Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition

Glencoe

Reading Essentials and Study Guide

Student Workbook

To the Teacher

Glencoe World History Reading Essentials and Study Guide is designed to help you use recognized reading strategies to improve your reading-for-information skills. For each section of the student textbook, you are alerted to key terms and are asked to draw from prior knowledge, organize your thoughts with a graphic organizer, and then follow a process to read and understand the text. The Reading Essentials and Study Guide was prepared to help you get more from your textbook by reading with a purpose.

Copyright ? by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Glencoe World History. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission from the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240 ISBN 0-07-865365-7 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 009 08 07 06 05 04

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: The First Humans

Section 1: Early Humans .........................................................................................1 Section 2: The Neolithic Revolution and the Rise of Civilization .............................5

Chapter 2: Western Asia and Egypt

Section 1: Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia........................................................9 Section 2: Egyptian Civilization: "The Gift of the Nile" .........................................14 Section 3: New Centers of Civilization ..................................................................20 Section 4: The Rise of New Empires......................................................................24

Chapter 3: India and China

Section 1: Early Civilization in India......................................................................27 Section 2: New Empires in India ...........................................................................33 Section 3: Early Chinese Civilizations ....................................................................38 Section 4: Rise and Fall of Chinese Empires ..........................................................44

Chapter 4: Ancient Greece

Section 1: The First Greek Civilizations .................................................................48 Section 2: The Greek City-States ...........................................................................52 Section 3: Classical Greece ....................................................................................57 Section 4: The Culture of Classical Greece ............................................................62 Section 5: Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms ..............................................67

Chapter 5: Rome and the Rise of Christianity

Section 1: The Rise of Rome..................................................................................71 Section 2: From Republic to Empire ......................................................................76 Section 3: Culture and Society in the Roman World .............................................81 Section 4: The Development of Christianity ..........................................................85 Section 5: Decline and Fall ....................................................................................89

Chapter 6: The World of Islam

Section 1: The Rise of Islam ..................................................................................92 Section 2: The Arab Empire and Its Successors .....................................................96 Section 3: Islamic Civilization..............................................................................101 Section 4: The Culture of Islam ...........................................................................104

Chapter 7: Early African Civilizations

Section 1: The Development of Civilizations in Africa.........................................108 Section 2: Kingdoms and States of Africa............................................................112 Section 3: African Society and Culture ................................................................116

Chapter 8: The Asian World

Section 1: China Reunified ..................................................................................120 Section 2: The Mongols and China ......................................................................124

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Section 3: Early Japan and Korea ........................................................................128 Section 4: India After the Guptas ........................................................................134 Section 5: Civilization in Southeast Asia .............................................................138

Chapter 9: Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire

Section 1: Transforming the Roman World .........................................................143 Section 2: Feudalism ...........................................................................................147 Section 3: The Growth of European Kingdoms....................................................151 Section 4: The Byzantine Empire and the Crusades ............................................156

Chapter 10: Europe in the Middle Ages

Section 1: Peasants, Trade, and Cities .................................................................161 Section 2: Christianity and Medieval Civilization ................................................167 Section 3: The Culture of the High Middle Ages..................................................171 Section 4: The Late Middle Ages .........................................................................175

Chapter 11: The Americas

Section 1: The Peoples of North America............................................................180 Section 2: Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica .....................................................184 Section 3: Early Civilizations in South America ...................................................188

Chapter 12: Renaissance and Reformation

Section 1: The Renaissance .................................................................................191 Section 2: The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance............................................196 Section 3: The Protestant Reformation................................................................200 Section 4: The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response....................205

Chapter 13: The Age of Exploration

Section 1: Exploration and Expansion .................................................................210 Section 2: Africa in an Age of Transition .............................................................215 Section 3: Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade ......................................218

Chapter 14: Crisis and Absolutism in Europe

Section 1: Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion ...............................................222 Section 2: Social Crises, War, and Revolution .....................................................226 Section 3: Response to Crisis: Absolutism ...........................................................231 Section 4: The World of European Culture..........................................................235

Chapter 15: The Muslim Empires

Section 1: The Ottoman Empire ..........................................................................239 Section 2: The Rule of the Safavids .....................................................................244 Section 3: The Grandeur of the Moguls...............................................................247

Chapter 16: The East Asian World

Section 1: China at Its Height ..............................................................................252 Section 2: Chinese Society and Culture ...............................................................256 Section 3: Tokugawa Japan and Korea ................................................................259

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Chapter 17: Revolution and Enlightenment

Section 1: The Scientific Revolution ....................................................................264 Section 2: The Enlightenment..............................................................................269 Section 3: The Impact of the Enlightenment........................................................274 Section 4: Colonial Empires and the American Revolution..................................279

Chapter 18: The French Revolution and Napoleon

Section 1: The French Revolution Begins ............................................................284 Section 2: Radical Revolution and Reaction ........................................................289 Section 3: The Age of Napoleon..........................................................................294

Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism

Section 1: The Industrial Revolution ...................................................................299 Section 2: Reaction and Revolution.....................................................................304 Section 3: National Unification and the National State .......................................309 Section 4: Culture: Romanticism and Realism .....................................................315

Chapter 20: Mass Society and Democracy

Section 1: The Growth of Industrial Prosperity...................................................319 Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society..........................................................323 Section 3: The National State and Democracy.....................................................328 Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness.....................................................334

Chapter 21: The Height of Imperialism

Section 1: Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia..........................................................339 Section 2: Empire Building in Africa ...................................................................344 Section 3: British Rule in India............................................................................350 Section 4: Nation Building in Latin America........................................................354

