Developmental Psychology
Chapters 3 and 4: Developmental Psychology
Developmental Studies
1. Cross-sectional study: Study comparing development between age groups over a relatively short period of time.
2. Longitudinal study: study tracing the development of one age group over a more extensive period of time.
3. gene: segment of DNA that determines biological traits
4. monozygotic twins: identical / 100% shared DNA
5. Dizygotic twins: fraternal = ~50 shared DNA
6. zygote: fertilized egg (begins cell division)
7. Bouchard Minnesota Twin Study / Adoption Studies: Significant correlational studies that suggest genes affect certain traits
8. Heritability: Extent to which differences between individuals can be attributed to genes
9. Temperament: emotional excitability (tends to remain stable over time…)
10. Evolutionary Psychology: study of how traits that enhance survival are passed down over generations (encoded in DNA)
11. Gender identity (one’s sense of being male or female)
12. Gender roles- traditional behaviors, duties of genders
13. Gender-typing: expectation or assignment of traditional male, female roles
14. Gender schema theory: theory that children learn what it means to be male or female from the culture in which they live
15. Social learning theory: We learn through social interaction, experience with others (Albert Bandura and observational learning)
16. Individualist vs. collectivist cultures
Early Development
17. DNA: complex molecule containing genes
18. Chromosome: thread-like structure containing genes (23rd pair determine sex of offspring)
19. teratogens: toxic substances that can pass through the placenta and harm the baby during fetal development.
20. fetal alcohol syndrome: leading teratogen related developmental issue: results in mental retardation, poor motor coordination or impaired attention etc.
21. maturation: Biological, universal growth processes / orderly changes in behavior (sets the basic course of development while environment adjusts it)
22. Newborn instincts (reflexes): rooting reflex, morrow reflex, sucking reflex, grasping reflex
23. Habituation: used to study infants’ cognition (the newer the stimulus, the more attention paid)
24. Harlow’s Monkey Experiment: (Early attachment) Contact / touch critical for early attachment and emotional security
25. Critical Period: Optimal period right after birth in which exposure, nurture creates proper development
26. Imprinting: attachment based on first experience (gosling, chick, duckling)
27. Memes: learning through mimmicking or copying behaviors, actions of others)
28. Mary Ainsworth: Secure / Insecure attachment
a. Secure attachment: comfortable in mother’s presence / Mother’s departure = initial distress / Mother’s return = seek contact
b. Insecure attachment: Cling to mother /Mother’s departure = extended distress or indifference / Return = cling or indifference
c. Avoidance attachment: Indifferent to mother’s presence, departure, return
29. Parenting styles:
a. Authoritarian parents: impose rules and expect obedience. (Strict- “Because I said so.”
b. Permissive parents: Few demands, little punishment- (submit to child’s demands / “Do your own thing.”)
c. Authoritative parents: Demanding and responsive (Enforce and explain / justify the rules / Open discussion with teenagers / exceptions to rules…)
Stage Theories of Development
30. Piaget: Cognitive development (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Op. , Formal Op.)
a. Schema: concept
b. Object Permanence: (still there even if you can’t see it…!) (sensorimotor)
c. Assimilation: Incorporating new experiences in terms of existing schema (Sensorimotor)
d. Accommodation: Adapting schemas to incorporate new information (Sesorimotor)
e. Egocentrism: Can’t perceive things from others’ point of view (to age 3) (Preoperational)
f. Theory of mind (age 4)– Understand another’s perspective / infer other’s feelings
g. Conservation: “Quantity remains same despite changes in shape.” (Concrete Operational)
31. Kohlberg: Moral development (Preconventional, Conventional, Post-conventional)
32. Erikson: Psychosocial development (8 stages- trust vs. mistrust, identity vs. role confusion, generativity vs. stagnation)
Adolescence / Adulthood
33. Primary Sex Characteristics body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
34. Secondary Sex Characteristics: nonreproductive sexual characteristics (female--breast and hips, male--voice quality and body hair)
35. Menarche: first menstrual period
36. Menopause: end of menstrual cycle
37. Fluid Intelligence: Speedy abstract reasoning / very gradual decline after 20’s
38. Crystallized Intelligence: Knowledge base / continues to expand through lifetime
39. Dementia = mental erosion (memory, processing etc.)
40. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross: 5 Stages of Grief: Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance)
41. Social Clock: Cultural or societal timetable that is expected for certain developments of your life. (example: marriage, retirement etc.)
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