Static.cambridge.org



Online supplementary material for Zavlis et al. (2021) ‘How Does The COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Population Mental Health? A Network Analysis of COVID Influences On Depression, Anxiety and Traumatic Stress in the UK Population’Table S1. Details of measures and coding strategy in the MGM and Ising networksConstructNode nameDescriptionMeasurementNetwork codingCOVID-19 related PTSDITQ1 – ITQ6Post-traumatic stress disorder was assessed using the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ; Cloitre et al., 2018), a self-report measure of ICD-11 PTSD based on a total of six symptoms across the three symptom clusters of Re-experiencing, Avoidance, and Sense of Threat; each symptom cluster is comprised of 2 symptoms. Participants were asked to complete the ITQ as follows: “…in relation to your experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, please read each item carefully, then select one of the answers to indicate how much you have been bothered by that problem in the past month”. All items are answered on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (Not at all) to 4 (Extremely) with possible PTSD scores ranging from 0 to 24. A score of ≥ 2 (Moderately) is considered ‘endorsement’ of that symptom. The psychometric properties of the ITQ scores have been demonstrated in multiple general population ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ben‐Ezra</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>147</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ben‐Ezra et al., 2018; Cloitre et al., 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>147</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="x0xw259tra0pshezvxyxvvsxt229atv2exae" timestamp="1585341242">147</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ben‐Ezra, Menachem</author><author>Karatzias, Thanos</author><author>Hyland, Philip</author><author>Brewin, Chris R</author><author>Cloitre, Marylene</author><author>Bisson, Jonathan I</author><author>Roberts, Neil P</author><author>Lueger‐Schuster, Brigitte</author><author>Shevlin, Mark</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as per ICD‐11 proposals: A population study in Israel</title><secondary-title>Depression and anxiety</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Depression and anxiety</full-title></periodical><pages>264-274</pages><volume>35</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>1091-4269</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cloitre</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>148</RecNum><record><rec-number>148</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="x0xw259tra0pshezvxyxvvsxt229atv2exae" timestamp="1585341275">148</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cloitre, Marylène</author><author>Hyland, Philip</author><author>Bisson, Jonathan I</author><author>Brewin, Chris R</author><author>Roberts, N</author><author>Karatzias, Thanos</author><author>Shevlin, Mark</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in the United States: a population-based study</title><secondary-title>Journal of Traumatic Stress</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Traumatic Stress</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ben‐Ezra et al., 2018; Cloitre et al., 2019) and clinical and high-risk samples PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IeWxhbmQ8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+MTQ5PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihIeWxhbmQgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE3OyBLYXJh

dHppYXMgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE2OyBWYWxsacOocmVzIGV0IGFsLiwgMjAxOCk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0

PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTQ5PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBh

cHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0ieDB4dzI1OXRyYTBwc2hlenZ4eXh2dnN4dDIyOWF0djJleGFlIiB0aW1l

c3RhbXA9IjE1ODUzNDEzMDciPjE0OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1l

PSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+SHlsYW5kLCBQaGlsaXA8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNoZXZsaW4sIE1hcms8L2F1dGhv

cj48YXV0aG9yPkJyZXdpbiwgQ2hyaXMgUjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Q2xvaXRyZSwgTWFyeWzD

qG5lPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Eb3duZXMsIEFKPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5KdW1iZSwgU2Fu

ZHJhPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5LYXJhdHppYXMsIFRoYW5vczwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Qmlz

c29uLCBKb25hdGhhbiBJPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Sb2JlcnRzLCBOUDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0

aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5WYWxpZGF0aW9uIG9mIHBvc3TigJB0

cmF1bWF0aWMgc3RyZXNzIGRpc29yZGVyIChQVFNEKSBhbmQgY29tcGxleCBQVFNEIHVzaW5nIHRo

ZSBJbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIFRyYXVtYSBRdWVzdGlvbm5haXJlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPkFjdGEgUHN5Y2hpYXRyaWNhIFNjYW5kaW5hdmljYTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0

bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkFjdGEgUHN5Y2hpYXRyaWNhIFNjYW5kaW5hdmlj

YTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjMxMy0zMjI8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+

MTM2PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4zPC9udW1iZXI+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTc8L3llYXI+PC9k

YXRlcz48aXNibj4wMDAxLTY5MFg8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48

Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkthcmF0emlhczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4x

