DOMESTIC TILAPIA CULTURE IN SMALL TANKS IN BRAZIL 1/



DOMESTIC CULTURE OF NILE TILAPIA, Oreochromis niloticus (L.1776) INTO SMALL TANKS BUILT IN CEARA STATE, BRAZIL 1/

José Jarbas Studart Gurgel 2/

ABSTRACT

A project of domestic culture of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis

niloticus (L. 1776) has been carried out in Ceará State,

Brazil, sponsored by Tilapia International Foundation

(TIF) and Ceará Federal University (UFC). More than 50

tanks of several size and dimension has been built to

attend communities or individual families who suffer from

hunger. The project has expanded to 8 cities and it has

reached its social purpose.

KEY WORDS: Nile tilapia, aquaculture, fishculture, fish, fishery.

INTRODUCTION

Tilapia is a generic name given to a group of freshwater fish species of the Cichlidae family native to the African continent and the Middle East. The name means fish in Swahili language and 70 species have been taxonomicaly classified in this group (ICLARM, 1984). There of them three species have been acclimatized and introduced in Brazil, as Oreochromis niloticus (L.1766), Oreochromis hornorum Trewavas and Tilapia rendalli Boulenger 1912 which are customarily known in Brazil as Nile tilapia, Zanzibar tilapia and Congo tilapia, respectively. Congo tilapia was the first species arrived to Brazil in 1952 from Elizabethville, Congo (ex Zaire) and 20 years after were introduced Nile tilapia and Zanzibar tilapia from Bouaké, Ivory Coast. Stocking of fishery reservoirs and fish ponds have been made with both Congo and Nile tilapia, while the last one is only used to produce hybrids, through the inbreeding with female Nile tilapia for intensive fishculture.

Since 1988 has been carried out in Brazil a project sponsored by Tilapia International Foundation (TIF), to raising fish in small tanks built in backyard to attend communities or individual families who suffer from malnutrition.

It was choosen Nile tilapia (Fig.1) for this project by following advantages:

a) easy to get fish seed;

b) tanks can be small and do not have to be very deep;

c) it can be bred in small tanks built in schools, communities, farms and home;

d) it lives on wastes products from kitchen, milling process, rural activity, etc;

e) it is hardy and prolific;

f) it is very resistant to disease;

__________________

1/ Technical paper written to be presented in the Fourth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (ISTA IV)) will be held November 9-12, 1997 at the Coronado Springs Resort, Disney World, Orlando, Florida, USA.

2/Professor of Ceará Federal University, Brazil and member of Tilapia International Foundation.

g) it grows fast;

h) it has a pleasant tasting and high quality flesh;

i) breeding and upkeep do not require specialized knowledge;

j) its nutritional value is equivalent to that of lean meat;

k) it is easy to catch; and

l) its culture can reach high productivity (about 5 ton/hectare/year).

Technical aids are being helpful by Ceará Federal University through its Fishery Engineering Department and administrative basic for christian churches, religious congregations, philanthropic associations and others. People envolved in this project who have no or little means to provide these for themselves are jointed as assembley known Tilapia Friend’s.

[pic]

Fig. 1 - Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L. 1776), used to stocking tanks with

social purpose in Ceará State, Brazil

The goal of TIF to sponsor projects like that in all the 47 countries of the world is to stimulate by poor people the production of cheap animal protein, where every family should have their own fish ponds. In Brazil this project started in Joazeiro do Norte and after that it has expanded to Crato, Barbalha, Poranga, Crateus, Horizonte, Itapipoca and Fortaleza, all cities located in Ceará State, Brazil. Also there are projects being carried out in other States, as Mato Grosso do Sul.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

When it is not possible to use a natural pond it has been used artificial tanks made of break or cement of several sizes and dimensions. The area of these tanks built to raise Nile tilapia in this project have changed from 2 m2 to 400 m2 that depends on the place.

They are supplies of underground water or public water which need to take care of residual chlorine that can kill the fish. The method to eliminate ion Cl- is to fill the tank of water cascade falling or to stay kept out during 2 or 3 days to sublimate it.

Tanks have been stocked with maximum density of 50 fingerlings/m2. This density rate is not the same for all them, but it is recommended to avoid superpopulation because Nile tilapia in Brazil breeding soon with 3 months old. Fishes are feeding every day with corn meal, manihot meal, rice meal, kitchen wastes, vegetables as lettuce, potato leaves, industrial feed and plankton, depending on disponibility to get them. The water has been fertilized with poultry manure and earthworm humus in order to increase the plankton. The portion of feed considered necessary for the fish is put on a underwater tray to enable better conditions to be eatten and to estimate the quantity that has been consumed.

