) developed and restricted to labial border, but exten 50. Ectoflexus labiolingual development: (0) very deep, reaching the level of lingual border of StB, (1) deep, but not reaching the lingual base of StB, (2) shallow or absent 51. Ectoflexus mesiodistal development: (0) mesiodistally developed ('ridge-like' ectoflexus), (1) not mesiodistally expanded 52. Paracone x metacone size: (0) paracone evidently larger than the metacone, (1) paracone larger than the metacone, (2) both subequal or metacone slightly larger, (3) metacone markedly larger, (4) paracone evidently reduced or absent, (5) paracone and metacone reduced or absentbsent 53. Para- and metacone with apices lingually projected: (0) absent, (1) present 54. Metacone apex distally projected: (0) absent, (1) poorly projected, (2) evidently projected 55. Morphology of the labial borders of para- and metacone: (0) both rounded in one of M1-3, (1) metacone rounded and paracone pyramidal, (2) both compressed, (3) paracone rounded and metacone pyramidal 56. Labial aligment of para- and metacone: (0) aligned, (1) paracone more labial than metacone, (2) paracone evidently more labial than metacone 57. Twisted paracone (Goin and Candela, 2004): (0) not twisted, (1) poorly twisted, (2) markedly twisted 58. Strong labiolingually compressed and twisted metacone on M3: (0) present, (1) absent 59. Medium sharp crest on lingual border of metacone: (0) absent, (1) present and labiolingually oriented, (2) present and mesiolingually oriented (i.e. obliquely oriented) 60. Oblique medium crest at the labial wall of paracone: (0) absent, (1) present 61. Oblique medium crest at the labial wall of metacone: (0) absent, (1) present 62. Para- and metacone merging with StB and StD (Goin and Candela, 1998): (0) absent, (1) present with inflated StB and StD, (2) present with labiolingually compressed StB and StD, (3) marginal cusp at the labial wall, (4) present, with inflated StB, but not S 63. Morphology of labially displaced centrocrista (Oliveira and Goin, 2011): (0) straight in at least one of M1-3, (1) pseudolinear, (2) dilambdodont or 'V-shaped', (3) 'U-shaped', (4) open or invasive 'open-shaped', (5) sinuous, (6) discontinuous 64. Invasive centrocrista (Oliveira and Goin, 2011): (0) absent, (1) present 65. Accessory cusp to the ectoloph of the centrocrista (Oliveira and Goin, 2011): (0) absent, (1) present 66. Protocone development: (0) protocone incipiently developed, (1) protocone developed, (2) nearly absent or absent 67. Protocone displacement (Oliveira and Goin, 2011): (0) poorly displaced, (1) well mesially displaced, (2) eccentric in M1-2, but not M3, (3) eccentric in M2-3 68. Morphology of protocone: (0) fusiform, (1) mesio-distally expanded, (2) labio-lingually developed, (3) hypocone, (4) markedly mesiodistally compressed, (5) 'spire-like' protocone (massive and markedly inflated) 69. Protocone with a pair of oblique grooves (Goin and Candela, 2004): (0) absent, (1) present 70. Protocone with a medio-lingual sharp crest (Oliveira, 1998): (0) absent, (1) present 71. Protocone very low (Oliveira et al. 2016): (0) absent, (1) present 72. Protocone labially shifted (Goin and Candela, 2004; Goin et al., 2010): (0) absent, (1) present 73. Protocone with well-developed lingual cingulum (Goin and Candela, 2004; Goin et al., 2010): (0) absent, (1) present 74. Presence of dental basal expansions: (0) absent, (1) present and poorly developed, (2) present and well-developed (Davis, 2007) 75. Postprotocrista finishing at medial face of the metacone: (0) absent, (1) present 76. Notches separating the conules, conuloids and protocristae: (0) absent, (1) present between the conules and protocristae, (2) present between the conules and conuloids and between conuloids and protocristae 77. Conuloids presence: (0) absent, (1) present and incipiently developed, being smaller than the conules, (2) present and well-developed, being subequal in development to the conules 78. Morphology of metaconule: (0) mesio-distally compressed, (1) inflated, (2) 'hypocone-like' in M1-2, but not M3-4, (3) 'spire-like', (4) pyramidal, (5) pseudohypocone, (6) 'hypocone-like' in M1-4, but less developed in M4 79. Alignment of paraconule, protocone and metaconule (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015): (0) conules not aligned with protocone, (1) metaconule aligned with protocone, (2) paraconule and metaconule aligned with protocone, (3) paraconule more lingual than metaconul 80. Neometaconule presence: (0) absent, (1) present 81. Conules as large as or larger than stylar cusps (Chornogubsky and Goin, 2015): (0) absent, (1) present 82. Crenulated preparaconular crista: (0) absent, (1) present 83. Straight preparaconular crista, which separates the talonid basin from the anterobasal cingulum: (0) absent, (1) present 84. Invasive preparaconular crista morphology: (0) absent, (1) present and poorly invasive, (2) present, oblique and well-invasive, (3) present, well-invasive and parallel to the median axis of the tooth (i.e. straight) 85. Discontinuous postmetaconular crista on M1: (0) absent, (1) present 86. Internal conular crista development: (0) reduced or absent, (1) developed 87. Flexus between the conules and protocone (Goin and Candela, 1998): (0) absent, (1) flexus between protocone and paraconule, (2) flexus between protocone and metaconule, (3) furrow 88. Metaconule x protocone size: (0) protocone larger in all molars, (1) metaconule even in size or just sligtly smaller, (2) metaconule larger in at least one molar 89. Anterobasal cingulum contacting the talon in a lower position (discontinuous anterobasal cingulum with talon basin): (0) absent, (1) present 90. Reduced anterobasal cingulum only on M3: (0) absent, (1) present 91. Mesial expansion of anterobasal cingulum (i.e. sinuous mesial border of anterobasal cingulum) (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017): (0) absent, (1) present, with labial half mesially expanded, (2) present and evidently mesially expanded, (3) not so expanded 92. Posterobasal cingulum development: (0) reduced or absent, (1) poorly developed, (2) developed 93. Anterobasal and posterobasal cinguli of M1-3 expanded and level with the trigon basin (Chornogubsky and Goin 2015 - character 40): (0) absent, (1) present 94. Upper molars shape (Oliveira and Goin, 2011): (0) subtriangular or "rounded", (1) trapezoid, (2) subquadrangular, (3) zalambdodont, (4) mesiodistally compressed 95. Crown height: (0) not hypselodont or brachyo-bunodont, (1) hypsodont, (2) hypselodont, (3) brachyodont 96. Crown morphology: (0) not bunodont, lophodont or selenodont, (1) bunodont, (2) bunolophodont, (3) selenodont 97. Relative size between the talon and stylar shelf: (0) stylar shelf evidently broader than the talon, (1) stylar shelf slightly broader or subequal to talon, (2) talon broader in M2-3, (3) talon broader only in M3, (4) talon markedly broader in M1-3 98. Talon with mesiodistal expansion on M1-2: (0) absent, (1) present 99. Talon morphology in M2-3: (0) talon with no evident compression or elongation, (1) labiolingually compressed, but mesiodistally wide, (2) evident development of labiolingual axis (elongated), (3) labiolingually and mesiodistally compressed, (4) vestigial, 100. Enamel thickness in molars (Goin et al., 2009 - ch. 28; Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 12): (0) uniform throughout entire tooth surface, (1) markedly different thickness between lateral and occlusal faces 101. M4 with centrally placed paracone: (0) absent, (1) present 102. Dilambdodont centrocrista connecting para- and metacone in M4: (0) absent, (1) present 103. M4 with large, inflated and labio-central stylar cusps: (0) absent, (1) present 104. M4 with single, small and centrally placed StC: (0) absent, (1) present 105. M4 more reduced than M3: (0) absent, (1) present and not mesiodistally compressed, (2) present and mesiodistally and labiolingually compressed 106. M4 paracone x metacone relative size: (0) metacone relatively small, (1) metacone relatively large, (2) metacone vestigial or absent. 107. StB labially well salient in M4, forming a convex labial wall of parastylar lobe (Oliveira and Goin, 2011): (0) absent, (1) present 108. Number of molars: (0) three, (1) four 109. m1 labiolingually compressed: (0) present, (1) absent 110. m1 mesiodistally compressed: (0) absent, (1) present 111. m1 medial merging of protoconid and metaconid: (0) absent, (1) incipiently merged, (2) merged 112. Structure of m1 trigonid (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 13): metaconid transversely aligned with protoconid, para- and metaconid relatively close (0), metaconid posteriorly placed with respect to protoconid, para- and metaconid relatively close (1), metaconid very posteriorly placed with respect to protoconid, para- and metaconid relatively close (2), metaconid very posteriorly placed with respect to protoconid, para- and metaconid distant from each other (3), metaconid very posteriorly placed with respect to protoconid, para- and metaconid very distant from each other (4), para- proto- and metaconid aligned antero-posteriorly (5) 113. m1 evidently smaller than remaining molars (Cifelli, 1990a): (0) absent, (1) present 114. m1 with labiolingually compressed protoconid: (0) absent, (1) present 115. m1 with mesiodistally compressed metaconid: (0) absent, (1) present 116. Shape of m1 paracristid (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 14): notched (0), not notched, forming a continuous blade between proto- and paraconid (1) 117. Notch in the protocristid of m1 (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 19): protocristid with moderate notch (0), protocristid with deep notch (1), metacristid notch poorly or not developed (2) 118. Trigonid with 'spire-like' cuspids: (0) absent, (1) present 119. Labiolingual expansion of trigonid: (0) absent, (1) present 120. Compression of trigonid on m2-3: (0) compressed, (1) not compressed 121. Relative size between paraconid and metaconid: (0) both well-developed and subequal, (1) paraconid with some degree of reduction, (2) metaconid with some degree of reduction, (3) paraconid with evident increasing in size, (4) paraconid markedly smaller than metaconid, (5) paraconid markedly smaller than metaconid122. Paraconid as taller as the protoconid (Clemens, 1966): (0) absent, (1) present 123. Paraconid apex well mesially shifted ('finger-like paraconid'): (0) absent, (1) present 124. Paraconid with compressed mesial border in labial view: (0) absent, (1) present 125. Paraconid mesiodistal compression: (0) absent, (1) present 126. Paraconid and metaconid relative position (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 25): (0) widely spaced, (1) closely spaced, but not in contact, (2) in contact, but not merged (=closer, but not coalescent), (3) merged (=coalescent), (4) paraconid more closely spaced to protoconid 127. Metaconid position in comparison to the protoconid in m2-3: (0) metaconid complete posterior to protoconid, (1) metaconid posterior to protoconid, (2) both aligned, (3) metaconid anterior to protoconid 128. Keeled posterolingual angle of metaconid (Eaton, 2006): (0) absent, (1) present 129. Protoconid strongly labiolingually shifted on m2 and or m3: (0) absent, (1) present 130. Vertical postprotocristid (Goin et al., 2010): (0) absent, (1) present 131. Metastylid (Goin 2006): (0) absent, (1) present 132. Ectostylid (Zimicz, 2011): (0) absent, (1) present and large, but not enlarged, (2) present and enlarged 133. Entostylid: (0) absent, (1) present in lower moalrs, (2) restricted to m1 134. Morphology of hypoconid: (0) compressed, (1) conical, inflated or 'spire-like' 135. Hypoconid of m1-3 well labially salient (Goin and Abello, 2013): (0) absent, (1) present 136. Morphology of entoconid: (0) reduced, (1) conical and developed, (2) compressed, (3) 'spire-like', (4) flattened, (5) selenodontiform, (6) well-developed and flattened ('entoconid-wall') 137. Entoconid with two vertical grooves (Goin and Candela, 2004): (0) absent, (1) present 138. Entocristid development: (0) developed, (1) weakly developed, (2) reduced or absent, (3) well-developed, with a sinuous shape 139. Entocristid carnassial notch in m2-3 (Cohen, 2017): (0) absent, (1) present 140. Massive hypo- and entoconid (i.e. entoconid and hypoconid with mesial contact, occupying nearly the entire talonid basin): (0) absent, (1) present 141. Hypoconid x entoconid position: (0) hypoconid mesial to entoconid, (1) both aligned or entoconid slightly mesial, (2) entoconid evidently mesial to hypoconid 142. Hypoconid mesiodistal compression: (0) absent, (1) present 143. Cristid obliqua position of contact with the posterior wall of the trigonid (m1-3): (0) complete lingual at least in one molar, (1) slightly lingual in all lower molars, (2) carnassial