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Activity 3.1.2: Sickle Cell DiariesIntroductionWhen Anna Garcia was 14 months old, she was admitted to the hospital with a variety of serious symptoms. Anna’s parents were very scared and were not sure what was happening with their daughter. Ultimately, this hospital trip led to her diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder affecting millions of people around the world. Almost all patients with the disease experience painful episodes, known as crises, like the first one Anna had as a baby. Living with sickle cell anemia can often be difficult, especially for children. Patients dealing with the disease have to alter their lifestyle in order to avoid anything that may cause a crisis, such as certain medications, high altitudes, and strenuous exercise. They are often fatigued due to chronic anemia and have a high rate of infection. In this activity you will learn about what it is like for a person dealing with this serious disease. You will review Anna Garcia’s medical records to learn more about her diagnosis. You will read her diary entries, which will detail what life was like for her living with sickle cell anemia. You will then be assigned a fictitious patient who is undergoing a treatment for sickle cell disease. You will write diary entries for your assigned patient detailing how they are feeling and a description of the treatment they are receiving, including the risks and benefits. You will also include a narrative of all of the biomedical professions the patient encounters during their treatment journey.Equipment Computer with Internet accessLaboratory journalPBS Course FileActivity 3.1.2 Medical History Resource SheetActivity 3.1.2 Diary Entries Resource SheetCareer journalCareer Journal GuidelinesBEFORE STARTING:Note that sickle cell disease is a blood disorder. Therefore, it is important to understand the components and functions of healthy blood in order to understand the disease.Use reliable Internet sources to research the function of the following components of blood: plasma, red blood cells (also called erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called leukocytes), and platelets (also called thrombocytes). Record your findings in the table below. Include a 1-2 sentence description of function for ponent:Function:PlasmaPlasma contains proteins that help blood to clot, transport substances through the blood, and perform other functions. Blood plasma also conatins glucose and other dissolved nutrients. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)Red blood cells carries oxygen. Red blood cells also remove carbon dioxide from your body, transporting it to the lungs for you to exhale. They are made inside your bones, in the bone marrow. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)White cells travel throughout the body and destroy bacteria, some produce antibodies against bacteria and viruses, and others help fight malignant diseases. Platelets (Thrombocytes)Platelets are the cell that circulates within our blood and bind together what they recgnoize damaged blood vessles. A blood vessel will send out single when it becomes damaged. Find on the Internet images of a healthy red blood cell and sickle cell and copy and paste it below:ConclusionYou fall down and scrape your hand – describe what each component of blood would be doing at the injury site. Red Blood cells- Which carry oxgen throughout the body, White blood cell- Which fights the infection, Platelets- which are Cells that help you stop bleeding if you have a cut. A yellowish liquid that carries nutrietents, hormeones, and protienes thoughout the body. Anna has a condition called sickle cell anemia, a blood disorder. Based on the differences you observed between the normal blood slide and Anna’s blood slide, what do you think is a defining feature of this disease? Explain your answer.How does the abnormal shape of a sickled red blood cell affect its movement through blood vessels? The sickle cells tend to cluster together, and cannot easily move through blood vessles. The cluster causes a blockage in small ateries and capillaries and stops the movement of healthy, normal oxygen-carrying blood. This blockage is what causes the painful and damaging complications of sickle cell disease. The cluster Cells containing normal hemoglobin are smooth, disk-shaped, and flexible, like doughnuts without holes, so they can move through the vessles in our bodies easily. When sickle-shaped ells block small blood vessles tissues that dose not receive a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged. People with sickle cell anemia often experience episodes of severe pain in their joints, chest, and abdomen and swelling in their hands and feet. Using what you know about the function of blood, why do you think the abnormal shape of sickled red blood cells causes these symptoms? The direct result of the adnormally shaped, sickled red blood cells blocking Flow of blood that circulates through the tissue of the body. The tissues with impaired circulation suffer damage from lack of oxygen. Damage to tissue andorgans of the body cause serve disability in patients. Anna’s autopsy shows that the nails on her fingers were a blue/gray color. How does Anna’s hematocrit level relate to these symptoms?When you experience a lack of oxygen, your blood may still be flowing, but it changes color. This causes your skin to become blue or gray in color. A gray, pale, or bluish tint to the skin can be an indicator of one or more health problems. In general, pallor results from insufficient oxygen, which can be caused by many different thingsHow might sickle cell disease have been related to Anna’s death? This shows that she has a