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6068695334645OPEN TEXT MATERIAL00OPEN TEXT MATERIAL SCIENCE : CLASS VIOPEN TEXT – BASED ASSESSMENTSUMMATIVE EXAMINATION - IIMARCH 2015THEMESPOLLUTION- A HAZARD TO MANKIND GARBAGE MANAGEMENT – A CLEAN SURROUNDINGTHEME 1: POLLUTION- A HAZARD TO MANKINDAbstract-Human activities have put water and air in a bad stateLet’s save, freshen and conserve them before it is too late.Clean air is vital for the existence of all living organisms on earth. Naturally existing mixture of gases in the atmosphere, comprising of mainly Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide and water vapours provides excellent conditions to support life. However, this natural composition of air is getting disturbed due to variety of human activities. The present text attempts to help the reader comprehend the situation, identify the causes and effects of pollution and generate ideas as to what actions need to be taken to meet the emerging challenges.The Context Pollution has been defined as the addition of any substance or form of energy to the environment at a rate faster than the environment can accommodate. In simpler terms, pollution means the poisoning of the environment by man.Pollution has accompanied mankind ever since groups of people settled down in one place for a long time. It was not a serious problem during primitive times when there was more than ample space available for each individual or group. As the human population boomed, pollution became a major problem and has remained as one ever since. Cities of ancient times were often unhealthy places, fouled by human wastes and debris. Such unsanitary conditions favoured the outbreak of diseases that killed or maimed many people living in those times.The rapid advancement of technology and industrialization today is something that man can be proud of. However, it has brought along with it many undesirable results, one of which is the pollution of our environment. Humanity today is threatened by the dangers of air, water, land and noise pollution. The air that we breathe is heavily polluted with toxic gases, chemicals and dust. These consist of the discharge from industrial factories and motor vehicles. Emission of carbon monoxide from exhaust fumes is a major cause for concern too. Outdoor burning of trash and forest fires also have contributed to air pollution. They cause coughing and respiratory problems. Owing to the burning of fossil fuels, the level of carbon monoxide in the air is more than desirable. Too high a level of carbon dioxide will cause the Earth's temperature to rise. Water pollution has become widespread too. Toxic waste has found its way into our lakes, streams, rivers and oceans. This waste is released by factories and sea-going vessels. Spillage of oil by tankers and during the recent Gulf War has caused irreparable damage to marine life. Thousands of sea animals have died or were poisoned by the pollutants in their natural habitat. As such, it is dangerous for humans to consume sea food caught in polluted waters.Dumping of used cars, cans, bottles, plastic items and all other kinds of waste material is an eyesore. Much of the refuse is not biodegradable and this interferes with the natural breakdown process of converting substances from a harmful form to a non-harmful one. As such, it becomes a hazard to one's health.We are often faced with noises from construction sites, jet planes and traffic jam. we may be unaware of it but noise pollution has been attributed to causing a loss of hearing, mental disturbances and poor performance at work.To control environmental pollution, substances which are hazardous and can destroy life must not be allowed to escape into the environment. This calls for united decision-making among world leaders and a public awareness of the dangers of pollution. 1. What is Pollution and what are the causes of Air Pollution? (5 M)2. Write the measures to control Environmental Pollution? (5 M) MARKING SCHEMEQUE 1. Definition of pollution 1+4=5` Causes of Air pollution-Toxic gases, chemicals and dustDischarge from industries and motor vehicles.Outdoor burning of trash and forest fire.Burning of fossil fuelsQUE 2. Names of substances that should not be released into the environment. 2+3=5 Measures to control the environment pollution. 2. THEME- GARBAGE MANAGEMENT – A CLEAN SURROUNDING.Abstract - Most of the things around you will be replaced or thrown away someday. Skates, clothes, the toaster, furniture–they can break or wear out, or you may get tired of them. Where will they go when they are thrown out? What kinds of waste will they create, and how will it affect the environment?The present text attempts to help the reader comprehend the situation of managing different types of wastes and generate ideas as to what actions need to be taken to meet the emerging challenges. Context What Happens to Things We Throw Away?LANDFILLSMost of our trash goes to places called landfills. A LANDFILL (or dump) is a low area of land that is filled with garbage. Most modern landfills are lined with a layer of plastic or clay to try to keep dangerous liquids from seeping into the soil and ground water supply.THE PROBLEM WITH LANDFILLSMore than half of the states in this country are running out of places to dump their garbage. Because of the unhealthful materials many contain, landfills do not make good neighbors, and people don’t want to live near them. Many landfills are located in poor neighborhoods. But where can cities dispose of their waste? How can hazardous waste–material that can poison air, land, and water–be disposed of in a safe way?INCINERATORSOne way to get rid of trash is to burn it. Trash is burned in a furnace-like device called an incinerator. Because incinerators can get rid of almost all of the bulk of the trash, some communities would rather use incinerators than landfills.THE PROBLEM WITH INCINERATORSLeftover ash and smoke from burning trash may contain harmful chemicals, calledpollutants, and make it hard for some people to breathe. They can harm plants, animals,and people.DID YOU KNOW?The Fresh Kills landfill on Staten Island, New York, was the largest garbage dump in the world. For years, people who live nearby complained about air and water pollution caused by the massive pile of trash. They say that the fumes have made people sick. The dump closed in April 2001. Now New York City’s garbage is trucked out of state. REDUCE, REUSE,RECYCLEYou can help reduce waste by reusing containers, batteries, and paper. You can also recycle newspaper, glass, and plastics to provide materials for making other products. At right aresome of the things you can do.What Is Made from Recycle Materials?? From RECYCLED PAPER we get newspapers, cereal boxes, wrapping paper, cardboard containers, and insulation.? From RECYCLED PLASTIC we get soda bottles, tables, benches, bicycle racks, cameras, backpacks, carpeting, shoes, and clothes.? From RECYCLED STEEL we get steel cans, cars, bicycles, nails, and refrigerators.? From RECYCLED GLASS we get glass jars and tiles.? From RECYCLED RUBBER we get bulletin boards, floor tiles, playground equipment, andspeed bumps.To Reduce Waste To RecycleRecycle newspapers, magazines, comic books, catalogs, cardboard, and junk mail. Return soda bottles to the store. Recycle other plastics. Recycle glass bottles and jars. Cut unwearable clothing into rags to use instead of paper towels. Recycle aluminum cans and foil trays. Return wire hangers to the dry cleaners. Make a compost heap using food scraps, leaves, grass clippings, and the like. Find out about your town’s rules for recycling or disposing of batteries. Use both sides of the paper. Use cloth towels instead of paper towels. Wash food containers and store leftovers in them. Reuse plastic bags. Keep glass bottles and jars to store other things. Give clothes to younger relatives or friends. Donate clothes to thrift shops. Keep leftovers in storage containers instead of wrapping them in foil. Use glass or stainless steel pans instead of disposable pans. Cut the amount of food you throw out. Try saving leftovers for snacks or meals later on. Use rechargeable batteries for toys and games, radios, tape players, and flashlightsQUESTIONS1. What are landfills? What are the problem with landfills ? (5 M)2. How can we reduce different wastes to be recycled ? (5 M)MARKING SCHEMEANS 1. Definition of Landfill 1+4=5Problems with Landfill (any two)ANS 2. Names of substances to be reduced and recycled (any four)2+3Methods of recycling the wastes ................
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