notch, (3) slightly labial, (4) more labial, (5) at labial border, (6) ectostylid 144. Cristid obliqua progressively more lingual through the lower molar series: (0) absent, (1) present 145. Cristid obliqua shape (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 43): (0) long and nearly straight, (1) short and sinuous 146. Carnassial notch in cristid obliqua (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 186): (0) absent, (1) present 147. Hypoconulid position m1-3: (0) central, (1) more lingual, (2) posterolingual, (3) slightly lingual 148. Accessory cuspids e and f: (0) with at least one present, (1) both vestigial or absent, (2) with well-developed cuspid f 149. Short talonid in m1-3 (Oliveira et al., 2016): (0) present, (1) absent, (2) vestigial 150. Anterobasal cingulid presence: (0) reduced or absent, (1) developed 151. Posterobasal cingulid presence: (0) absent or reduced, (1) weakly developed, (2) well-developed 152. Strong labial flexid on m1-3: (0) present, (1) absent 153. m3/m4 with marked mesiodistal development: (0) absent, (1) present in m3 and m4, but more evident in m4, (2) present in m3, but not m4, (3) present in m4 (=m3), but not m3 (=m2) 154. m4 relative size paraconid and metaconid: (0) both subequal or nearly subequal in size, (1) paraconid larger, (2) metaconid larger, (3) paraconid markedly larger 155. m4 with enlarged, medially placed and slightly lingually twisted paraconid: (0) absent, (1) present 156. m4 metaconid development: (0) developed, (1) reduced, (2) absent 157. m4 with protoconid labially shifted: (0) absent, (1) present 158. m4 entoconid shape: (0) flattened, (1) conical and small ('tower-like'), (2) flattened and fused with the hypoconulid, (3) reduced, (4) conical and developed 159. m4 alignment of entoconid and hypoconid: (0) hypoconid mesial to entoconid, (1) entoconid aligned or mesial to hypoconid 160. m4 cristid obliqua contact with the distal wall of trigonid: (0) slightly lingual (metaconid), (1) carnassial notch, (2) slightly labial, (3) more labial, (4) complete lingual 161. m4 cristid obliqua with sinuous shape: (0) absent, (1) present 162. m4 hypoconulid development: (0) present, (1) absent 163. m4 with central or nearly central hypoconulid: (0) present, (1) absent 164. m4 with strongly distally shifted hypoconulid: (0) absent, (1) present 165. m4 with labial cingulid: (0) absent, (1) poorly developed, (2) evidently developed 166. m4 markedly labiolingually compressed: (0) absent, (1) present 167. m4 size in comparison to m3 (or m2 size in comparison to m3): (0) nearly subequal, (1) moderately smaller, (2) much smaller, (3) larger, (4) absent 168. Roots on m4 (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 46): two roots (0) one root (1) 169. Lower molar series increasing in size from m1 to m4 (or m1 to m3): (0) absent, (1) present 170. Upper and lower molar series reducing in size from m1 to m4, with m3 and m4 evidently smaller than m1-2: (0) absent, (1) present 171. Number of premolars: (0) five or four, (1) three, (2) one (P3/p3), (3) two (P2/p2 and P3/p3) 172. P1 with two developed anterior and posterior cusps (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017b): (0) present, (1) absent 173. P1 oblique oriented than P2-3 (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017b): (0) absent, (1) present 174. P1 number of roots (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017b): (0) two, (1) one 175. P1 considerably smaller than P2 and P3 (Oliveira and Goin, 2015; Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017b): (0) absent, (1) present 176. P1 compressed to the canine and P2 (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017b): (0) absent, (1) present 177. P3 with shallow sulcus running toward the cusp apex on the posterolingual corner of the tooth (Scott and Fox, 2015; Cohen, 2017): (0) absent, (1) present 178. P3 with a lingual lobe (Cohen, 2017): (0) absent, (1) present, with a lingual 'protocone-like' cusp, (2) present, with an inflated lingual swelling, but it could not be considered as a 'protocone' cusp179. Number of roots in P3 (Cohen, 2017): (0) two, (1) three 180. P3 with well-developed and distally oriented postmetacrista (Forasiepi and Carlini, 2010): (0) absent, (1) present 181. p1 with anterior root lingual to the lower canine (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017b): (0) absent, (1) present, (2) p1 transversely or nearly transversely oriented to tooth row 182. Relative size p2 x p3: (0) p2 smaller than p3, (1) p2 larger than p3, but p3 is not reduced 183. Morphology of p2: (0) subtriangular, without cusps or projections, (1) subtriangular, with anterior projection on mesial wall, (2) tube-like, (3) reduced or absent, (4) labiolingually compressed ('blade-like'), (5) inflated 184. p3 with distal lobe separated from the main cusp by a deep notch: (0) absent, (1) present 185. p3 cingulids development: (0) labial and lingual cingulids restricted to talonid, (1) labial nad lingual cingulids extending to the mesial face of trigonid 186. Symmetry of main cusp on p3 (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 129): (0) Anterior edge of cusp more convex than posterior edge, (1) both edges similar in curvature 187. Main cusp on p3 (Abello et al. 2013 - ch. 10): straight (0), lingually bent (1) 188. Anterobasal cuspule on p3: present (0), absent (1) 189. Decreasing in size of p3 in comparison with p4-5 (following the homology presented in O'Leary et al., 2013): (0) p3 not reduced or incipiently reduced, (1) p3 markedly reduced, (2) p3 absent 190. Morphology of P3/p3: (0) not inflated nor compressed, (1) inflated and bulbous, (2) evidently labiolingually compressed (nearly 'blade-like'), (3) plagiaulacoid, (4) inflated and mesiodistally developed, (5) reduced 191. Roots of p3 (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 6): two roots (0) one root (1), incipiently or three roots (2) 192. Roots of lower premolars (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 127): (0) flat (as wide as crown), (1) bulbous on only one premolar, (2) bulbous on all premolars and some molars 193. Canine development (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 115): (0) well-developed, (1) small, (2) reduced, (3) absent, (4) hyper-developed and saber-like 194. Surface of the roots of the canines (Babot et al. 2002 - ch. 34; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 117): roots of the canine with numerous small grooves and ridges: absent (0); present (1) 195. Doble rooted upper canine (Luo, 2011): (0) present, (1) absent 196. Gliriform lower dentition (canine and premolars are similar in shape, with some teeth usually absent or with neomorphic teeth) (Abello et al., 2015 - ch. 4): (0) absent, (1) present, with eight antemolar teeth, (2) present, with less than eight teeth 197. Orientation of gliriforme lower incisor (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 2): (0) not gliriform, (1) single gliriforme and medially implanted, (2) single gliriforme and dorsoventrally implanted, (3) multiple gliriforme and dorsoventrally implanted 198. Bilobed third lower incisor: (0) absent, (1) present 199. Enlarged semi-procumbent lower incisors: (0) absent, (1) present 200. Two semi-procumbent lower incisors (Oliveira, 1998): (0) absent, (1) present 201. Euhypselodont upper incisors: (0) absent, (1) present 202. Deciduous dentition: (0) deciduous premolars and molars, (1) deciduous P3/p3 only 203. Angular process of the dentary development: (0) not so developed, (1) evidently developed 204. Anteriomost portion of dentary with developed ventral bone projection: (0) absent, (1) present 205. Curved dentary (=Orientation of anterior end of dentary) (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 3; Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017b): (0) absent (=horizontal to subhorizontal), (1) present (=dorsally projected)206. Robust and high dentary (Carneiro and Oliveira, 2017b): (0) absent, (1) present 207. Retropremolars spaces development: (0) with diastem between p1-p2, but not p2-5, (1) spaces absent, with premolars in contact, (2) with short retropremolar space between p1-2, but not p2-3, (3) with spaces between p1-2 and p2-3, (4) without space between p 208. Retromolar space development (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 101): (0) developed (the m4 or m3 does not contact direct or nearly direct the coronoid process of dentary), (1) vestigial or absent (the m4 or m3 contact the coronoid process) 209. Posterior mental foramen position (Forasiepi et al 2014 - ch. 100): (0) between p4-5, (1) between p5-m1, (2) between p3-m1 embasure, (3) posterior to m1 210. Length of the skull (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 1): (0) Short (Less than twice width at level of zygomatic arch), (1) Long (Greater than twice width at level of zygomatic arch) 211. Third trochanter presence (Muizon et al., 2015 - ch. 394): (0) absent, (1) present 212. Positioning of the third trochanter: (0) distal to the lesser trochanter, but with proximal portion nearly at same level, (1) proximal to the lesser trochanter, (2) more distal than the lesser trochanter, being complete more distal 213. Lesser trochanter posteromedially displaced: (0) absent, (1) present 214. Calcaneocuboid facets (Szalay 1994): (0) without subfacets, (1) subdivided into pCaCu and dCaCu, (2) subdivided into pCaCu, mCaCu and dCaCu 215. Calcaneocuboid invasive in tarsal body on plantar view: (0) absent, (1) invasive 216. Calcaneocuboid with ball and socket shape: (0) absent, (1) reduced ball and socket, (2) large ball and socket 217. CLAJP presence (Szalay, 1994; Beck, 2017 - ch. 119): (0) absent, (1) present, but incipiently developed, (2) present, with narrow merged connection, (3) present, with broad merged connection 218. Peroneal process shape on dorsal view: (0) broad and well developed, (1) moderately developed, (2) small, (3) reduced or absent 219. Calcaneofibular facet: (0) absent, (1) present 220. Development of calcaneofibular facet: (0) Calcaneofibular larger or even in size with Calcaneoastragalar facet, (1) calcaneofibular smaller than calcaneoastragalar 221. Calcaneoastragalar facet contact with calcaneofibular facet: (0) aligned, (1) calcaneofibular dorsal than calcaneoastragalar 222. Calcaneum neck: (0) developed, (1) poorly developed, (2) reduced or absent 223. Sustentacular facet position compared to Ectal facet: (0) "below" ectal facet, (1) aligned or nearly at the same level as the ectal facet 224. Oblique sustentacular facet in dorsal view: (0) straight, (1) poorly oblique and nearly straight, (2) oblique oriented, (3) at the same level of Ectal facet of the calcaneus 225. Development of postorbital process: (0) absent or indistinct, (1) with some degree of development 226. Masseteric fossa (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 67): (0) restricted dorsally by crest reaching condyle, (1) extended ventrally to lower margin of dentary 227. Posterior shelf of masseteric fossa (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 68): (0) absent, (1) present 228. Convex ventral margin behind tooth row continuous to condyle (=ventral margin of jaw behind m4) (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 69; Forasiepi et al., 2014 - ch. 98): (0) absent (=straight), (1) present (=convex) 229. Labial mandibular foramen (=Labial mandibular foramen inside masseteric fossa) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 70; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 102): (0) present, (1) absent 230. Condyle shape (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 71; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 106): (0) ovoid or subspherical, (1) cylindrical 231. Condyle position relative to tooth row (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 72; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 107): (0) above, (1) very high, (2) aligned or just slightly above 232. Lower jaw angle (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 73): (0) posteriorly directed, (1) medially inflected, (2) posteroventrally directed 233. Mandibular foramen (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 74; Forasiepi et al., 2014 - ch. 105): (0) below, (1) posterior to anterior to the coronoid process 234. Meckelian groove (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 75): (0) present, (1) absent 235. ??Coronoid?? facet (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 76): (0) present, (1) absent 236. Septomaxilla (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 78; Beck, 2017 - ch. 197): (0) present, (1) absent 237. Premaxilla, palatal process (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 79; Beck 2017 - ch. 199; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 8): (0) does