The water quality is monitoring through physical and chemical analysis, as temperature, electrical condutivity, pH, dissolved oxygen and anmonia. Tanks are protected with screen on top to shun predactor actions,as birds, reptiles and to avoid fish jumping out.

More than 50 tanks are in operation supported by TIF financial aids and UFC technical assistance in Ceará State, Brazil, as it can be seem in Table 1.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The method to raise tilapia advocated by Tilapia International Foundation differs strongly from scientific approach recommended by experts in aquaculture. There is not profit interest to produce it in large scale, only animal proteins to poor people from a dietetic point of view. The problem arising from a shortage of animal protein In daily nutrition represents a very great danger to manking with the main consequence that braincells do not develop properly. So, TIF has developed different strategy from its point of view regarding a fair outlet of the necessary animal products at low cost, whose producer is own consumer with their dependants.

Fish produced in 51 tanks built in Ceará State, Brazil, can nourish about 2.500 poor people, principaly children and ancients. Tilapia grows fast in tanks and after 4 months fish can weigh about 200 g. This is a ideal size to consume it whose people prefers like that than a big fish. Fish can be consumed any time if necessary and as Nile tilapia starts to reproduce 3 months old larger fish can be caught what is good to improuve population density into tanks. For the producters to know how get water and to clean it, to supply the tanks and to raise the fish, to catch and to preserve it, short courses and meetings are promoved by sponsored institutions. The assembly of Tilapia Friend’s is very important to discuss join problems and to learn about take care of culture and what way can help the poor people seem a missing link.

In Joazeiro do Norte the Sitio Semeador works like a school to attend the producers of this city, Crato and Barbalha, while João Germano School in Fortaleza makes the same for the others.

The more frequent problem in the water quality is low levels of dissolved oxigen due organic matter resulting of feed no consumed by fishes and metabolic wastes, principaly if there is superpopulation into tanks. To minimize these problems and where is easy to get fish seed has been recommended to stocking tanks with only male of Nile tilapia. Also the ue of underwater tray to put feed has showed good to avoid feed dispersion in the water. Oxygen gas has been provide in cases of deficit by handing water agitation.

The Tilapia fish is swimming and will be still swimming for a better world.

TABLE 1 - Tanks used to cultivate Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.1766), with financial and technical aids from TIF and UFC, in Ceará State, Brazil.

|Order | Name of Responsable | Localization | City/State |People |

|Number | | | |benefited |

| 01 |Irmã Annette Demoulin |Sitio Semeador |Joazeiro do Norte, CE | 80 |

|02 |Irmã Annette Demoulin |Sitio Semeador |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |80 |

|03 |Irmã Annette Demoulin |Sitio Semeador |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |80 |

|04 |Irmã Annette Demoulin |Sitio Semeador |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |80 |

|05 |Telma Cosme da Silva |Rua do Horto |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |08 |

|06 |João Martins da Silva |Rua do Horto |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |10 |

|07 |José Pedro de Souza |Vila Bom Jesus |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |07 |

|08 |José Francisco Santos |Vila Bom Jesus |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |08 |

|09 |Senhor Zezinho (Lulu) |Vila Bom Jesus |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |10 |

|10 |José Antônio Filho |Rua do Horto |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |08 |

|11 |Sogro do Mauricio |Vila Bom Jesus |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |06 |

|12 |João Baixinho |Rua do Horto |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |08 |

|13 |José Ferreira |Vila Bom Jesus |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |07 |

|14 |Irmã Neli Sobreira |Av.Maria Villac, 01 |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |100 |

|15 |Irmã Neli Sobreira |Av.Maria Villac, 01 |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |100 |

|16 |Irmã Célia |Orf.Jesus Maria José |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |120 |

|17 |Maria Eliane Matos |Rua Cel. Pereira,335 |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |10 |

|18 |Necy Ferreira Silva |R. J.Marrocos, 625 |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |10 |

|19 |Senhorinha da Silva |Vila 3 Marias,236 |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |08 |