NTA8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjE1MDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9IngweHcyNTl0cmEwcHNoZXp2eHl4dnZzeHQyMjlhdHYy

ZXhhZSIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNTg1MzQxMzM3Ij4xNTA8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVm

LXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48

YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkthcmF0emlhcywgVGhhbm9zPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TaGV2bGlu

LCBNYXJrPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5GeXZpZSwgQ2xhaXJlPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5IeWxh

bmQsIFBoaWxpcDwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+RWZ0aHltaWFkb3UsIEVyaWZpbGk8L2F1dGhvcj48

YXV0aG9yPldpbHNvbiwgRGFuaWVsbGU8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlJvYmVydHMsIE5laWw8L2F1

dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJpc3NvbiwgSm9uYXRoYW4gSTwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+QnJld2luLCBD

aHJpcyBSPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DbG9pdHJlLCBNYXJ5bGVuZTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9y

cz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5BbiBpbml0aWFsIHBzeWNob21ldHJpYyBh

c3Nlc3NtZW50IG9mIGFuIElDRC0xMSBiYXNlZCBtZWFzdXJlIG9mIFBUU0QgYW5kIGNvbXBsZXgg

UFRTRCAoSUNELVRRKTogRXZpZGVuY2Ugb2YgY29uc3RydWN0IHZhbGlkaXR5PC90aXRsZT48c2Vj

b25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgQW54aWV0eSBEaXNvcmRlcnM8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRs

ZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5Kb3VybmFsIG9mIEFueGlldHkgRGlz

b3JkZXJzPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+NzMtNzk8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1

bWU+NDQ8L3ZvbHVtZT48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxNjwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjA4ODct

NjE4NTwvaXNibj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+VmFs

bGnDqHJlczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4xNTE8L1JlY051bT48cmVj

b3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjE1MTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9IngweHcyNTl0cmEwcHNoZXp2eHl4dnZzeHQyMjlhdHYyZXhhZSIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxNTg1MzQxMzYxIj4xNTE8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

PlZhbGxpw6hyZXMsIEZyZWRlcmlxdWU8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkNlYW5udCwgUnV0aDwvYXV0

aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+RGFjY2FjaGUsIEY8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkFib3UgRGFoZXIsIFI8L2F1

dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNsZWltYW4sIEo8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkdpbG1vcmUsIEI8L2F1dGhv

cj48YXV0aG9yPkJ5cm5lLCBTPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TaGV2bGluLCBNPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1

dGhvcj5NdXJwaHksIEphbWllPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5IeWxhbmQsIFBoaWxpcDwvYXV0aG9y

PjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5JQ0TigJAxMSBQVFNEIGFu

ZCBjb21wbGV4IFBUU0QgYW1vbmdzdCBTeXJpYW4gcmVmdWdlZXMgaW4gTGViYW5vbjogdGhlIGZh

Y3RvciBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgYW5kIHRoZSBjbGluaWNhbCB1dGlsaXR5IG9mIHRoZSBJbnRlcm5hdGlv

bmFsIFRyYXVtYSBRdWVzdGlvbm5haXJlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkFjdGEgUHN5

Y2hpYXRyaWNhIFNjYW5kaW5hdmljYTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2Rp

Y2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkFjdGEgUHN5Y2hpYXRyaWNhIFNjYW5kaW5hdmljYTwvZnVsbC10aXRs

ZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjU0Ny01NTc8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MTM4PC92b2x1bWU+

PG51bWJlcj42PC9udW1iZXI+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTg8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4w

MDAxLTY5MFg8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IeWxhbmQ8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9ZZWFyPjxS

ZWNOdW0+MTQ5PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PihIeWxhbmQgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE3OyBLYXJh

dHppYXMgZXQgYWwuLCAyMDE2OyBWYWxsacOocmVzIGV0IGFsLiwgMjAxOCk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0

PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJlYy1udW1iZXI+MTQ5PC9yZWMtbnVtYmVyPjxmb3JlaWduLWtleXM+PGtleSBh

cHA9IkVOIiBkYi1pZD0ieDB4dzI1OXRyYTBwc2hlenZ4eXh2dnN4dDIyOWF0djJleGFlIiB0aW1l

c3RhbXA9IjE1ODUzNDEzMDciPjE0OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1l

PSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxh

dXRob3I+SHlsYW5kLCBQaGlsaXA8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNoZXZsaW4sIE1hcms8L2F1dGhv

cj48YXV0aG9yPkJyZXdpbiwgQ2hyaXMgUjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Q2xvaXRyZSwgTWFyeWzD

qG5lPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Eb3duZXMsIEFKPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5KdW1iZSwgU2Fu

ZHJhPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5LYXJhdHppYXMsIFRoYW5vczwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+Qmlz

c29uLCBKb25hdGhhbiBJPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5Sb2JlcnRzLCBOUDwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0

aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5WYWxpZGF0aW9uIG9mIHBvc3TigJB0

cmF1bWF0aWMgc3RyZXNzIGRpc29yZGVyIChQVFNEKSBhbmQgY29tcGxleCBQVFNEIHVzaW5nIHRo

ZSBJbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIFRyYXVtYSBRdWVzdGlvbm5haXJlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRp

dGxlPkFjdGEgUHN5Y2hpYXRyaWNhIFNjYW5kaW5hdmljYTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0

bGVzPjxwZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkFjdGEgUHN5Y2hpYXRyaWNhIFNjYW5kaW5hdmlj

YTwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjMxMy0zMjI8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+

MTM2PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj4zPC9udW1iZXI+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTc8L3llYXI+PC9k

YXRlcz48aXNibj4wMDAxLTY5MFg8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48

Q2l0ZT48QXV0aG9yPkthcmF0emlhczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4x

NTA8L1JlY051bT48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjE1MDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1r

ZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGItaWQ9IngweHcyNTl0cmEwcHNoZXp2eHl4dnZzeHQyMjlhdHYy

ZXhhZSIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNTg1MzQxMzM3Ij4xNTA8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVm

LXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48

YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkthcmF0emlhcywgVGhhbm9zPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TaGV2bGlu

LCBNYXJrPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5GeXZpZSwgQ2xhaXJlPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5IeWxh

bmQsIFBoaWxpcDwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+RWZ0aHltaWFkb3UsIEVyaWZpbGk8L2F1dGhvcj48

YXV0aG9yPldpbHNvbiwgRGFuaWVsbGU8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlJvYmVydHMsIE5laWw8L2F1

dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkJpc3NvbiwgSm9uYXRoYW4gSTwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+QnJld2luLCBD

aHJpcyBSPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5DbG9pdHJlLCBNYXJ5bGVuZTwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9y

cz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5BbiBpbml0aWFsIHBzeWNob21ldHJpYyBh

c3Nlc3NtZW50IG9mIGFuIElDRC0xMSBiYXNlZCBtZWFzdXJlIG9mIFBUU0QgYW5kIGNvbXBsZXgg

UFRTRCAoSUNELVRRKTogRXZpZGVuY2Ugb2YgY29uc3RydWN0IHZhbGlkaXR5PC90aXRsZT48c2Vj

b25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgQW54aWV0eSBEaXNvcmRlcnM8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRs

ZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5Kb3VybmFsIG9mIEFueGlldHkgRGlz

b3JkZXJzPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48cGFnZXM+NzMtNzk8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1

bWU+NDQ8L3ZvbHVtZT48ZGF0ZXM+PHllYXI+MjAxNjwveWVhcj48L2RhdGVzPjxpc2JuPjA4ODct

NjE4NTwvaXNibj48dXJscz48L3VybHM+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjxDaXRlPjxBdXRob3I+VmFs

bGnDqHJlczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+PFJlY051bT4xNTE8L1JlY051bT48cmVj

b3JkPjxyZWMtbnVtYmVyPjE1MTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJF

TiIgZGItaWQ9IngweHcyNTl0cmEwcHNoZXp2eHl4dnZzeHQyMjlhdHYyZXhhZSIgdGltZXN0YW1w

PSIxNTg1MzQxMzYxIj4xNTE8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91

cm5hbCBBcnRpY2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9y

PlZhbGxpw6hyZXMsIEZyZWRlcmlxdWU8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkNlYW5udCwgUnV0aDwvYXV0

aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+RGFjY2FjaGUsIEY8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkFib3UgRGFoZXIsIFI8L2F1

dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlNsZWltYW4sIEo8L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkdpbG1vcmUsIEI8L2F1dGhv

cj48YXV0aG9yPkJ5cm5lLCBTPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5TaGV2bGluLCBNPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1

dGhvcj5NdXJwaHksIEphbWllPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5IeWxhbmQsIFBoaWxpcDwvYXV0aG9y

PjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5JQ0TigJAxMSBQVFNEIGFu

ZCBjb21wbGV4IFBUU0QgYW1vbmdzdCBTeXJpYW4gcmVmdWdlZXMgaW4gTGViYW5vbjogdGhlIGZh

Y3RvciBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUgYW5kIHRoZSBjbGluaWNhbCB1dGlsaXR5IG9mIHRoZSBJbnRlcm5hdGlv

bmFsIFRyYXVtYSBRdWVzdGlvbm5haXJlPC90aXRsZT48c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkFjdGEgUHN5

Y2hpYXRyaWNhIFNjYW5kaW5hdmljYTwvc2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPjwvdGl0bGVzPjxwZXJpb2Rp

Y2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkFjdGEgUHN5Y2hpYXRyaWNhIFNjYW5kaW5hdmljYTwvZnVsbC10aXRs

ZT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjU0Ny01NTc8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+MTM4PC92b2x1bWU+

PG51bWJlcj42PC9udW1iZXI+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTg8L3llYXI+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4w

MDAxLTY5MFg8L2lzYm4+PHVybHM+PC91cmxzPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==

ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Hyland et al., 2017; Karatzias et al., 2016; Vallières et al., 2018) samples.MGM network:0 = Not at all1= A little bit2= Moderately3 = Quite a bit4 = ExtremelyIsing networks:≤ 1 = 0 (not endorsed)≥2= 1 (endorsed)DepressionPHQ1 – PHQ9Depression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams, 2001), a nine-item measure which corresponds to the DSM-IV Diagnostic Criterion A symptoms for major depressive disorder ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>American Psychiatric Association</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>133</RecNum><DisplayText>(American Psychiatric Association, 2000)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>133</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="x0xw259tra0pshezvxyxvvsxt229atv2exae" timestamp="1585168623">133</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>American Psychiatric Association,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Diagnostic criteria from dsM-iV-tr</title></titles><dates><year>2000</year></dates><publisher>American Psychiatric Pub</publisher><isbn>0890420270</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Participants were asked how often, over the last two weeks, they had been bothered by each of the depressive symptoms. Response options were “not at all”, “several days”, “more than half the days”, and “nearly every day”, scored as 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. PHQ-9 scores range from 0 to 27. Dichotomisation of the PHQ items for use in the Ising networks was based on the diagnostic algorithm for diagnosing depression using the PHQ-9 (“Instruction Manual”, n.d.). Psychometric properties of the PHQ-9 are well documented (see ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Kroenke</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>134</RecNum><DisplayText>Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, and L?we (2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>134</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="x0xw259tra0pshezvxyxvvsxt229atv2exae" timestamp="1585168738">134</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kroenke, Kurt</author><author>Spitzer, Robert L</author><author>Williams, Janet BW</author><author>L?we, Bernd</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review</title><secondary-title>General hospital psychiatry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>General hospital psychiatry</full-title></periodical><pages>345-359</pages><volume>32</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><isbn>0163-8343</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams & L?we (2010) for an overview).MGM network:0 = Not at all1 = Several days2 = More than half the days3 =Nearly every dayIsing networks:For PHQ1 – PHQ8:≤ 1 = 0 (not endorsed)≥2 = 1 (endorsed)For PHQ9:0 = 0 (not endorsed)≥1 = 1 (endorsed) AnxietyGAD1 -GAD7Experiences of generalized anxiety were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7; Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams & L?we, 2006). Respondents were asked to report how often in the past 2 weeks they were bothered by seven anxiety symptoms (e.g. trouble relaxing, becoming easily annoyed or irritable). Response options were “not at all”, “several days”, “more than half the days”, and “nearly every day”, scored as 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Dichotomisation of the GAD-7 items for use in the Ising networks was based on the framing of the DSM-5 criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, i.e., “excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not…” (APA, 2013). The GAD-7 has demonstrated good reliability and construct validity, as evidenced by strong associations with other established measures of anxiety as well as diagnoses of GAD and its associations with depression, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and resilience ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>L?we</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>137</RecNum><DisplayText>(L?we et al., 2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>137</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="x0xw259tra0pshezvxyxvvsxt229atv2exae" timestamp="1585173624">137</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>L?we, Bernd</author><author>Decker, Oliver</author><author>Müller, Stefanie</author><author>Br?hler, Elmar</author><author>Schellberg, Dieter</author><author>Herzog, Wolfgang</author><author>Herzberg, Philipp Yorck</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population</title><secondary-title>Medical care</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical care</full-title></periodical><pages>266-274</pages><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>0025-7079</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(L?we et al., 2008). MGM network:0 = Not at all1 = Several days2 = More than half the days3 =Nearly every dayIsing networks:≤ 1 = 0 (not endorsed)≥2 = 1 (endorsed)COVID-19 anxietyC.AnxRespondents’ degree of specific anxiety about the COVID-19 pandemic was assessed using the item “How anxious are you about the coronavirus/COVID-19 pandemic?”A single visual slider scale, ranging from 0 ‘not at all anxious’ on the left-hand side to 100 ‘extremely anxious’ on the right-hand side. MGM network:Continuous scale scoreIsing networks:The scores were recoded into quintiles, and the upper quintile was considered to be indicative of ‘COVID-19 anxiety’.COVID-19 perceived riskC.RiskRespondents estimated their perceived percentage risk of contracting COVID-19 within the next month using the item “What do you think is your personal percentage risk of being infected with the COVID-19 virus over the following time periods? (In the next month)”A visual slider (ranging from 0% on the left-hand side to 100% on the right-hand side)MGM network:Continuous scale scoreIsing networks:The scores were recoded into quintiles, and the upper quintile was considered to be indicative of ‘High perceived COVID-19 risk’.COVID-19 perceived infection status - selfC.SelfPerceived COVID-19 self-infection was measured differently at W1 and W2. At W1 respondents were asked: “Have you been infected by the coronavirus COVID-19?”At W1, 7 potential responses were given relating to potential infection status:1=No. I have been tested for COVID-19 and the test was negative.2=No. I do not have any symptoms of COVID-19.3=I have a few symptoms of cold or flu but I do not think I am infected with the COVID-19 virus.4=I have the symptoms of the COVID-19 virus and think I may have been infected.5=I have been infected by the COVID-19 virus and this has been confirmed by a test.6=I may have previously been infected with COVID-19 but this was not confirmed by a test and I have since recovered.7=I was previously infected with COVID-19, this was confirmed by a test and I have now recovered.W1 MGM and W1 Ising networks:Responses 1,2,3,6 = No perceived infectionResponses 4,5, 7 = Perceived infectionAt W2, respondents were asked if they had been tested for COVID-19 and if so, what was the outcome of that test.Furthermore, respondents were asked if they were currently waiting to be tested for COVID-19.Finally, respondents were presented with the following definition of ‘self-isolation’ and asked whether they were currently self-isolating, or had self-isolated in the past: ‘Self-isolation means that if you have COVID-19 symptoms, or if someone you live with has symptoms, you must not leave your home for between 7 - 14 days’Outcome of test responses: 1=Positive, 2=NegativeWaiting to be tested responses: 1=Yes, 2=NoCurrent/past self-isolation: 1 =Yes, 2=NoW2 Ising network:Responses indicating a positive test result OR waiting to be tested OR current self-isolation OR previous self-isolation = Perceived infectedAll other responses = No perceived infectionCOVID-19 perceived infection – close family member/friendC.ClosePerceived COVID-19 family member/friend infection was measured differently at W1 and W2.At W1, respondents were asked: “Has someone close to you (a family member or friend) been infected by the coronavirus COVID-19?”At W1, 4 potential responses were given relating to potential infection status of a close family member/friend:1=No2=Someone close to me has symptoms, but I am not sure if that person is infected3=Someone close to me has symptoms, and I suspect that person has been infected4=Someone who is close to me has had a COVID-19 virus infection confirmed by a doctorW1 MGM and W1 Ising networks:Responses 1 & 2 = No perceived infectionResponses 3 & 4= Perceived infectionAt W2, respondents were firstly asked whether else from their household (other than themselves) been diagnosed with COVID-19 (confirmed by a test). Additionally, they were also asked whether anyone from their extended family or network of friends had been diagnosed with COVID-19 (confirmed by a test)?Close family member/friend infection responses: 1=Yes2=No3=Not applicableW2 Ising network:Responses indicating someone from their household OR someone from their extended family or friend network had been diagnosed = Perceived close other infectionAll other responses = No perceived infectionLost incomeEC.ILost income as a result of the pandemic was measured differently at W1 and W2.At W1, respondents were asked: ‘Some people have lost income because of the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, for example because they have not been able to work as much or because business contracts have been cancelled or delayed. Please indicate whether your household has been affected in this way.’At W1, 3 potential responses were given relating to lost income:1=My household has lost income because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic2=My household has not lost income because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic3=I do not know whether my household has lost income because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemicW1 MGM and W1 Ising networks: Response 1 = lost incomeResponses 2 & 3 = no lost incomeAt W2, respondents were asked: ‘Please estimate the percentage change (either increase or decrease) in your monthly household income compared to the average monthly income before the COVID-19 pandemic’A visual slider scale centred at 0 and ranged from 100% (decrease) on the left-hand side to 100% (increase) on the right-hand side.W2 Ising network:Any negative value on the slider = lost incomeAny positive value on the slider = no lost incomeEconomic worryEC.WRespondents were asked: ‘On balance, how much are you worried about the way that your household finances have been affected by the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic SO FAR?’Scale ranging from ‘1 = Not at all worried’ to ‘10= Extremely worried’MGM network:Continuous scale score 1-10Ising networks:The scores were recoded into quintiles, and the upper quintile was considered to be indicative of ‘Economic worry’.Supplementary analysesFor the following methodological procedures, the reader is referred to: Epskamp, Borsboom, & Fried (2018). The following analyses were conducted with the use of the R package ‘bootnet’ (Epskamp et al., 2018). For the visualization of the plots, the R package ‘ggplot2’ was used (Wickham, 2016). Accuracy of edge-weightscenter76200000The following figure presents the results of the non-parametric bootstrapping procedure for the network’s edge-weight accuracy. The sample edge values (red line) fall within the bootstrapped confidence intervals (grey area), suggesting accurate edge-weight estimations. left14986000center21399500Stability of Centrality Indices To assess the stability of centrality indices, the case-dropping subset bootstrap was employed. A more detailed account on this methodological approach can be found elsewhere (Epskamp, Borsboom, & Fried, 2018). right29654500left15811500right6096000Differences between edge-weights To assess whether significant differences between the edges-weight parameters exist, the non-parametric bootstrap procedure was employed, as described in Epskamp, Borsboom, & Fried (2018). right22288500right49212500-1016045720000Fig S10. Expected Influence centrality statistics for Wave 1 and Wave 2 Ising network modelsReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders:?DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Ben‐Ezra, M., Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Bisson, J. I., ... & Shevlin, M. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as per ICD‐11 proposals: A population study in Israel.?Depression and anxiety,?35(3), 264-274.Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., Bisson, J. I., Brewin, C. R., Roberts, N. P., Karatzias, T., & Shevlin, M. (2019). ICD‐11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: A population‐based study.?Journal of Traumatic Stress,?32(6), 833-842.Cloitre, M., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Maercker, A., ... & Hyland, P. (2018). The International Trauma Questionnaire: development of a self‐report measure of ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD.?Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,?138(6), 536-546.Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., & Fried, E. I. (2018). Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper.?Behavior Research Methods,?50(1), 195-212.Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Downes, A. J., Jumbe, S., ... & Roberts, N. P. (2017). Validation of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire.?Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,?136(3), 313-322.Instruction manual: Instructions for Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and GAD-7 measures. (n.d.). PHQ Screeners. Retrieved from , T., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., Hyland, P., Efthymiadou, E., Wilson, D., ... & Cloitre, M. (2016). An initial psychometric assessment of an ICD-11 based measure of PTSD and complex PTSD (ICD-TQ): Evidence of construct validity.?Journal of Anxiety Disorders,?44, 73-79.Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ‐9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure.?Journal of General Internal Medicine,?16(9), 606-613.Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & L?we, B. (2010). The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review.?General Hospital Psychiatry,?32(4), 345-359.L?we, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Br?hler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008). Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population.?Medical Care, 266-274.Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & L?we, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7.?Archives of Internal Medicine,?166(10), 1092-1097.Vallières, F., Ceannt, R., Daccache, F., Abou Daher, R., Sleiman, J., Gilmore, B., ... & Hyland, P. (2018). ICD‐11 PTSD and complex PTSD amongst Syrian refugees in Lebanon: the factor structure and the clinical utility of the International Trauma Questionnaire.?Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,?138(6), 547-557.Wickham, H. (2016).?ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download