not (=anterior to or just reaches anterior border of canine alveolus), (1) does reach nearly or to canine alveolus (=Posterior to anterior border of canine alveolus)238. Premaxilla, facial process (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 80): (0) does not, (1) does reach the nasal 239. Lateral margin of paracanine fossa (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 81; Beck, 2017 - ch. 265; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 6): (0) formed by maxilla, (1) formed by both maxilla and premaxilla, (2) formed solely by premaxilla, (3) absent 240. Exit(s) of infraorbital canal (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 82): (0) multiple, (1) single 241. Flaring of cheeks behind infraorbital foramen, as seen in ventral view (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 83; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 19): (0) present, (1) absent 242. Naso-frontal suture with medial process of frontals wedged between nasals (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 84; Beck, 2017 - ch. 196): (0) present, (1) absent 243. Nasal foramina (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 85): (0) present, (1) absent 244. Frontal-maxillary contact or naso-lacrimal contact (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 86; Beck, 2017 - ch. 179; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 16): (0) absent (=naso-lacrimal contact), (1) present (=maxillofrontal contact) 245. Lacrimal tubercle (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 87; Beck, 2016 - character 180; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 31): (0) present, (1) absent 246. Lacrimal foramen exposed on face (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 88; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 32): (0) present or exposed on face, (1) absent or within orbit 247. Lacrimal foramen number (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 89; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 33): (0) double, (1) single, but small, (2) single and well-developed 248. Preorbital length relative to postorbital length (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 90): (0) two-thirds or more, (1) less than two-thirds 249. Maxillary-jugal contact bifurcated (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 91): (0) absent, (1) present 250. Zygomatic arch (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 92): (0) stout, (1) delicate 251. Palatal vacuities (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 93; Beck, 2017 - ch. 198): (0) absent, (1) present and small, (2) present and large, (3) present and very large 252. Palatal expansion behind last molar (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 94; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 25): (0) absent, (1) present 253. Postpalatine torus (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 95): (0) absent, (1) present 254. Palate and basicranium at same level, connected by broad choanal ridges (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 96; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 5): (0) absent (=palate lower than basicranium), (1) present (=palate and basicranium at the same level) 255. Minor palatine (postpalatine) foramen (Wilson et al. 2017 - character 97; Beck, 2017 - ch. 200; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 24): (0) small, (1) large, with thin, posterior bony bridge, (2) incomplete or absent 256. Palatine reaches infraorbital canal (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 98; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 27): (0) present, (1) absent 257. Pterygoids contact on midline (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 99; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 29): (0) present (=with midline contact), (1) absent (=no midline contact), (2) reduced, not expanded on medial side 258. Pterygopalatine crests (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 100): (0) present, (1) absent 259. Ectopterygoid process of alisphenoid (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 101): (0) absent, (1) present 260. Optic foramen (=optic foramen and sphenorbital fissure) (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 102; Beck, 2017 - ch. 202; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 48): (0) absent (=joined), (1) present (=separate) 261. Orbitotemporal canal (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 103): (0) present, (1) absent 262. Transverse canal (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 104; Beck 2017 - ch. 192; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 49; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 50): (0) absent, (1) present 263. Carotid foramen (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 105; Beck, 2017 - ch. 191): (0) within basisphenoid, (1) between basisphenoid and petrosal, (2) between basisphenoid and basioccipital suture 264. Dorsum sellae (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 106): (0) tall, (1) low 265. Alisphenoid canal (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 107): (0) absent, (1) present 266. Anterior lamina exposure on lateral braincase wall (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 108; Beck, 2017 - ch. 223; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 6): (0) present and large, (1) rudimentary, (2) absent 267. Cavum epiptericum (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 109; Beck 2017 - ch. 219; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 79; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 2): (0) floored by petrosal, (1) petrosal and alisphenoid, (2) primarily or exclusively by alisphenoid, (3) primarily open 268. Exit for maxillary nerve relative to alisphenoid (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 110): (0) behind, (1) within or in front 269. Foramen ovale composition (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 111; Beck 2017 - ch. 190; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 57; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 39): (0) in petrosal (anterior lamina), (1) between petrosal and alisphenoid, (2) in alisphenoid or between alisphenoid and squamosal270. Foramen ovale (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 112): (0) on lateral wall of braincase, (1) on ventral surface of skull 271. Squama of squamosal (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 113): (0) absent, (1) present 272. Position of jaw articulation relative to fenestra vestibuli (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 114): (0) at same level, (1) in front 273. Glenoid fossa shape (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 115; Beck, 2017 - ch. 262): (0) concave, open anteriorly, (1) trough-like (=planar), (2) with distinct articular eminence and mandibular fossa, (3) convex 274. Glenoid process of jugal (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 116; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 34): (0) present, with articular facet, (1) present, without facet, (2) absent 275. Glenoid process of alisphenoid (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 117; Forasiepi et al., 2014 - ch. 47): (0) absent, (1) present 276. Postglenoid process (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 118; Beck, 2017 - ch. 183): (0) absent, (1) present 277. Postglenoid-suprameatal vascular system (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 119): (0) absent, (1) present, below squamosal crest, (2) present, above squamosal crest 278. Postglenoid foramen (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 120; Beck 2017 - ch. 186-187; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 42): (0) absent, (1) present, behind postglenoid process, (2) present, medial to postglenoid process, (3) anterior to postglenoid process and frequently 279. Alisphenoid tympanic process (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 121; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 50; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 41): (0) absent, (1) present 280. Epitympanic wing medial to promontorium (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 122; Beck 2017 - ch. 228-229; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 83; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 12-13): (0) absent, (1) flat, (2) undulated, (3) confluent with bulla 281. Tympanic aperture of hiatus Fallopii (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 123; Beck 2017 - ch. 234; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - 87; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 20): (0) in roof through petrosal, (1) at anterior edge of petrosal, (2) absent, (3) ventral 282. Prootic canal (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 124; Beck 2017 - ch. 246; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 84; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 32-33): (0) long and vertical, (1) short and vertical, (2) short and horizontal, (3) absent 283. Position of sulcus for anterior distributary of transverse sinus relative to subarcuate fossa (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 125): (0) anterolateral, (1) posterolateral 284. Lateral flange (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 126; Beck 2017 - ch. 230; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 14): (0) parallels length of promontorium, (1) restricted to posterolateral corner, (2) greatly reduced or absent 285. Stapedial ratio (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 127; Beck, 2017 - ch. 207; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 90): (0) rounded, less than 1.8, (1) elliptical, more than 1.8 286. Complete wall separating cavum supracochleare from cavum epiptericum (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 128; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 1): (0) absent, (1) present 287. Coiling of cochlea (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 129; Beck 2017 - ch. 253; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 56): (0) less than 360°, (1) 360° or greater 288. Rostral tympanic process of petrosal (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 130; Beck 2017 - ch. 232-233; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 85; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 17-18): (0) absent or low ridge, (1) tall ridge restricted to the anterior half of the promontorium, (2) tall ridge reaching anterior half of the promontorium289. Paroccipital process (sensu Wible and Hopson 78) orientation and shape (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 131): (0) vertical, (1) slanted, projecting anteroventrally as flange towards back of promontorium, (2) indistinct to absent 290. Caudal tympanic process of petrosal (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 132; Beck 2017 - ch. 239): (0) absent, (1) tall wall behind postpromontorial recess, (2) tall wall decreasing in height markedly medially, (3) notched between stylomastoid notch and jugular foramen291. Crista interfenestralis and caudal tympanic process of the petrosal connected by curved ridge (Wilson et al. 2016 - charcter 133): (0) absent, (1) present 292. ??Tympanic process?? (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 134): (0) absent, (1) present 293. Tall paracondylar (paroccipital) process of exoccipital (sensu Evans and Christensen 79) (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 135): (0) absent, (1) present 294. Rear margin of auditory region (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 136): (0) marked by a steep wall, (1) extended onto a flat surface 295. Fossa incudis (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 137; Beck 2017 - ch. 242; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 28): (0) continuous with epitympanic recess, (1) separated from epitympanic recess 296. Epitympanic recess (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 138): (0) with small contribution to posterolateral wall by squamosal, (1) with extensive contribution to lateral wall by squamosal 297. Stapedius fossa (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 139; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 94): (0) twice the size of fenestra vestibuli, (1) small and shallow 298. Hypotympanic sinus (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 140; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 51; Beck 2017 - ch. 254-255; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 19 and 44): (0) absent, (1) formed by squamosal, petrosal, and alisphenoid, (2) formed by alisphenoid and petrosal, (3) formed by petrosal and squamosal299. Medial process of squamosal in tympanic cavity (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 141; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 52): (0) absent, (1) present 300. Ectotympanic (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 142; Beck, 2017 - ch. 182; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 75): (0) ring-like (=ring-shaped), (1) fusiform, (2) expanded, (3) tubelike 301. Foramina for temporal rami (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 143): (0) on petrosal, (1) on parietal and/or squama of squamosal, (2) absent 302. Posttemporal canal (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 144; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 96): (0) large, (1) small, (2) absent 303. Foramen for ramus superior of stapedial artery (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 145): (0) on petrosal, (1) on petrosal-squamosal suture, (2) absent 304. Transpromontorial sulcus (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 146): (0) present, (1) absent 305. Sulcus for stapedial artery (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 147; Beck 2017 - ch 252; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 46): (0) present, (1) absent 306. Deep groove for internal carotid artery excavated on anterior pole of promontorium (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 148; Beck 2017 - ch. 226; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 82; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 10): (0) absent, (1) present 307. Jugular foramen size relative to fenestra cochleae (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 149; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 53): (0) subequal, (1) larger 308. Jugular foramen (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 150; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 54): (0) confluent with opening for inferior petrosal sinus, (1) separated from opening for inferior petrosal sinus 309. Inferior petrosal sinus (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 151): (0) intrapetrosal, (1) between petrosal, basisphenoid, and basioccipital, (2) endocranial 310. Ascending canal (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 152): (0) intramural, (1) intracranial, (2) absent 311. Internal acoustic meatus (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 153; Beck, 2017 - ch. 225; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 9): (0) deep, with thick prefacial commissure, (1) shallow, with thin prefacial commissure 312. Mastoid-squamosal fusion (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 154; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 55): (0) absent, (1) present 313. Interparietal (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 155; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 36): (0) absent, (1) present 314. Dorsal margin of foramen magnum (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 156): (0) formed by exoccipitals, (1) by exoccipitals andsupraoccipital 315. Upper incisor arcade shape (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 157): (0) U-shape, (1) broad V-shape, (2) long, narrow V-shape 316. Posterior-most point of premaxillo-nasal contact (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 158; Beck, 2017 - ch. 177): (0) anterior or at the canine, (1) posterior to the canine 317. Fossa subarcuata (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 159; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 3): (0) smaller than its aperture (i.e., conical shape), (1) larger than its aperture (i.e., spherical shape) 318. Deep and large fossa for the tensor tympani muscle excavated on the anterolateral aspect of promontorium, creating a battered ventral surface of the promontorium (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 160; Beck 2017 - ch. 227; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 11): (0) absent, (1) present319. Broad shelf of bone surrounding fenestra cochleae and making a separation between it and aqueductus cochleae (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 161; Beck 2017 - ch. 231; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 16): (0) absent, (1) present 320. Mastoid exposure (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 162; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 23): (0) large, (1) narrow, (2) reduced pars mastoidea, internal to the braincase and wedged between the squamosal and exoccipital 321. Internarial process of the premaxilla (Wilson et al. 2016 - character 163): (0) absent, (1) present 322. Anterior-most extent of the nasal (Wilson et al. 2016 - ch. 164; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 12): (0) anterior to or at the canine, (1) or posterior or to the canine, (2) posterior to p2 323. Atlantal foramen (Beck, 2017 - character 1; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 188): (0) absent, (1) present 324. Atlas transverse foramen (Beck, 2017 - character 2; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 189): (0) absent, (1) present 325. Atlas, posterior extent of transverse process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 3; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 191): (0) absent, (1) present 326. Atlas, cranial facets shape (Beck, 2017 - ch. 4; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 193): (0) only concave, (1) dorsal edge curved, (2) dorsal edge envelops the occipital condyle medially 327. Atlas, transverse process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 5): (0) ventral to atlantal foramen groove absent, (1) present 328. Atlas ventral arches (Beck, 2017 - ch. 6): (0) open, (1) complete 329. Atlas intercentrum (Beck, 2017 - ch. 7; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 194): (0) absent, (1) present with no fusion, (2) present and fused 330. Axis transverse foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 8; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 195): (0) open (=Absent, represented by a notch), (1) enclosed 331. Axis posterior spinous process extension (Beck, 2017 - ch. 9; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 196): (0) absent, (1) present, extends beyond the level of the postzygapophyses, (2) extends to the level of the postzygapophyses 332. Axis extra pair of transverse processes on the ventral surface of the body (Beck, 2017 - ch. 10): (0) absent, (1) present 333. Axis anterior facets (prezygapophyses) and dens connection (Beck, 2017 - ch. 11): (0) not linked, (1) linked, (2) facets extend ventral to the dens 334. Suture between rib and axis is visible (Beck, 2017 - ch. 12): (0) no, (1) suture visible 335. Axis-C3-C4 fusion (Beck, 2017 - ch. 13): (0) no fusion, (1) axis and C3 fused, (2) axis-C3-C4 fused 336. C3-C4 ventral sagittal process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 14; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 197): (0) absent, (1) present 337. C5 transverse process displays two heads (Beck, 2017 - ch. 15; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 198): (0) absent, (1) present 338. C5 transverse process heads overlap transversally (Beck, 2017 - ch. 16): (0) absent, (1) present 339. C5 and T1 body length (Beck, 2017 - ch. 17; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 199): (0) subequal or C5 longer than T1, (1) C5 shorter than T1 340. C6 transverse process posterior extension (Beck, 2017 - ch. 18): (0) absent, (1) present 341. C6 spinous process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 19; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 200): (0) absent, (1) protuberance, (2) lamina 342. C7 transverse foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 20; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 201): (0) absent, (1) incipient or represented by a notch, (2) present or complete foramen 343. Articulation among cervical vertebrae (Beck, 2017 - ch. 21): (0) only bodies articulate, (1) prezygapophyses and postzygapophyses in addition to bodies articulate 344. Articulation between C4-C5 bodies type (Beck, 2017 - ch. 22): (0) flat, (1) saddle 345. T1 transverse process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 23): (0) absent, (1) present 346. T1 transverse process level (Beck, 2017 - ch. 24): (0) level with prezygapophysis, (1) lower than prezygapophysis 347. First thoracic vertebra with a tall spinous process (relative to other vertebrae) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 25; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 203): (0) T1, (1) T2, (2) T3 348. First thoracic vertebrae with prezygapophysis facing laterally (Beck, 2017 - ch. 26): (0) T1, (1) T2, (2) T3 349. Thoracic vertebrae, intervertebral foramen enclosed (Beck, 2017 - ch. 27): (0) absent, (1) present 350. Last lumbar vertebra, foramen on dorsal arch (Beck, 2017 - ch. 28; ; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 205): (0) absent, (1) present 351. Metapophyses in third lumbar vertebra anterior to last (Beck, 2017 - ch. 29; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 206): (0) absent, (1) anterior, (2) dorsal 352. Caudal vertebrae (Beck, 2017 - ch. 30): (0) count 9 or fewer, (1) 11 or more 353. Caudal vertebrae hyperexpanded chevrons (Beck, 2017 - ch. 31): (0) absent, (1) present 354. Prehensile tail (Beck, 2017 - ch. 32): (0) absent, (1) present 355. Sternal cartilages, ossification (= sternal ribs) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 33): (0) absent, (1) present 356. Ribs, articulation with sternum (Beck, 2017 - ch. 34): (0) with single sternebra, (1) with two sternebrae 357. Coracoid process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 35; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 212): (0) separate and large, (1) hook-like process, (2) small process, (3) small protuberance or absent 358. Ventral extension of acromion (Beck, 2017 - ch. 36; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 213): (0) ventral (beyond) glenoid, (1) does not extend beyond level of glenoid 359. Crest on medial aspect of scapula, near the caudal border (Beck, 2017 - ch. 37): (0) absent, (1) present 360. Separate large interclavicle (Beck, 2017 - ch. 38): (0) absent, (1) present 361. Infraspinous fossa width (Beck, 2017 - ch. 39; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 214): (0) less than 1/4 its length, (1) between 1/2 and 1/4 its length, (2) more than 1/2 its length 362. Scapular spine width at neck level (Beck, 2017 - ch. 40; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 215): (0) narrower than infraspinous fossa, (1) subequal, (2) wider than infraspinous fossa 363. Infraspinous/supraspinous fossa width at neck level (Beck, 2017 - ch. 41; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 216): infraspinous fossa narrower (0); subequal (1); supraspinous fossa narrower (2) 364. Humerus, medial relief for teres major m. (Beck, 2017 - ch. 42; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 219): absent (0); present (1) 365. Humerus, lateral ridge (Beck, 2017 - ch. 43; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 220): absent (0); ridge or crest (1); massive crest continuous with deltopectoral crest (2) 366. Humerus, capitulum for radius (Beck, 2017 - 44): spherical (0); cylindrical (1) 367. Humerus, entepicondylar foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 45): absent (0); present (1) 368. Humerus, olecranon fossa or foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 46; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 223): absent (0); small fossa (1); large fossa (2); foramen (3) 369. Humerus, laminar supinator crest (Beck, 2017 - ch. 47; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 224): absent (0); present (1) 370. Humerus, greater tuberosity height relative to humeral head height (Beck, 2017 - ch. 48; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 225): equal or greater tuberosity is lower (0); greater tuberosity is higher (1) 371. Humerus, extension of the deltoid crest (Beck, 2017 - ch. 49; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 227): restricted to proximal half of humerus (0); reaches distal half (1) 372. Humerus trochlea (Beck, 2017 - ch. 50): absent (0); present (1) 373. Humerus, proximal extension of capitulum and trochlea (Beck, 2017- ch. 51; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 229): longer proximal extension of trochlea (0); equal (1), long proximal extension of capitulum (2) 374. Humerus, medial epicondyle size (Beck, 2017 - ch. 52; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 230): small (0); large (1) 375. Humerus distal end size (Beck, 2017 - ch. 53; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 231): small (0); large (1) 376. Humerus, head shape (Beck, 2017 - ch. 54): symmetrical/ovoid (0); mediolaterally compressed (1) 377. Humerus, capitulum lateral