Chapter 22: East Asia Under Challenge

Section 1: The Decline of the Qing Dynasty ........................................................359 Section 2: Revolution in China ............................................................................365 Section 3: Rise of Modern Japan .........................................................................369

Chapter 23: War and Revolution

Section 1: The Road to World War I ...................................................................375 Section 2: The War..............................................................................................379 Section 3: The Russian Revolution ......................................................................385 Section 4: End of the War ...................................................................................390

Chapter 24: The West Between the Wars

Section 1: The Futile Search for Stability.............................................................394 Section 2: The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes..........................................................399 Section 3: Hitler and Nazi Germany ....................................................................404 Section 4: Cultural and Intellectual Trends..........................................................408

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Chapter 25: Nationalism Around the World

Section 1: Nationalism in the Middle East...........................................................412 Section 2: Nationalism in Africa and Asia ...........................................................417 Section 3: Revolutionary Chaos in China.............................................................422 Section 4: Nationalism in Latin America .............................................................426

Chapter 26: World War II

Section 1: Paths to War.......................................................................................430 Section 2: The Course of World War II ...............................................................434 Section 3: The New Order and the Holocaust .....................................................439 Section 4: The Home Front and the Aftermath of the War..................................444

Chapter 27: Cold War and Postwar Changes

Section 1: Development of the Cold War ............................................................450 Section 2: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.................................................455 Section 3: Western Europe and North America ...................................................459

Chapter 28: The Contemporary Western World

Section 1: Decline of the Soviet Union ................................................................466 Section 2: Eastern Europe ...................................................................................470 Section 3: Europe and North America .................................................................474 Section 4: Western Society and Culture ..............................................................479

Chapter 29: Latin America

Section 1: General Trends in Latin America ........................................................485 Section 2: Mexico, Cuba, and Central America....................................................489 Section 3: The Nations of South America ............................................................493

Chapter 30: Africa and the Middle East

Section 1: Independence in Africa.......................................................................497 Section 2: Conflict in the Middle East..................................................................502

Chapter 31: Asia and the Pacific

Section 1: Communist China ...............................................................................508 Section 2: Independent States in South and Southeast Asia................................513 Section 3: Japan and the Pacific ..........................................................................518

Chapter 32: Challenges and Hopes for the Future

Section 1: The Challenges of Our World .............................................................523 Section 2: Global Visions.....................................................................................528

Answer Key .........................................................................................................531

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Name

Date

Class

Reading Essentials and Study Guide

Chapter 1, Section 1 For use with textbook pages 19?25

EARLY HUMANS

KEY TERMS prehistory the period in human history before writing was developed (page 19) archaeology the study of past societies through an analysis of what people have left behind

(page 19) artifacts objects that archaeologists examine, such as tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, build-

ings, and household items (page 20) anthropology the study of human life and culture (page 20) fossils remains of humans, plants and animals (page 20) australopithecines ("southern apes") the earliest humanlike creatures that lived in Africa three

to four million years ago (page 21) hominids humans and other creatures that walk upright (page 21) Homo erectus ("upright human being") a hominid species that emerged around 1.5 million

years ago and used fire and larger tools (page 21) Homo sapiens ("wise human being") a hominid species that emerged around 250,000 years ago

and developed into two subgroups, Neanderthals and Homo sapiens sapiens (page 21) Neanderthals a subgroup of Homo sapiens whose remains were first found in the Neander

Valley in Germany (page 21) Homo sapiens sapiens ("wise, wise human beings") the first anatomically modern humans that

appeared in Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago (page 22) Paleolithic Age ("Old Stone Age") the early period of human history (approximately 2,500,000

to 10,000 B.C.) when humans used simple stone tools (page 22) nomads people who moved from place to place in search of food (page 23)

DRAWING FROM EXPERIENCEII

Have you ever wondered about the earliest humans? How did they get their food and clothing? What did they use for shelter?

In this section, you will learn about the early stages of human development. You will also learn how scientists analyze the remains that early humans left behind and what they have learned from these remains.

Copyright ? by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Glencoe World History

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Name

Date

Class

Reading Essentials and Study Guide

Chapter 1, Section 1 (continued)

ORGANIZING YOUR THOUGHTSII

Use the diagram below to help you take notes. Three stages in early human development are described in this section. Identify and summarize these stages.

Name of hominids Time period Location(s)

Stage 1

1. 2. 3.

Stage 2

4. 5. 6.

Stage 3

7. 8. 9.

READ TO LEARNII

? Before History (page 19)

Prehistory is the period of human history before writing was developed. Because there are no writings to tell us what happened during this time, scientists must study other things to learn about early humans. Archaeology is the study of past societies through an analysis of what people left behind. Archaeologists dig up and study the tools, pottery, paintings, weapons, buildings, and household items that people used. These objects are called artifacts. Anthropology is the study of human life and culture. Anthropologists use artifacts and human fossils (the remains of humans) to find out how early people lived.

Archaeologists and anthropologists use scientific methods to help them with their work. For example, they learn what early people ate by analyzing the bones, skins, and plant seeds that they find. They also need to determine how old the objects are. This is called dating a find. One method is radiocarbon dating. This method dates (determines the age of) an object by measuring the amount of radioactive carbon (C-14) left in it. This method can only be used for dating objects that are less than 50,000 years old. Another method is thermoluminescence dating. This method dates objects by measuring the light given off by electrons in the soil around the objects. This method helps scientists date objects as far back as 200,000 years ago. Scientists have also begun to use biological methods, such as DNA testing, to learn more about the lives of early people.

10. How do archaeologists and anthropologists determine the age of the objects they find?

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