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Concepts of Class-XI which are very often used in Class-XII

( Which needs to be mastered in CLASS XI for better performance in Class-XII) by A K PANDA

(Stars are degree of importance-Rating scale)

1# Some Basic concepts of Chjemistry( Priority-1)

Calculation based on Molarity , Molality , Mass Percentage , Mole Fraction , ppm , (P-19—21)

Mole concepts and Molar masses (P-15) ** Calculation based on stoichiometry equations .

2# Structure of atom ( Priority-2)

** Idea of writing electronic configuration *** Shape of orbitals *** Degenerate orbitals

*** Effective Nuclear Charge *** screening effect *** Penetrating power of different orbitals

** Stability of completely filled and half filled subshell *** Pauli’s , Hund’s , aufbau’s Principle

3# Classification of elements and periodicity in properties ( Priority-1)

*** Electronic configuration of d-block elements ( first row TM) , Lanthaniods and Actinoids (with At. No.)

*** Remembering p-block elements (all groups) *** Characteristics of all four block elements ,

*** Electronegativity , Electron gain enthalpy , Ionisation energy , Atomic radii / Ionic radii , acidic and basic character of oxides ( and their application questions )

**** trends of periodic properties across a period and down the group (P-88.89,90,91)

# *** Anomalous properties of second period elements (P-90)---

[Absence of vacant d-orbital , multiple bond formation , Sigma bond strength of F—F , O—O , N—N , Catenation properties , Electron gain enthalpy of F2 and Cl2 etc. ]

4# Chemical Bonding And Molecular structure : ( Priority-1)

** VSEPR Theory ( Predicting the shape and geometry of various molecules)

*** Hybridisation Treatment

*** Resonance and Resonating structures -- Understanding the conditions of stability of resonating structure

( various application Questions)

** Polarity of Bonds (P-106-107) -- Polar and non-polar molecules—Bond dipole and dipole moment of molecule ( BF3 , H2O , CO2 , NF3 , NH3 )

** Difference between Sigma bond and Pi –bond ** Calculation of no. of Sigma bond and Pi –bond ** Hydrogen bonding and its types and various application Questions

** Bond Parameters -- Bond order , Bond enthalpy , Bond Order , bond Length , Bond Angle

5# States of Matter ( Priority-2)

***Intermolecular forces—(P-133--136)

** Isotherm , isobar , isochore ** Vapour pressure – Boiling point , std. and normal BP

** evaporation and vaporization ** Critical Temperature

*** Vapour pressure Vs Temperature Curve *** Ideal Gas Equation

6# Thermodynamics ( Priority-2)

** Enthalpies of different types of reaction s – Std. enthalpy of combustion , Std. enthalpy of formation ,

Std. enthalpy of reaction

*** Enthalpy of atomization ,Bond Enthalpy , Lattice enthalpy , Hydration Enthalpy . Enthalpy of solution ,

*** Spontaneity – Enthalpy and entropy , Gibb’s Free Energy of reaction

7# Equilibrium ( Priority-2)

*** Idea about dynamic equilibrium , Rate law expression , Law of mass action ,

Relation between Kc and Qc , Kp andc Kc

**** Le Chatelier’s Principle and its application

*** Different concepts of Acids and Bases—Lewis , Bronsted , Arrhenius

**** Conjugate Acid –Base pair ( PN-206—210)

** PH calculation .

* knowledge about Ka , Kb , Kw Pka , PKb . Pkw , Ksp ( Solubility Product) , common ion effect

8# REDOX REACTIONS ( Priority-1) ***

** Understanding the concept of Redox Reactions ( both oxidation and Reduction half cell reaction)

**Calculation of Oxidation number ( deal some special cases H2O2 , NaH , Cr2O5 , H2S2O5 , CaOCl2 )

** Identification of oxidizing and reducing agent in a given reaction

** Types of redox reactions – Combination , Decomposition , Displacement , Disproportionation Reactions

*** Competitive electron transfer reactions -- Metal activity or elctrochemical series

*** Balancing of redox reactions -- half reaction method ( Ion –electron method ) in acidic and basic medium

*** Redox reactions as the basis for Titrations

*** Redox reactions and electrode processes -- Feasibility of Redox couple ,

*** Standard Hydrogen electrode , Standard electrode potential

**** Cell Representation , carriers of current , Sign of electrode , Half cell reaction .

9# HYDROGEN ( Priority-2)

**Hydrides – Ionic , covalent , Interstitial

**Hard and soft water – temporary and permanent hardness . removal technique ,

**Effectiveness of soap and detergent

10# The s-BLOCK ELEMENTS ( Priority-2)

** Anomalous properties of Li and Be *** diagonal relationship between Li&Mg , Be & Al

*** Ionisation enthalpy , Hydration enthalpy , Polarizing power , Fajan’s Rule – ionic and covalent character

Reducing Nature , Solubility—Hydroxide , carbonates , sulphates

11# THE p-BLOCK ELEMENTS ( Pn-307—325) ( Priority-1)

** Inert pair effect ** Anomalous properties

** Catenation properties ** use of Anhydrous AlCl3 . LiAl H4

Trends in physical and chemical properties .

12# ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -- Some Basic Principles ( Priority-1) ***

** IUPAC Naming and structure – including all functional group , ( some common names )

** Isomerism—geometrical , Structural

** Classification of Organic compounds

** Fundamental concept of Organic reaction mechanism

# Homolytic and Heterolytic cleavage # Nucleophiles and electrophiles # Electron movement in organic reactions

# Electron Displacement Effect In Covalent Bond—

(i) Inductive effect ( +I and –I –effect) ***

(ii) Resonance Structure – Rules while resonance Structure , Predicting the stable resonating structure ,

Hybrid Structure Resonance Effect ( + R and - R –effect ) ***

*** Hyperconjugation *** Reactive Intermediates

# Stability of carbocation , Carboanion , free radicals , alkenes

*** Types of Organic Reaction and its Mechanism

[ Substitution – SN1 and SN2 , Addition Reaction - AdE and and , Elimination Reaction – alpha and beta , Rearrangement , Polymerisation and Condensation Reaction ]

13# HYDROCARBONS***( Priority-1)- Every concepts mentioned here are repeated in class- xii)

# Wurtz Reaction , Duma’s Decarboxylation Reaction , Markovnikov Rule , Kharash Effect (Peroxide effect )

#Ozonolysis , Polymerisation and cyclic Polymerisation , Aromatization , Isomerisation , bayer’s reagent , lindlar’s catalyst , dehydrohalogenation Reaction—β-elimination of haloalkanes ( Saytzeff Rule)

Aromaticity , Resonance and stability of Benzene

# Electrophilic substitution Reactions-- Friedel Craft Reaction – alkylation and Acylation ,. Nitration And halogenations , Sulphonation

# Electrophilic addition Reactions-- Markovnikov Rule

# Free Radical addition Reactions -- Kharash Effect (Peroxide effect )

# Directive influence of a functional group in monosubstituted benzene , ring activating and Deactivating group towards electrophile

# Mechanism of Markovnikov Rule and Kharash Effect

# Preparation and Properties of Alkane , alkene , Alkyne , Benzene

# Acidic Character of Alkynes , alkenes and alkanes

# Effect of branching on the boiling point of isomeric isomeric compounds ( alkanes , alcohols , haloalkanes)

# Effect of H-bonding on BP of alcohols , Carboxylic acids , Amines etc.

# Understanding acidic and basic character using resonance and Inductive effect

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