extension (Beck, 2017 - ch. 55): absent (0); present (1) 378. Humerus, shaft curvature (Beck, 2017 - ch 56): straight (0); curved (1) 379. Ulna, proximal epiphysis, distal most portion of articular surface for humerus (Beck, 2017 - ch. 57): ulnar area is less than 1/2 of radial one (0); more (1) 380. Ulna, coronoid process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 58): absent (0); present (1) 381. Distal process of ulna (Beck, 2017 - ch. 59; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 237): spherical, contributing to a ball and socket articulation (0); nonspherical (1) 382. Radius, articular facet for humerus (Beck, 2017 - ch. 60; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 238): circular (0); antero-posteriorly compressed (1) 383. Lunate (Beck, 2017 - ch. 61): absent or fused to other elements (0); very small (1); relatively large, with contacts with other carpals (2) 384. Prepollex (Beck, 2017 - ch. 62; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 240): absent (0); present (1) 385. Distolateral process of scaphoid (Beck, 2017 - ch. 63; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 241): absent (0); present, does not separate lunate from magnum (1); present, separates dorsally lunate from magnum (2) 386. Proximal aspect of magnum (Beck, 2017 - ch. 64): single head (0); saddle-shape articulation with lunate (1) 387. Magnum, facet with MC III (Beck, 2017 - ch. 65): flat, convex or keeled (0); fully concave (1) 388. Trapezium, number of distal heads (Beck, 2017 - ch. 66; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 242): one head (0); two heads (1) 389. Plane of the articular surface trapezium-Mc I in relation to other carpal-metacarpal articulations (Beck, 2017 - ch. 67): not parallel (0); somewhat parallel (1) 390. Both MC I and MC V are hyper-reduced in relation to other metacarpals (Beck, 2017 - ch. 68): hyperreduction (0); no hyperreduction (1) 391. Magnum and unciform proximal extension (Beck, 2017 - ch. 69): similarly proximal (0); unciform more proximal (1) 392. Tuberosity for rectus femoris m. (Beck, 2017 - ch. 70; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 245): no relief (=absent) (0); protuberance (1); depression (2) 393. Relative size of obturator foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 71): smaller or equal to acetabulum (0); larger than acetabulum (1) 394. Hyperdevelopment of iliopubic process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 72): absent (0); present (1) 395. Pelvis, acetabular notch (Beck, 2017 - ch. 73): absent (0); present (1) 396. Epipubic bones (Beck, 2017 - ch. 74; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 249; Muizon et al., 2015 - ch. 389): present (0); absent (1) 397. Epipubic bones proximal size (Beck, 2017 - ch. 75): short (0); long (1) 398. Mediolateral constriction in greater trochanter of femur (Beck, 2017 - ch. 76): absent (0); present (1) 399. Relative height of greater trochanter / femoral head (Beck, 2017 - ch. 77; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 252): greater trochanter is lower or equal (0); higher (1) 400. Femur, lesser trochanter (Beck, 2017 - ch. 78; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 253): absent (0); present (1) 401. Fibula proximal medial accessory shelf (Beck, 2017 - ch. 79): absent (0); present (1) 402. Fibula proximal posterior extension beyond the area of contact with the tibia (Beck, 2017 - ch. 80): does not extend posteriorly (0); extends (1) 403. Fibula lateral distal process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 81): absent (0); present (1) 404. Articulation between femur and fibula (Beck, 2017 - ch. 82; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 257): absent (0); present (1) 405. Process on fibula proximal end extends proximally beyond knee (Beck, 2017 - ch. 83): absent (0); present (1) 406. Sesamoids in articular area between tibia, fibula, and astragalus (or UAJ, upper ankle joint) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 84): absent (0); one sesamoid present (1); two sesamoids present (2) 407. Tibia medial malleolus (Beck, 2017 - ch. 85): absent (0); present (1) 408. Tibia length relative to femur length (Beck, 2017 - ch. 86; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 258): tibia shorter than femur (0); tibia longer or equal to femur (1) 409. Tibia proximal dimensions (Beck, 2017 - ch. 87; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 259): larger mediolaterally than anteroposteriorly (0); equal (1); smaller mediolaterally than anteroposteriorly (2) 410. Tibia posterior shelf (Beck, 2017 - ch. 88; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 263): absent (0); present but does not extend posteriorly beyond the medial astragalotibial facet (1); present and extends posteriorly beyond the medial astragalotibial facet (2) 411. Tibia, distal articulation type (Beck, 2017 - ch. 89; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 262): sagittal (0); spiral (1) 412. Tibia, posterior shelf articulation (Beck, 2017 - ch. 90) not articular (0); articular (1) 413. Astragalus, angle between medial and lateral facets for tibia (Beck, 2017 - ch. 91; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 265): 90 degrees (0); intermediate (1); 180 degrees (2) 414. Astragalonavicular facet extends on medial side of head (Beck, 2017 - ch. 92; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 266): absent (0); medial or present (1) 415. Astragalonavicular facet extends on ventromedial area of head (Beck, 2017 - ch. 93): absent (0); present (1) 416. Astragalus, dimensions of facet for navicular in distal view (Beck, 2017 - ch. 94; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 267): transversely wider (0); dorsoventrally wider (1) 417. Astragalar medial plantar tuberosity (ampt) visibility in dorsal view (Beck, 2017 - ch. 95; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 268): not visible (0); visible (1) 418. Astragalus, angle between facet for fibula and lateral facet for tibia (Beck, 2017 - ch. 96; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 269): 180 or more degrees (0); intermediate (90-180 degrees) (1); 90 degrees (2) 419. Astragalar neck (Beck, 2017 - ch. 97): absent (0); present (1) 420. Astragalus, relative width of head and neck (Beck, 2017 - ch. 98; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 272): neck narrower or as wide as head (0); neck wider than head (1) 421. Astragalar sustentacular facet medial extent (Beck, 2017 - ch. 99; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 270): does not reach medial edge of neck (0); reaches medial edge of neck (1) 422. Astragalonavicular facet position relative to facets for tibia (Beck, 2017 - ch. 100): anterior to facets for tibia (0); medial relative to facets for tibia (1) 423. Astragalar canal (Beck, 2017 - ch. 101; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 271): absent (0); present (1) 424. Ectal facet major dimension orientation (Beck, 2017 - ch. 102; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 273): straight or anteromedial to posteromedial (0); posteromedial to anterolateral (1) 425. Ectal facet position in ventral view (Beck, 2017 - ch. 103): extending up to posterior edge of astragalus (0); subterminal (1) 426. Astragalus, ridge between medial and lateral astragalotibial facets (Beck, 2017 - ch. 104): absent (0); present (1) 427. Astragalus, ridge between lateral astragalotibial and astragalofibular facets (Beck, 2017 - ch. 105): absent (0); present (1) 428. Medial astragalotibial facet, posterior extent (Beck, 2017 - ch. 106): does not reach posterior edge of lateral astragalotibial facet (0); equal in anteroposterior length as lateral astragalotibial facet (1) 429. Astragalonavicular facet connection with sustentacular facet (Beck, 2017 - ch. 107; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 276): absent (0); present (1) 430. Cuboid medial plantar process forms groove (Beck, 2017 - ch. 126): absent (0); present (1) 431. Cuboidcalcaneal facet (Beck, 2017 - ch. 127): mostly convex or flat (0); concave anteroposteriorly (1); two shelves, medial more proximal (2); two concavities (3) 432. Cuboidcalcaneal facet angle between proximal and distal facet areas (Beck, 2017 - ch. 128): no angle (0); angle present and small, dorsal area narrower than proximal area (1); angle present and almost straight, dorsal area wider than width of proximal area 433. Cuboidcalcaneal facet outer shelf (Beck, 2017 - ch. 129): absent (0); present (1) 434. Cuboidcalcaneal ventral facet (Beck, 2017 - ch. 130): absent (0); present (1) 435. Spatial relationship between navicular and entocuneiform (Beck, 2017 - ch. 131; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 296): entocuneiform anterior to navicular (0); entocuneiform extends proximally medial to the distal area of the navicular (1) 436. Navicular shelf between cuboid and astragalus (Beck, 2017 - ch. 132): absent (0); present (1) 437. Navicular size (Beck, 2017 - ch. 133): navicular half to one third the size of the cuboid (0); navicular more than half the size of the cuboid to equal to it (1); navicular larger than the cuboid (2) 438. Mesocuneiform contact with navicular (Beck, 2017 - ch. 134): absent (0); present (1) 439. Falcula on hallux (Beck, 2017 - ch. 135): absent (0); present (1) 440. Prehallux (Beck, 2017 - ch. 136; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 298): absent (0); present (1) 441. Mt IV proximal contact (Beck, 2017 - ch. 137): ectocuneiform and cuboid (0); cuboid (1) 442. Mt V proximal process extends ventral to cuboid (Beck, 2017 - ch. 138; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 299): absent or does not extend ventral to cuboid (0); present or extends ventral to cuboid (1) 443. Mt II and Mt III proximal ends (Beck, 2017 - ch. 139; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 300): Mt II extends more proximally than Mt III (0); equal (1); Mt III more proximal (2) 444. Hallux opposability (articulation Mt I with entocuneiform) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 140): not opposable (0); opposable (1) 445. Ridge on proximal articular facet of Mt I (Beck, 2017 - ch. 141): absent (0); present (1) 446. Syndactyly or external fusion of digits II and III in the foot (Beck, 2017 - ch. 142): absent (0); present (1) 447. Mt III thickness relative to that of Mt IV (Beck, 2017 - ch. 143; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 302): Mt III thinner (0); Mt III and IV equal thickness or Mt IV thicker (1) 448. Mt III thickness relative to that of MtI (Beck, 2017 - ch. 144; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 303): Mt III thinner (0); Mt III and I equal (1); Mt III thicker than Mt I (2); Mt I absent (3) 449. Foot ungual phalanx of digit IV, proximal view (Beck, 2017 - ch. 145; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 305): larger dorsoventrally than mediolaterally (0); equal dimensions (1); larger mediolaterally than dorsoventrally (2) 450. Number of upper incisors (Beck, 2017 - ch. 146; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 108): five (0); four (1); three (2); two (3); one (4); none (5) 451. Number of lower incisors (Beck, 2017 - ch. 147; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 113): four (0); three (1); two (2); one (3); none (4) 452. Upper incisors spatulate (Beck, 2017 - ch. 161): no (0); yes (1) 453. Size upper I3 vs. I2 (Beck, 2017 - ch. 162): I3 > I2 (0); I3 = I2 (1); I3 < I2 (2) 454. Lower i2 (i3 of Hershkovitz) staggered or not staggered (Beck, 2017- ch. 168; Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 114): not staggered (0); staggered (1) 455. Parietal-alisphenoid or squamosal-frontal contact on braincase (Beck, 2017 - ch. 172; Forasiepi et al., 2014 - ch. 38): parietal-alisphenoid (0); squamosal-frontal (1) 456. Width of frontals versus width of parietals (Beck, 2017 - ch. 173): parietal wider or equal to frontal (0); parietal narrower than frontal (1) 457. Angular process medially inflected (Beck, 2017 - ch. 174): no (0); yes (1) 458. Mandibular symphysis fused (Beck, 2017 - ch. 175; Forasiepi et al., 2014 - ch. 99): no (0); yes (1) 459. Bones surrounding infraorbital canal in the orbit (Beck, 2017 - ch. 176): maxilla + lacrimal (0); maxilla only (1) 460. Maximum maxilla (palatal portion) length/width ratio (Beck, 2017 - ch. 178; Forasiepi et al., 2014 - ch. 20): ratio less or equal to 1.5 (0); ratio larger than 1.5 (1) 461. Alisphenoid tympanic wing (Beck, 2017 - ch. 181): absent (0); poorly developed (1); moderately developed (2); well-developed, extending to or near posterior lacerate foramen and paroccipital process (3) 462. Bony external auditory meatus separates ear canal from epitympanic recess (Beck, 2017 - ch. 184): no (0); yes (1) 463. Fusion of ectotympanic with other bones of the