Psychology Final Exam
Finals Review
Learning and Memory Studies how new associations are made and how information is stored
Personality Studies the factors that determine similarities and differences among individuals
Cognitive Studies how perception, thought, and interpretation affect behavior and
interactions with others
Social Studies the ways in which human behavior is linked to culture and society
Biological Studies the neural, hormonal, and other physical factors that affect behavior
Perception Studies the use of senses to gain information about the world and give it meaning
Developmental Studies the mental and behavioral changes that occur over the life span of an
individual
Approaches to Psychology
Psychodynamic this approach believed behavior is the result of the different states of conscience competing for domination
Cognitive believes that humans go through mental processes to resolve problems and develop
behavior
Sociocultural concerned with how individual behavior is influenced by social groups and by culture
Humanistic believes people are naturally good, and that to succeed, people need a little guidance to
strive for excellence
Neurobiological study physical features of the human body instead of the mind
Behavioral believes that an individual’s behavior is the result of earlier associations
Sleep Disorders
Hypersomnia chronic, excessive sleeping; irresistible drowsiness or napping
Narcolepsy sudden, unpredictable, and uncontrollable sleeping
Sleep Apnea sudden and regular breathing stoppages during sleep
Nightmares long and movie-like frightening dream
REM Behavior Disorder acting out dream activity
Sleepwalking although deeply asleep, person may talk and interact and have no memory of the activity
Insomnia difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep
Night Terrors sleeper will be frightened and may have eyes open but is not awake; person may remain
frightened when awakened
Altered States of Consciousness
hallucinations experiencing sights and sounds that are not real
Lucid Dreaming dreaming while aware that you are dreaming
Daydreaming fanciful imagery or unfocused thoughts
Meditative State highly focused state of consciousness
Drug-induced result of chemicals that alter mental state
Induced by Biofeedback self monitoring to control bodily functions
Learning
Unconditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
Unconditional Response
Negative Punishment
Learning
Trial and Error Learning
Primary Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Positive Punishment
Classical Conditioning
Secondary Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
That which produces a natural response
Learned response
That which produces a learned response
Following a behavior by stopping or taking away something that is
unpleasant
Natural response
Following a behavior by withholding something that is pleasurable
Relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior as a result of
experience
Attempting different strategies until the successful one is found
Reinforcement tied to an aspect of survival
Following a behavior with something considered pleasant
Following a behavior with unpleasant consequences
Learning through the association of a stimulus and response
Reinforcement that is nonessential to survival
Behavior that is learned in connection with reward or punishment
Memory
Association by similarity
Transient Global Amnesia
State-Dependent memory
Anterograde Amnesia
Infantile/Childhood
Amnesia
Recognition
Retrograde Amnesia
Amnesia
Proactive Interference
Posthypnotic Amnesia
Retroactive Interference
Context-Dependent
memory
Recall
Explicit memory
Korsakoff’s Amnesia
Memory
Association by contiguity
Implicit memory
Psychogenic Amnesia
concepts that are associated because of shared properties
loss of memory of one’s past and inability to form new memories
recall improved if internal physiological or emotional state is the
same during testing as initial encoding
loss of memory that occurs after the time of the event
most likely linked to language development or the fact that parts of
the brain is not fully mature
Identifying whether or not you have encountered something before
loss of memory of one’s past
cognitive disorder characterized by memory impairments
when an old memory interferes with remembering new information
loss of memory of events that have taken place during hypnosis
when a new memory interferes with remembering old information
improved ability to remember if tested in the same environment as
the initial learning
searching for and producing information from memory
declarative memory
memory loss due to alcohol abuse
Mental process responsible for encoding, storage, and retrieval of
information
concepts that are associated because they occur together in a previous experience
procedural memory
memory loss linked to a psychologically traumatic event
Mood Disorders
Dysphoric mood
Episode
Bipolar Disorder
Euphoric mood
unpleasant feelings, such as sadness or irritability
time-limited period during which specific symptoms of a disorder
are present
mood disorder involving manic episodes and very disruptive
experiences of heightened mood, possibly altering with major
depressive moods
state that is more cheerful and elated than average, possibly even
ecstatic
Personality Disorders
Narcissistic
Personality disorder
Schiziod
Obsessive-Compulsive
Avoidant
Dependent
Paranoid
Schizotypal
Personality Trait
Histrionic
personality disorder characterized by an unrealistic, inflated sense of
self-importance and lack of sensitivity to other people’s needs
ingrained patterns of relating to other people, situations, and events
with a rigid and maladaptive pattern of inner experience and
behavior
personality disorder characterized by indifference to social
relationships, as well as a very limited range of emotional experience
and expression
personality disorder characterized by an overwhelming concern for
neatness and minor details
personality disorder characterized by an individual’s fear of any
involvement with other people
personality disorder characterized by extremely passive behavior to
the point of being unable to make any decisions or to take
independent action
personality disorder characterized by suspiciousness
personality disorder characterized by peculiarities and eccentricities
of thought, behavior, appearance, and interpersonal style
enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the
environment
personality disorder characterized by exaggerated emotional
reactions, approaching theatricality, in everyday behavior
Antisocial personality disorder characterized by a lack of regard for society’s
moral or legal standards
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