|20 |Tia Rosa |Sitio Misericordia |Joazeiro do Norte, CE |40 |

|21 |Diocese do Crato |Centro Vocacional |Crato, CE |60 |

|22 |Ir.Medianeiras da Paz |Sitio São José |Crato, CE |40 |

|23 |Com.Mães Desnutridas |Rua Ferrer Bezerra |Crato, CE |50 |

|24 |Ir. Filhas Cor. de Maria |R.Cel.Secundo,182 |Crato, CE |40 |

|25 |Terezinha Lopes |Comunidade Babaçu |Barbalha, CE |45 |

|26 |Terezinha Lopes |Comunidade Babaçu |Barbalha, CE |45 |

|27 |Irmã Margareth |Casa Paroquial |Poranga, CE |25 |

|28 |Raimundo S. Oliveira |Bairro Jericó |Poranga, CE |10 |

|29 |José Bezerra |Bairro Jericó |Poranga, CE |10 |

|30 |Francisco Gregório |Bairro Betânia |Poranga, CE |15 |

|31 |Lauriano Cardoso Lima |Bairro Betânia |Poranga, CE |15 |

|32 |José Silva |Bairro Betânia |Poranga, CE |15 |

|33 |Antônio Narciso |Rua Pe.Ibiapina, 75 |Crateús, CE |10 |

|34 |Maria Helena Gomes |Rua.G.Barreira,672 |Crateus, CE |10 |

|35 |Maria de Fátima Ferreira |Com.Pedra Viva |Crateus, CE |25 |

|36 |Maria de Fátima Ferreira |Com.Pedra Viva |Crateus, CE |25 |

|37 |Maria de Fátima Ferreira |Com.Pedra Viva |Crateus, CE |25 |

|38 |Maria de Fátima Ferreira |Com.Pedra Viva |Crateus, CE |25 |

|39 |Mov. Educação de Base |Centro Pop. Profiss. |Itapipoca, CE |30 |

|40 |Comunidade Shalon |Sitio São Francisco |Horizonte, CE |100 |

|41 |Escola João Germano |Rua Maisa, 549 |Fortaleza, CE |1.000 |

|42 |Joelma A.Pereira |Rua Oscarito,299 |Fortaleza, CE |10 |

|43 |Gerlane F. Cavalcante |Rua Ternura,1742 |Fortaleza, CE |12 |

|44 |José Airton R.Filho |R. Ângela Diniz,730 |Fortaleza. CE |10 |

|45 |Lourival Ezequiel Silva |R. Teresópolis,1215 |Fortaleza, CE |10 |

|46 |João Paulo M. Abreu |Rua Oscarito, 829 |Fortaleza, CE |10 |

|47 |Adelane de Jesus Souza |Rua S. Teles,670 |Fortaleza, CE |08 |

|48 |Alexandre A. Oliveira |R.Ângela Diniz,1039 |Fortaleza, CE |08 |

|49 |Maria Eliane Barradas |Rua Oscarito, 709 |Fortaleza, CE |08 |

|50 |Francisco Aguiar Junior |Rua Miracema,350 |Fortaleza, CE |10 |

|51 |Cícero Xavier Holanda |Rua Maisa, 590 |Fortaleza, CE |10 |

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. ABC, 1993, La Tilapia Sigue Siendo Rentable, Suplemento Rural, p. 7, Asunción, Paraguay.

2 GURGEl, J.J.S., 1993, Uma Fundação à Serviço da Piscicultura, Jornal Diário do Nordeste, ed. 20.9.93, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.

3. GURGEL, J.J.S., 1994, Piscicultura de Quintal, TIF/UFC, 2 p., Fortaleza, Ceará

4. GURGEL, J.J.S., 1995a, Projeto ABC-Peixe, Universidade Federal do

Ceará/Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, 5 p., Fortaleza, Ceará.

5. GURGEL, J.J.S., 1995b, Tilápia do Nilo - Aprenda a Engordar este Peixe, UFC/CCA/DEP/Escola João Germano, 6 p. Fortaleza, Ceará.

6. GURGEL, J.J.S., M.F. AQUINO e M.A. UCHÔA, 1997, Cultivo Doméstico da Tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus (L. 1766) Trewavas com Propósitos Educativos e Sociais no Conjunto Palmeiras, em Messejana, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, Anais do

VII Congresso Nordestino de Ecologia, realizado no período de 27/07 a 02/08/97,

em Ilhéus, BA.

7. HEIJNE, B., 1995, Speech During First Pan African Fisheries Congress & Exihibition, hold July 31 to August 4, in Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenia.

8. MADHU, S.R., 1992, in: Support, for Rural Aquaculture Extension in Zimbabwe, Meet the High Priest of Tilapia, Alcom News 6: 10-13, Alcom/FAO/CIDA, Rome, Italy.

9. TIF, 1976, An Idea Whose Time Has Come, Jan D.F. Heine, 2 p., Bilthoven, Holland

10. TIF, s.d, To Feed the World ... Fish, Center for Social and Economical Research for Activity (CESTA), Jan D.F. Heine, 2 p., Bilthoven, Holland.

11. TIF, 1993, Tilapia Varia 10 (E), Tilapia International Foundation, 22 p., Utrecht, Holand.

12. SKIAVINE, J. ; OLIVEIRA, R.A. de; GURGEL, J.J.S., 1996, Sobre a Criação da Tilapia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloricus (L. 1766) Trewavas, em Tanques de Alvenaria Construidos em Residencias da Periferia de Fortaleza-Ceará, XV Encontro de Iniciação à Pesquisa. UFC, Resumo nº 906, Fortaleza, Ceará.

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