skull (Beck, 2017 - ch. 185): no (0); yes (1) 464. Position of incisura tympanica (Beck, 2017 - ch. 188): caudal or caudodorsal (0); located dorsally or anterior crus and posterior crus unite dorsally (1) 465. Size of incisura tympanica (Beck, 2017 - ch. 189): narrow or absent (0); wide (1) 466. Transverse canal position (Beck, 2017 - ch. 193): anterior to carotid foramen (0); perforating pterygoid fossa (1); confluent with carotid foramen (2); posterior to carotid foramen (3) 467. Intramural transverse canal (Beck, 2017 - ch. 194): absent (0); present (1) 468. Dorsal margin of foramen magnum (Beck, 2017 - ch. 195): formed by exoccipitals and supraoccipital (0); formed by exoccipitals (1) 469. Hypoglossal foramina (Beck, 2017 - ch. 201; Forasiepi et al., 2014 - ch. 61): confluent with jugular foramen (0); one (1); two or more (2) 470. Masseteric fossa (Beck, 2017 - ch. 203): imperforate (0); masseteric foramen or foramina present (1); massseteric canal present (2) 471. Malleolar neck (Beck, 2017 - ch. 204): long relative to head and manubrium (0); short (1) 472. Ossicular axis (Beck, 2017 - ch. 205): > 20 degrees (0); 10 to 20 degrees (1); < 10 degrees (2) 473. Manubrial-incudal lever-arm ratio (Beck, 2017 - ch. 206): equal or smaller than 1.6 (0); larger than 1.6 (1) 474. Stapedial foramen visible (Beck, 2017 - ch. 208): absent (0); present (1) 475. Bullate stapes (Beck, 2017 - ch. 209): not bullate (0); bullate (1) 476. Paraseptal cartilage dips down vertically by the side of nasopalatine duct (Beck, 2017 - ch. 210): no (0); yes (1) 477. Paraseptal cartilage shape (Beck, 2017 - ch. 211): outer bar connects with uppermost portion of paraseptal cartilage (0); with middle portion, dorsal process short (1); with middle portion, dorsal process long (2) 478. Portion of paraseptal cartilage is ring-shaped in cross section (Beck, 2017 - ch. 212): no (0); yes (1) 479. Sperm pairing in epididymis (Beck, 2017 - ch. 213): no (0); yes (1) 480. Pouch type in mammary area (Beck, 2017 - ch. 214): type 1 (0); type 5 (1); type 6 (2); no marsupium or skin folds develop during the reproductive period (3); thin marsupium-like structure develops during reproductive period (4) 481. Mammary count (Beck, 2017 - ch. 215): 0 teats (0); 2 teats (1); 4 teats (2); 5-8 teats (3); 9 teats or more (4) 482. Caecum (Beck, 2017 - ch. 216): absent (0); present (1) 483. Fasciculus aberrans in brain (Beck, 2017 - ch. 217): absent (0); present (1) 484. Cavum supracochleare (Beck, 2017 - ch. 218): is not roofed dorsally by the petrosal, and a depression in the anterior lamina for the geniculate ganglion is visible in dorsal view (0); is entirely enclosed within the petrosal (1); or is not floored ventrall 485. Fossa subarcuata (Beck, 2017 - ch. 220; Forasiepi et al., 2014 - ch. 81): deep (0); extremely shallow (1) 486. Pars mastoidea (Beck, 2017 - ch. 221): not extensively pneumatised (0); extensively pneumatised and composed of cancellous bone (1) 487. Expansion of the crista petrosa into a salient crest that may cover the anterolateral part of the fossa subarcuata (Beck, 2017 - ch. 222; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 5): absent (0); present (1) 488. Anterior lamina of petrosal (Beck, 2017 - ch. 224): makes a major contribution to the medial wall of the middle cranial fossa (0); makes a minor contribution (1) 489. Stylomastoid foramen (Beck 2017 - ch. 235; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 21): absent (0); present (1) 490. Inferior petrosal sinus (Beck 2017 - ch. 236; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 22): intrapetrosal (0); between petrosal, basisphenoid and basioccipital (1); endocranial (2) 491. Mastoid exposure contacts (Beck, 2017 - ch. 237): the parietal (0); does not contact the parietal (1); greatly reduced, forming a dorsoventrally narrow band on the ventrolateral corner of the posterior face of the cranium (2) 492. Mastoid tympanic process (Beck 2017 - ch. 238; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 24): large and vertical (0); small, slanted, and nodelike, on the posterolateral border of the stylomastoid notch and continuous with squamosal (1); indistinct to absent (2) 493. Caudal tympanic process of petrosal (2) (Beck 2017 - ch. 240; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 26): forms a small crest that does not wholly floor the postpromontorial sinus (0); forms an expanded lamina that floors the postpromontorial sinus (1) 494. Petrosal plate (Beck 2017 - ch. 241; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 27): absent (0); present (1) 495. Petrosal crest (Beck 2017 - ch. 243; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 29): absent (0); present (1) 496. Petrosal contribution to the lateral wall of the epitympanic recess (1) (Beck 2017 - ch. 244; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 30): absent (0); present (1) 497. Petrosal contribution to the lateral wall of the epitympanic recess (2) (Beck 2017 - ch. 245; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 31): massive, large shelf of bone, sometimes rounded (0); slender and triangular (1); forming a thin lamina (2) 498. Imprint of the transverse sinus bifurcation on the petrosal (Beck 2017 - ch. 247; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 34): absent (0); present (1) 499. Foramina on the sigmoid sinus and/or prootic sinus, apparently connecting both vessels (i.e., sigmoid sinus vein) (Beck, 2017 - ch. 248; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 35): absent (0); present (1) 500. Posttemporal sulcus on the squamosal surface of the petrosal (Beck, 2017 - ch. 249; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 37): present (0); absent (1) 501. Posttemporal notch/foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 250): present (0); absent (1) 502. Transpromontorial sulcus (Beck 2017 - ch. 251; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 45): present (0); absent (1) 503. Squamosal epitympanic sinus (Beck 2017 - ch. 258; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 51): absent (0); present (1) 504. Masseteric process (Beck, 2017 - ch. 259): absent (0); present (1) 505. Retrodental foramen (Beck, 2017 - ch. 260): absent (0); present (1) 506. Groove for tendon of peroneus longus muscle (Beck, 2017 - ch. 263): on dorsal surface of peroneal process (0); on ventral surface of peroneal process (1) 507. Ectal and fibular facets (Beck, 2017 - ch. 264): confluent (0); separate (1) 508. Lower canine procumbency (Beck, 2017- ch. 266): erect (0); procumbent (1) 509. Antorbital fossa (Beck, 2017 - ch. 267): absent (0); present (1) 510. Maxillo-nasal contact (Beck, 2017 - ch. 268): present (0); prevented by premaxilla-frontal contact (1) 511. Anterorbital fenestra (Beck, 2017 - ch. 269): absent (0); present (1) 512. Length of rostrum (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 2): (0) Less than 1/3 total length of skull, (1) Between 1/3 and 1/2 total length of skull, (2) More than 1/2 total length of skull 513. Width of braincase versus maximum postorbital width (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 3): (0) Braincase wider than maximum postorbital width, (1) Braincase narrower than maximum postorbital width 514. Dimensions of braincase (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 4): (0) As wide as long, or slightly wider than long, (1) Much wider than long 515. Precanine notch (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 7): (0) absent, (1) present 516. Posterior border of incisive foramen (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 9): (0) Anterior to or just reaches anterior border of canine alveolus, (1) Posterior to anterior border of canine alveolus 517. Position of medial palatal process of premaxilla (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 10): (0) Horizontal, (1) Inclined dorsally, forming an incisive fossa 518. Dorsal process of premaxilla in narial platform (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 11): (0) Absent, (1) Present 519. Anterior extent of nasals (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 13): (0) Protrude anteriorly, obscuring the nasal opening in dorsal view, (1) Retracted posteriorly, exposing the narial opening in dorsal view 520. Shape of naso-frontal suture (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 14): (0) Open W-shape or posteriorly convex, (1) Acute W or V-shaped 521. Postorbital processes (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 15): (0) Absent or indistinct, (1) Well-developed 522. Angle of maxillo-jugal contact (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 17): (0) More than 140 degrees, (1) Between 95 and 140 degrees 523. Location of the infraorbital foramen (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 18): (0) Anterior or dorsal to the anterior root of P3, (1) Dorsal to the posterior root of P3, (2) Dorsal to M1, (3) Posterior to M1 524. Number of palatal pits (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 21): (0) None, (1) One (between M3-M4), (2) Two (between M2-M3 and M3-M4), (3) Three (one between each pair of molars) 525. Maxillopalatine fenestrae (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 22): (0) Absent, (1) Present 526. Major palatine foramen (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 23): (0) One pair opening in maxilla, palatine, or maxillo-palatine suture, (1) Many small foramina on the surface of the maxilla 527. Posterior end of palatines (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 26): (0) Concave posteriorly (single-arched), (1) Concave posteriorly (double-arched), (2) Straight due to presence of a palatine torus 528. Position of sphenorbital foramen (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 28): (0) Posterior to the level of the posterior border of lacrimal, (1) Anterior or at the level of the posterior border of lacrimal 529. Anterior extent of lacrimal (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 30): (0) Restricted to orbit, (1) Extending onto rostrum 530. Orbital crest (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 35): (0) Absent, (1) Present 531. Shape of fronto-parietal suture (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 37): (0) Formed by posterior wedge of frontals, (1) Straight, (2) Formed by anterior wedge of parietals 532. Width of glenoid cavity (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 39): (0) Less than twice anteroposterior length, (1) More than twice anteroposterior length 533. Distinct preglenoid process of squamosal (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 40): (0) Absent, (1) Present 534. Morphology of postglenoid process (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 41): (0) Wide and low, (1) Wider than high, (2) As wide as high 535. Suprameatal foramen (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 43): (0) Above squamosal crest, (1) Below squamosal crest 536. External acoustic meatus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 44): (0) Longer than wide, (1) Wider than long 537. Paracondylar process of exoccipital and post-tympanic process of squamosal (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 45): (0) Paracondylar process larger, (1) Both processes similar in length 538. Orientation of the post-tympanic and/or paracondylar processes (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 46): (0) Ventrally projecting, (1) Anteroventrally projecting 539. Medial process of the squamosal (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 52): (0) Absent, (1) Present 540. Concave process of alisphenoid contributing to antero-dorsal portion of hypotympanic sinus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 53): (0) Present, (1) Absent 541. Extra sinuses posterior to the hypotympanic sinus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 54): (0) Absent, (1) Present 542. Pneumatization of squamosal (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 55): (0) Absent, (1) Present 543. Eustachian foramen (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 56): (0) No impression, (1) Notch on the alisphenoid, (2) Foramen on petrosal 544. Secondary foramen ovale (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 58; Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 40): (0) Absent, (1) Present 545. Foramen for the greater petrosal nerve (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 59): (0) Distinct notch or foramen, (1) Without distinct notch or foramen 546. Position of carotid foramen (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch . 60): (0) Anterior to the basisphenoid-basoccipital suture, (1) At the level of the basisphenoid-basoccipital suture 547. Groove between hypoglossal foramina and foramen for inferior petrosal sinus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 62): (0) Shallow or absent, (1) Well-defined with prominent lateral borders 548. Size of jugular foramen relative to fenestra vestibule (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 63): (0) Subequal, (1) Larger 549. Jugular fossa (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 64): (0) Absent, (1) Present 550. Median keel in basioccipital (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 65): (0) Absent, (1) Present 551. Median crest of basisphenoid/presphenoid (sphenoid crest) (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 66): (0) Present, (1) Absent 552. Dorsal margin of the foramen magnum (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 67): (0) Formed only by exoccipitals, (1) Formed by both exoccipitals and supraoccipital 553. Mastoid foramen (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 68): (0) Present, (1) Absent 554. Connection between condylar articular facets in ventral view (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 69): (0) Absent, (1) Present 555. Inclination of the major axis of the condyle in posterior view (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 70): (0) Inclined (less than 55 degrees), (1) Vertical to subvertical (between 90 and 55 degrees) 556. Supraoccipital in posterior view (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 71): (0) Concave, (1) Convex or flat 557. Sagittal crest (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 72): (0) Prominently developed (extending to frontals), (1) Weakly developed (not extending to frontals), (2) Absent 558. Position of nuchal crest (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 73): (0) At or posterior to the level of the condyles, (1) Anterior to the condyles 559. Morphology of the stapes (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 74): (0) Columelliform (not perforated by stapedial foramen), (1) Bicrurate (perforated by stapedial foramen) 560. Position of petrosal (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 76): (0) At the level of the ventral margin of the braincase, (1) Dorsal to the ventral level of the braincase 561. Mastoid portion of the petrosal (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 77): (0) Contributes to the occipital shield, (1) Excluded from the occipital shield 562. Petrosal-squamosal fusion (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 78): (0) Absent, (1) Present 563. Internal acoustic meatus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 80): (0) Deep with thick prefacial commissure, (1) Shallow with thin prefacial commissure 564. Paroccipital process of petrosal (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 86): (0) Distinct process, (1) Indistinct or absent 565. Stylomastoid foramen (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 88): (0) Absent, (1) Present 566. Floor of cavum supracochleare (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 89): (0) Absent, (1) Present 567. Contribution of squamosal to epitympanic recess (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 91): (0) Small, (1) Extensive 568. Fossa incudis (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 92): (0) Continuous with epitympanic recess, (1) Separated from the epitympanic recess 569. 'Petrosal crest' (sensu Muizon, 1999) (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 93): (0) Present, (1) Absent 570. Foramina for temporal rami (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 95): (0) On parietal or squamosal, (1) Absent 571. Shape of the angular process (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 103): (0) Shelf-like (ASL/AL > 0.81), (1) Intermediate (0.72 < ASL/AL < 0.81), (2) Rod-like (ASL/AL < 0.72) 572. Angle between anterior edge of coronoid process and tooth row (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 104): (0) Between 95 and 105 degrees, (1) Between 106 and 125 degrees, (2) Greater than 126 degrees 573. Ventral foramen on transverse process of axis (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 190): (0) Absent, (1) Present 574. Anterior extent of atlantal transverse processes (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 192): (0) Does not reach level of atlantal foramen or groove, (1) Extends anterior beyond atlantal foramen or groove 575. Shape of anterior face of C7 centrum (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 202): (0) Circular to ovoid, (1) Rectangular to trapezoidal 576. Anticlinal vertebra (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 204): (0) On lumbar, (1) On thoracic, (2) No anticlinal vertebra 577. Ventral median keel on lumbar vertebra (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 207): (0) Absent, (1) Present 578. Auricular process of sacrum (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 208): (0) Developed on two sacral vertebrae, (1) Developed on one sacral vertebra 579. Size of sacral spinous process (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 209): (0) Shorter than last lumbar, (1) Taller than last lumbar 580. Length of the tail (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 210): (0) Shorter than twice the length of the precaudal vertebral column, (1) Greater than twice the length of the precaudal vertebral column 581. Angle between scapular spine and dorsal border of scapula (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 211): (0) Acute or almost straight (between 80 and 95 degrees), (1) Obtuse (between 100 and 110 degrees) 582. Scapular notch (Forsiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 217): (0) More than 130 degrees, (1) Between 90 and 130 degrees 583. Clavicle (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 218): (0) Present, (1) Absent 584. Capitulum for radius on humerus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 221): (0) Spherical, (1) Cylindrical 585. Entepicondylar foramen (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 222): (0) Present, (1) Absent 586. Development of greater tuberosity in proximal view (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 226): (0) Small (less than half the anteroposterior length of head), (1) Large (greater than or equal to half the anteroposterior length of head) 587. End of deltoid crest (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 228): (0) Merging with diaphysis, (1) Forming a distinct angle or process 588. Lateral extension of capitulum (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 232): (0) Rounded, (1) Straight 589. Depth of intercondylar notch in posterior view (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 233): (0) Wide and relatively shallow concave, (1) Narrower and concave posteriorly 590. Curvature of the posterior border of the humeral shaft (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 234): (0) Curved, (1) Straight 591. Medial development of the ulnar anconeal process (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 235): (0) Does not protrude beyond medial border of olecranon process, (1) Medially protruding 592. Medial curvature of the ulna (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 236): (0) Present, (1) Absent 593. Distal shaft of radius (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 239): (0) Oval (wider than long), (1) Rounded (almost as wide as long) 594. Angle between transverse axis of proximal and distal epiphyses of metacarpal I (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 243): (0) Absent, (1) Present 595. Orientation of ilium relative to ischium (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 244): (0) Prominent dorsally, (1) Aligned with ischium 596. Length of iliac neck (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 246): (0) Longer than 15% total pelvis length, (1) Between 6 and 15% total pelvis length, (2) Less than 6% total pelvis length 597. Greater sciatic notch (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 247): (0) Greater than 120 degrees, (1) Between 90 and 115 degrees 598. Iliac and gluteous fossa (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 248): (0) No fossa, (1) Two fossa subequal in size, (2) Gluteous fossa larger 599. Torsion between proximal and distal epiphyses of femur (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 251): (0) absent, (1) present 600. Femoral condyles (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 254): (0) Lateral condyle wider than medial condyle, (1) Subequal, (2) Medial condyle wider than lateral condyle 601. Ossified patella (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 255): (0) Absent, (1) Present 602. Parafibula (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 256): (0) Present, (1) Absent 603. Tibia shape (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 260): (0) Sigmoid, (1) Straight 604. Torsion between proximal and distal epiphyses of tibia (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 261): (0) Present, (1) Absent 605. 264. Distal malleolus of tibia (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 264): (0) Indistinct or absent, (1) Distinct 606. Malleolar shelf of astragalus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 274): (0) Absent, (1) Present 607. Astragalo-distal tuber (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 275): (0) Absent, (1) Present 608. Longest dimension of sustentacular facet (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 277): (0) Anteromedial-posterolateral, (1) Sagittally longer, (2) Transversely longer 609. Orientation of the calcaneoastragalar facet (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 278): (0) Medial, (1) Intermediate, (2) Dorsal 610. Calcaneal peroneal tubercle (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 279): (0) Protuberance, (1) Crest-like 611. Position of peroneal tubercle (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 280): (0) Anterior, non-protruding, (1) At a distance from the anterior end of the calcaneus 612. Calcaneal peroneal groove for the peroneous longus (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 281): (0) Indistinct or weakly developed, (1) Distinct, deep separation 613. Position of sustentaculum (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 282): (0) Reaches anterior end of calcaneus, (1) Subterminal 614. Outline of sustentacular process (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 283): (0) Triangular or rounded, (1) Rectangular 615. Mesiolateral orientation of sustentacular facet (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 284): (0) Medial, (1) Dorsal 616. Anteroposterior orientation of sustentacular facet (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 285): (0) Dorsal, (1) 45 degrees dorsoanteriorly 617. Sustentacular facet morphology (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 286): (0) slightly concave or flat, (1) posteriorly convex 618. Secondary distal calcaneoastragalar facet (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 287): (0) absent, (1) Present619. Sustentacular and posterior calcaneoastragalar facets (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 288): (0) Separate, (1) Merged 620. Calcaneal facet for fibula (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 289): (0) Present, (1) Absent 621. Orientation of calcaneal facet for fibula (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 290): (0) Dorsal, (1) Lateral 622. Length of the tuber calci (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 291): (0) Longer than the body, (1) Shorter than the body 623. Medial curvature of the tuber calci (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 292): (0) Present, (1) Absent 624. Ventral curvature of the tuber calci (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 293): (0) Present, (1) Absent 625. Proximal calcaneocuboid facet (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 294): (0) Absent, (1) Present 626. Angle between proximal and distal areas of calcaneocuboid facet (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 295): (0) No angle, (1) Oblique calcaneocuboid facet 627. Angle between navicular and distal metatarsal facets of ectocuneiform (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 297): (0) Oblique, (1) Parallel to the distal facet 628. Ridge on proximal articular facet of metatarsal I (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 301): (0) Absent, (1) Present 629. Median keel on palmar/plantar surface of metapodials (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 304): (0) Sharp, (1) Blunt 630. Groove on dorsal surface of tip of ungual phalanges (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 306): (0) Absent, (1) Present 631. Dorsal border of ungual phalanges (Forasiepi et al. 2014 - ch. 307): (0) Forming a crest-like border, (1) Rounded 632. Posterior exposure of the pars mastoidea (Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 4): elongated (0), rounded and bulbous due to the excavation of the fossa subarcuata (1). 