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Concepts of Class-XI which are very often used in Class-XII
( Which needs to be mastered in CLASS XI for better performance in Class-XII) by A K PANDA
(Stars are degree of importance-Rating scale)
1# Some Basic concepts of Chjemistry( Priority-1)
Calculation based on Molarity , