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Digestive System Section

• Go to .

1. Read “About the Digestive System.” Why do we digest food in the first place? Explain in your own words. What nutrients are involved?

• Click on “Body Basics: Digestive System” in the blue box.

• Click on each organ and read.

2. You might already know some of these facts! Name at least 3 organs and a fact about each that you learned from this diagram.

• Scroll down to “Things That Can Go Wrong with the Digestive System.”

3. What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and what digestive organs does it involve? Describe it in your own words.

4. What is Cystic Fibrosis and what digestive organs does it involve? Describe it in your own words.

5. What is Hepatitis and what digestive organs does it involve? Describe it in your own words.

• Go to:

• Click on “English”, “Digestive Tract”, and “Guided Tour”.

• Participate in the “Guided Tour.” Watch the animations (they are very helpful). WATCH EVERYTHING!

6. Name and explain 2 things that you were able to visualize more clearly about the digestive system since you went on the guided tour.

• Click on “Organize Your Organs” and “Start Game.” Play this!

• Go to:. . Many of you may be wondering how your digestive system compares to that of other animals.

7. Choose an animal that you are most interested in. What are at least 3 differences and/or similarities between yours and the animal’s digestive system? Describe in your own words.

• Click on:

• Go to the orange picture. “Explore the Digestive System.” Go through this tour and make sure to answer the trivia questions!

8. How much saliva do you swallow a day?

9. Acids are measured from 1 to 10 on a pH scale. 1 is the most acidic. How acidic is the acid in your stomach and what is it strong enough to do?

10. Which of the three foods stays in your stomach the longest? Why?

11. With which food does the liver have to produce the most bile? Why?

• Go to

• First, play “Building Your System”

• Next, click on “Inside Story” and check out the neat pictures!

• Finally, click on “Food Path.”

12. Drag some foods into the body. Name at least 2 differences between how some of these foods were digested from each other.

13. Now that you’ve learned some facts about your digestive system, do you think that your digestive system is made mostly of voluntary or involuntary muscles? Explain.

• Go to: .

14. Where does the gas that is released from you body come from? Explain after you’ve read the facts.

15. What makes your body vomit and what is it made up of?

Circulatory System Section



Click on the Human Heart Narrated Tour and then answer the following questions.

1. Describe the shape of the heart.

2. Where is the heart located in the body? (be specific)

3. The average human heart is __________cm long and __________cm wide.



(All about your heart at Kidshealth) and answer the following questions.

4. Your heart is a ____ ____ ______ that sends blood around your body.

5. What two things does blood provide for your body?

• 1.

• 2.

6. Blood also carries ___ ___ away.

7. Describe the function of the right side of the heart.

8. Describe the function of the left side of the heart.

9. The two chambers at the top of the heart are called ____ __.

10. The two chambers at the bottom of the heart are called __ _______.

11. The thick wall of muscle that divides the heart in the middle is the __ ____.

12. Blood moves through the body in tubes called __ _ and , together called __ ___

13. Describe the function of arteries.

14. Describe the function of veins.

15. How long does it take to pump blood to every cell in your body?



Read about the different parts of the circulatory system.

16. The circulatory system is made up of the and the ______________

that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called

_. The main parts of the system are the , ,

__ and ______________________.

Click on the “Heart” link at the bottom of the page.

17. Your heart is divided into two sides, explain what each side does.

• right side –

• left side –

18. How many times is the body’s blood circulated through the heart each day?

19. How much blood is pumped by your heart each day? _ _

20. Your heart is about the same size as your _____.

Click on the “What is Blood” link at the bottom of the page.

21. How much blood circulates through an adult’s body? ____

22. List the four components of blood.

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Click on the link and then choose the topic on the right side. Fill in the Blood Chart with an “X” in the correct places.

Blood Components Chart

| |Red Cells |White Cells |Plasma |Platelets |

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|Carry oxygen to your lungs | | | | |

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|Find germs | | | | |

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|Eat foreign things in your body | | | | |

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|Take carbon dioxide waste away | | | | |

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|Kill infections | | | | |

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|Transportation highway for water, salts and antibodies | | | | |

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|Take other wastes away | | | | |

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|Forms clots to stop bleeding | | | | |

Respiratory System Section

Introduction

The quality of air can vary widely depending where you live. While nearly any area will experience some level of air pollution, the types and amounts of each can change depending on what is nearby. This webquest will help you identify some of the major point sources of pollution in your area.

Background

The Clean Air Act, originally passed in 1963 then amended in 1970 and 1990, established acceptable air quality levels for criteria pollutants. For each pollutant listed, identify the chemical formula (if applicable) and describe its physical properties.

|Pollutant |Chemical Symbol |Physical Characteristics |Health Effects |

|Sulfur dioxide |SO2 |Colorless, foul-smelling gas that is produced by burning |Increased risk of respiratory disease. Worsens |

| | |fossil fuels. |asthma. |

|Carbon monoxide | | | |

|Nitrogen oxides | | | |

|Ozone | | | |

|Particulate Matter | | | |

|Lead | | | |

Accessing Local Facility Data

1. Visit the 2008 Emissions Inventory Database at

2. Scroll down to the “Fusion Tables” section.

3. Click on the air pollutant you would like to analyze first.

4. Click on “options.” Set the following conditions as filters:

a. State (type in your state abbreviation, e.g. IL)

b. County (type in your county, e.g. Lake)

5. Use the apply button to activate the filters.

6. Sort the pollutant by tons column in descending order to show the biggest polluters first.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

In the table below, list the top five carbon monoxide emissions facilities in your county. Give the amount of emissions in tons and the percent of total emissions. For each facility, give a brief explanation of what it is and/or why it is producing that pollutant. If you aren’t sure, try researching the facility name in a search engine.

|Facility |Annual Emissions |Explanation |

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

In the table below, list the top five carbon monoxide emissions facilities in your county. Give the amount of emissions in tons and the percent of total emissions. Research each facility, find out what its purpose is, and give an explanation why it is producing so much of this pollutant.

|Facility |Annual Emissions |Explanation |

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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

In the table below, list the top five carbon monoxide emissions facilities in your county. Give the amount of emissions in tons and the percent of total emissions. Research each facility, find out what its purpose is, and give an explanation why it is producing so much of this pollutant.

|Facility |Annual Emissions |Explanation |

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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

In the table below, list the top five carbon monoxide emissions facilities in your county. Give the amount of emissions in tons and the percent of total emissions. Research each facility, find out what its purpose is, and give an explanation why it is producing so much of this pollutant.

|Facility |Annual Emissions |Explanation |

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Ammonia (NH2)

In the table below, list the top five carbon monoxide emissions facilities in your county. Give the amount of emissions in tons and the percent of total emissions. Research each facility, find out what its purpose is, and give an explanation why it is producing so much of this pollutant.

|Facility |Annual Emissions |Explanation |

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Particulate Matter 10 (PM10)

In the table below, list the top five carbon monoxide emissions facilities in your county. Give the amount of emissions in tons and the percent of total emissions. Research each facility, find out what its purpose is, and give an explanation why it is producing so much of this pollutant.

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Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

In the table below, list the top five carbon monoxide emissions facilities in your county. Give the amount of emissions in tons and the percent of total emissions. Research each facility, find out what its purpose is, and give an explanation why it is producing so much of this pollutant.

|Facility |Annual Emissions |Explanation |

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Nervous System Section

The nervous system consists of three parts: the Brain, the Central Nervous System, and the Peripheral Nervous System. The Brain is the command center, the Central Nervous System is the brain and the spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System consists of the nerves going from the spinal cord out to your body. Draw and label each of these parts on the diagram below:

[pic]

The Brain

Go to the following web site and follow the instructions below:



Part One: The Cerebrum

The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections called "lobes": the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.

1. On the diagram below, label the four lobes of the cerebrum.

[pic]

2. List the function of each of the lobes of the cerebrum.

Frontal Lobe:

Parietal Lobe:

Occipital Lobe:

Temporal Lobe:

3. Label the cerebellum on the diagram above.

4. What does the cerebellum do?

5. The limbic system is often referred to as the ____________ brain.

6. Where is the limbic system found?

7. List the function of each of the parts of the limbic system:

Thalamus:

Hypothalamus:

Amygdala:

Hippocampus:

8. Label the Brain Stem on the diagram above (prior page).

9. What does the Brain Stem do?

10. List the function of each of the parts of the Brain Stem:

Midbrain:

Pons:

Medulla:

The Synapse

In this section we will focus on the synapse. As you will recall, the synapse is the space between the axon terminal of on neuron and the dendrites of another. It is important to remember that the two neurons aren’t touching; they are just really close to each other.

Go to the following web site and answer the questions below:



11. Neurotransmission occurs between the ______ __________ of one neuron and the ___________ of another.

12. At the synapse, information is transmitted from one neuron to another via what kind of messengers?

13. An action potential is an ____________ signal.

14. Why are chemical messengers, or neurotransmitters, needed to get information across the synapse?

15. What are ions?

16. Why are ions important for neurotransmission?

17. What are the 4 most common ions?

18. How do ions get across the neuron membrane?

19. An ion channel will only open when a specific _________________ binds to its _____________ ________.

20. If enough ions flow into the post synaptic neuron, the neuron’s threshold will be reached and the neuron will fire an ___________ ______________.

21. What are vesicles?

22. What effect does an action potential have on a vesicle?

23. What happens to the neurotransmitter once it has done its job?

24. What do mitochondria do?

25. List the 5 steps that take place in transmitting information across a synapse (these are in the “Summary” section of the movie).

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

The Synapse and Learning

In this section we are going to focus on how nerve impulses travel from neuron to neuron and how we learn new things.

NOTES: 1. Use the PAUSE button as you go through the video if you want to slow things down.

2. Yes, I know that some of this information is a repeat of what you did in the last section.



26. Label the following parts of the neuron and describe what it is /what it does: Dendrite, Cell Body, Axon and Axon Terminal

[pic]

27. Signals are sent from one neuron to another by jumping across a tiny space or ______________.

28. Label the following parts of the synapse and describe what it is /what it does: Presynaptic Neuron, Vesicles, Calcium Channels, Synaptic Cleft, Receptor Molecule and Postsynaptic Neuron

[pic]

29. The list below is what happens when a neuron fires and sends a signal along to another neuron. Fill in the missing blanks in each statement. (Remember to use the Pause button!)

a. When an ______ __________ begins in a neuron, it travels down the _______.

b. When the action potential reaches the ______ terminal, _________ ____________ open and calcium ions rush into the neuron.

c. When calcium binds to the ___________, the vesicles carry _______________ toward the presynaptic membrane.

d. The neurotransmitter is released into the _______ _________.

e. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to ____________ on the ______________ _____________.

f. The post synaptic neuron receptors are activated. In this case, these receptors allow ________ ions in, causing an __________ potential to start in the postsynaptic membrane.

g. Neurotransmitters are __________ back into the _________ cleft.

Exercises

In this section you will learn how we learn new things. Do the exercises and answer the following questions.

30. By changing how nerves are connected, we _________ ___________.

31. In the first exercise, the star is always ___________.

32. How do we learn?

33. We have specific neurons for recognizing ________ and __________.

34. How did you learn to match the neurons, the star shape, and the color orange?

35. In the second exercise, what change did you make in your synapse?

36. List the ways that you might change a synapse.

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