633. Anterior lamina of petrosal (Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 7): shows a large depression that may have received a part of temporal lobe of the brain (0), shows no depression (1) 634. Internal acoustic meatus and fossa subarcuata: subequal and separated by a sharp wall (0), internal acoustic meatus narrower than fossa subarcuata and separated from the latter by a thick shelf of bone (1), fossa subarcuata shallow and plainly narrower than internal acoustic meatus635. Tympanic sinus formed in the lateral trough (orlateral expansion of the pars canalicularis) (Ladevèze and Muizon, 2010 - ch. 15): (0) absent, (1) present. 636. Vascular groove adjacent to prootic sinus sulcus, on the mastoid (i.e., prootic sinus vein or connection) (Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 36): absent (0) or present (1) 637. Alisphenoid tympanic process (Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 42): well developedand encloses a hypotympanic sinus: absent (0), present (1) 638. Alisphenoid tympanic process (Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 43): does not cover thealisphenoid hypotympanic sinus in externalview (0), extends posteriorly to reach posteriorlimit of the alisphenoid hypotympanic sinus inventral view (1) 639. Tubal foramen just posterior and ventral to theforamen ovale (Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 47): absent (0) or present (1) 640. Tympanic cavity partially or entirely enclosed bybony structures (i.e, auditory bulla) (Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 48): absent (0), present (1) 641. Auditory bulla formed by (Ladevèze and Muizon 2010 - ch. 49): alisphenoid (0), alisphenoid and petrosal (1), or fused alisphenoid and petrosal (2) 642. Antorbital vacuities (Abello et al., 2013 - ch. 1): absent (0), present (1)Appendix 2. Characters and states by taxon. Characters and states used in the phylogenetic analysis for each taxon. Characters are coded with respect to Kielantherium gobiense as outgroup. All characters are treated as 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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0Caenolestes0011-1-02020001-03-----23000000001000021-2210000221400-00100024-0133000000000210000000000001&2023011000---0-011001000120011001112000000011030010500011110102000---------21013100000000-010000120002011&210000110001021100200011101120?111?1?11111?1??0?11?1???2???1????0?10??22?1???1??1?11112?20012??????0??200????1000??10???11000??000001?110?10011010&10&1&21110?2??01000120000200211210010110111100211010010010101011011101110200011000110001010010011000110?10000011010&11200010012000100?2100000010102100000001?2100110111100?00-?0?????????????????????????????????0???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????10000100101Stilotherium0011-1202020001-03-----23000000001000021-2210000221400---100024-0133000000000210000000000000&1&202301100???????11000000120011001112000000011030010500011110102000---------21013-----0000-040000120002011100001?000102?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Pichipilus00?121202020001-03-----2300000000100001102210000221400-00100024-0131000000000400000001000001&200301001???????1100000011000100113300000000611001050003111110???????????????01????????????????1????????????????00????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0Yarala001001100020001-0------0&1100000010100000&110021000002130020010000200131000000000400000000&1000000000010100-000201100100000001100001100000000100002051002111010200001000100000001?000000000010000120000010010001?0001020??????????????0?111????1????????????????2???0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0Bulungu001001100020001-0------1100000110100000&110021000&2002130020010000210131000000000500000000&1000000010010101-0002011000000000011000012000000001000010510021110102000010001000000010????????00100001200010100????100002020??????????????0?111?0??1????????????????2???0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0Galadi001001100020001-0------210000011010000110021000002130020010000410131000000000500000000000002010010101-000201100000000001100001200000000100001031002111010200001000100000001000000000000000012000001001000100002020????????????????111?1??1????????????????2???0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0Perameles001001100020001-0------210000011010000110021000002130020010000410131000000000500000000000000010010101-0002011000000000011000012000000001000020310021110102000010001000000010000000000010000120001010010001100030210-0200231102-30?111?1?11110?1??0?11?????2???0&2????0?10??22?2???1??1?11133?20112??????0??202????1001??10???11000??00000111?00100110120&1&21?10120121100131100201111200010000011100201110000?1011001010100001000-20110211000011110110001120&1000100010020111111100120001010&1200?0000&10002310100100102100120011110000001?????????????????????????????????1???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????01000110100Echymipera001001100020001-0------210000001010000110021000002130020010000410131000000000500000000000002010010101-0002011000000000001000012000000004000010410021100102000010001000000010000000000010000120001010010001100030210-0200231102-30??????????10?3??0?1??????2???0&2????0?10??22?2???1??1?11133?20?11??????0??202????1?11??10???10000??00010111100100111120&1&2111012012110013110020111130011000001110020110000001011001010100001000-20100211000001110010001121000110010021111110100120001010&120??000?????3??1000001020001201111000000100????????????????????????????????1???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0?200100100Dasyuroides001001100020001-2000001110000000010000110021000001030020010000200111000000000400000000&1000000000010001-00020110010000000110000110100000040000004000110001020000120010000000100&100000000010000120000010000001101010200-0200330--2-30?111?0?11111?1??1?1??????0&1???2????0?10??22?1???1??1?1?113?20?12??????0??2?2????1?????1????1?00???0&10&10001?11000&10010110010&1110?0101000120000220201110010010011100202010110?1011?00101110101020021111011000101100100100011001100001201100100100010001010200?000???0030?1001?110211112??1111000-0000??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0Dasyurus001001100020001-20000010&1------000100000&11002-000001030020010000200121000000000400000000&1000001000011000000020110010000000110000110000000010000104&500011110102000012001000000010000000000010000120000010000001101030200-0200331112-3111111011111110&1111111011001&211100210011010221111110112211131201122100100012022221100112001101?00?01110&1101?11010&10010?11&20&110&1110&12010100012000???0&12101110&110&10000111002020101101101110010111021102112111101100110110100010001100110000120110110010002000101020010000&110?030010011110211111110&10&111000-0000000001010&11120&110211110020000001?211101001110&1101000001?11100120000101101101101110100?1002000&1001100010001011111010110110000??????????0Woodburnodon00?001201-0---1-00100010000000000100001101212-0?32120020110000300121000000000?????????000?000000-000???????1??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Dromiciops001011001-0---1-00100010000000000100001102-12-000211&21020010000200121000000000000-0000-0001000000-0001-0012011000000000011000012000000014000010500011100102000313001000200011000000000010000120001010000001100010200-0200330--2-3011111011111010111111001002110011&210010&101022121111011211313?2111221000000?2002221100012101?001000000&10000101?00000101111&21?1101000101011000122100111001101000110020201001021010100101110?110211211000110001000001021010110?101100000001101010002001001?20121100100021010011111211112?111100000000?0000000010122102010100200--00??20100001111111211000111100012210?0&110111000000001000?0001000?011000201000100011-11101001011110?111120Microbiotherium001011201-0---1-00100010000000000100001102-12-00021210200100002001210000000004000000000001000000-0001-001201100000000001100001100000001400001050001110010200031300100020001100000000001000012000??100000011000102?????????????????111????11??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????001???????????????????????????????????????????????????????0??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Cercartetus001&21-1-01-0---1-001----00-----01010000------2-0-321100200100001001-3000000000210-000010000000230-000-------0100000000000100002200000000500001050001110010---------------001--0--00000030000120011011100011100011200-0200331112-31?101?1?11111?3??1?1??????2???1????0?10??21?2???1??1?1?113?2??11??????1??2?3????10????1????1?0????0000011?101?000-?11111110100110101100002211?1110011??0?1110?1?001011001011?00101110011021121100011000100000102100010010110100002312-00100?311102?0201??1?1??0121?1001001021011200?1110000?000??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0Petaurus001&21-1101-0---1-001----00-----000100001102-12-0-021200200100002&4001-3000000000211-000010000020230-000000000011000000000004000022000000005000010500011100102000312001000000011010000000030000123011011100011100110200-0200330--2-31?100?2?11110?3??1?0&11?????1???0????0?10??21?1???2??1?1?113?21?11??????1??3?3????10????1????1?00???110101111010000-11011111010021010110001120&10010&11001100001110011000011011011000101110111021121101011000100000102100011001011010002210-1010003111000?21121111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3. Casts list. Casts sent by Richard L. Cifelli curator from the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in support for this study. The type specimens are highlighted in bold. The data of these materials (i.e. specimen, species, element, formations, and locality) are provided. All localities are listed based on OMNH localities numbers. UCM 54155, type of Pariadens kirklandi, is from UCM (University of Colorado Museum) locality 85358. OMNH locality 808 is the same locality of MNA locality 1067 and UMNH VP locality 27.Specimen #TaxonElementFormationOMNH Locality NumberOMNH 66365Varalphadon wahweapensismx, talonid onlyEagle Fm.1409OMNH 66362Varalphadon wahweapensism3Eagle Fm.1409OMNH 66364Varalphadon wahweapensism2, trigonid onlyEagle Fm.1409OMNH 66361Varalphadon wahweapensism2, trigonid onlyEagle Fm.1409OMNH 66357Varalphadon wahweapensisM3Eagle Fm.1409OMNH 66358Varalphadon wahweapensisM2, labial halfEagle Fm.1409MNA 4572Varalphadon wahweapensisM1Kaiparowits Fm.6OMNH 20587Varalphadon wahweapensisM2Kaiparowits Fm.6OMNH 20597Varalphadon wahweapensismx, talonid onlyKaiparowits Fm.6OMNH 20109Varalphadon wahweapensisMxKaiparowits Fm.6OMNH 20115*Varalphadon wahweapensisM3Kaiparowits Fm.6OMNH 20121Varalphadon wahweapensisMx, lacking protoconeKaiparowits Fm.6OMNH 20123Varalphadon wahweapensismxKaiparowits Fm.6OMNH 23323Varalphadon wahweapensisM2Kaiparowits Fm.6OMNH 23324Varalphadon wahweapensisM1Kaiparowits Fm.6OMNH 23459Varalphadon wahweapensisM2?Kaiparowits Fm.6OMNH 20667*Varalphadon crebreformelabial half of M2Wahweap Fm.8OMNH 20467Varalphadon wahweapensisMx, brokenKaiparowits Fm.9OMNH 20536Varalphadon wahweapensisdentary fragment with m1-3Kaiparowits Fm.9OMNH 22565Varalphadon wahweapensisM2?Kaiparowits Fm.10MNA 4561Varalphadon crebreformeM2Wahweap Fm.11MNA V5387Eoalphadon clemensiM2Naturita Fm.806MNA V6017TheriamxNaturita Fm.807MNA V5826Eoalphadon lillegraveniM1?Naturita Fm.807MNA V5842Pariadens kirklandim1Naturita Fm.807MNA V5843Pariadens kirklandiMxNaturita Fm.807MNA V6245Theriadp3Naturita Fm.808MNA V6246TheriaMxNaturita Fm.808MNA V6467TheriaMxNaturita Fm.808MNA V6312*Varalphadon janetaeM3Naturita Fm.808MNA V6029Alphadon sp.MxNaturita Fm.808MNA V6376Alphadon sp.m3Naturita Fm.808MNA V6790Alphadon sp.MxNaturita Fm.808MNA V5352Eoalphadon clemensiM3Naturita Fm.808MNA V5830Eoalphadon clemensidentary fragment with p3-m2Naturita Fm.808MNA V5831Eoalphadon clemensidentary fragment with m3-4Naturita Fm.808MNA V5855Eoalphadon clemensiM3?Naturita Fm.808MNA V5364Eoalphadon lillegravenimxNaturita Fm.808MNA V5370Eoalphadon lillegraveniM4Naturita Fm.808MNA V5370Eoalphadon lillegravenimxNaturita Fm.808MNA V6393Eoalphadon lillegraveniMxNaturita Fm.808MNA V6299Protalphadon sp.M3?Naturita Fm.808MNA V5373Pariadens kirklandiMxNaturita Fm.808MNA V5836Pariadens kirklandim3?Naturita Fm.808MNA V6024Pariadens kirklandiMxNaturita Fm.808MNA V6090Pariadens kirklandim2?Naturita Fm.808MNA V5345Dakotadens sp.MxNaturita Fm.808MNA V6025Dakotadens sp.MxNaturita Fm.808MNA V5378Dakotadens morrowimxNaturita Fm.808MNA V5824Dakotadens morrowiMxNaturita Fm.808MNA V5827Dakotadens morrowiM1?Naturita Fm.808MNA V5828Dakotadens morrowiMxNaturita Fm.808MNA V6023Dakotadens morrowimxNaturita Fm.808MNA V6042Dakotadens morrowimxNaturita Fm.808MNA V6318Dakotadens morrowiMxNaturita Fm.808UCM 54155*Pariadens kirklandidentary fragment with m2-4Naturita Fm. ................
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