very low amount of oxygen in her blood. Since Anna dosent have a lot of red blood cells than, she dosen’t get a lot of oxygen. Sickle cell disease might have been related to her death because; her body and cells weren’t getting enough oxygen. Also severe pain, anemia, chest pain and difficulty breathing, strokes, joint pain and arthritis and bone infraction are symtomes of sickle cellsProcedureObtain an Activity 3.1.2 Medical History Resource Sheet from your teacher.Read through this piece of Anna’s medical history.Answer Conclusion question 1.Almost every patient with sickle cell anemia experiences painful episodes called crises. These crises can last anywhere from a couple of hours to several days. The piece of Anna Garcia’s medical history that you just read is the documentation of Anna’s first sickle cell crisis. These crises vary from person to person. Some patients experience an episode only once every few years, while others experience many episodes per year. The crises can be severe enough to require a hospital stay. As part of Anna’s long term treatment plan, Anna’s doctor asked her to keep a diary documenting all of her crises.Obtain a Activity 3.1.2 Diary Entries Resource Sheet from your teacher.Make a graphic organizer that includes the following categories: symptoms, benefits associated with treatment, risks associated with treatment, biomedical professionals involved, and lifestyle concerns.Read through the four diary entries and highlight or underline important information. As you read, take notes in the appropriate categories of your graphic organizer.Answer Conclusion questions 2 and 3.Add any new ideas to the Possible Causes of Death section on the Activity 3.1.1 Autopsy Report.File the Activity 3.1.2 Medical History Resource Sheet and the Activity 3.1.2 Diary Entries Resource Sheet in the appropriate tabs of your course file. Use the PBS Course File – Table of Contents as a guide.Note that your teacher will assign you one of the following sickle cell anemia patients:4 year old male being treated with antibiotics and folic acid supplements7 year old female being treated with chronic transfusion therapy15 year old male who will have a bone marrow transplantWrite two journal entries from the perspective of your assigned patient or from the perspective of the patient’s parents. Include the following information in your journal entries:The symptoms the patient is experiencing and how this is affecting daily life.An explanation of what the treatment entails, including the risks and benefitsA description of at least two of the biomedical professionals working with the patient. One of the biomedical professionals must be a hematologist. The description must detail the role the professionals played in the patient’s case. Note that you will complete career journal entries for these two professionals later in this activity.Answer Conclusion question 4.Collaborate with two classmates who were assigned other patients. Share your journal entries with these classmates. Create a graphic organizer similar to the one you created in Step 5 and take notes as they share their journal entries with you.Follow the Career Journal Guidelines and complete two entries in your Career Journal for the two careers included in your patient journal entries. Follow the PLTW Biomedical Science Documentation Protocol to correctly document or cite the sources of information you used.Update the classroom evidence board with information from Lesson 3.1.Answer the remaining Conclusion questions. ConclusionBased on what you know about blood, why would having a sickle cell anemia crisis result in a reduced red blood cell count, an elevated white blood cell count, and a reduced hematocrit? A reduced red blood cell count results because sickle cell contains ill normal hemoglobin. These cells do not form correctly, and stick to the arteries and veins. The red blood cells that are created have short life cycles, and die quicker than bone marrow can produce them. The white blood cells actually start attacking the sickle cell infected cells, leading to an elevated white blood cell count.Based on what you learned in the previous activity, why did having sickled red blood cells lead to the symptoms documented in Anna’s medical history when she was 14 months old?Sickled red blood cells lead to symptoms because since she had a low amount of red blood cells and due to that mobility. Hemoglobin in the red blood blood cells are bind with oxygen and transport carbon dioxdide from the capillaries back to the lungs to be exhaled. And if that isn’t operating efficiently then she will began to experience certain implications and began to endure painful things because the blood isn’t exploiting out the correct way so everything else will not work coherently. Describe three ways daily life is affected for those who have sickle cell anemia. Many people who have sickle cell anemia also have chronic pain, especially in their bones. Chronic pain often lasts for weeks or months and can be hard to bear and mentally draining. Chronic pain may limit your daily activities. Swelling often occurs on the back of the hands and feet and moves into the fingers and toes. One or both hands and/or feet might be affected at the same time.Describe at least five symptoms of a sickle cell crisis.Shortness of breathDizzinessHeadachesColdness in the hands and feetPaler than normal skin or mucous membranes (the tissue that lines your nose, mouth, and other organs and body cavities)Jaundice (a yellowish color of the skin or whites of the eyes)Describe the pros and cons of the treatments used for each of the sickle cell anemia patients investigated in this activity. ................
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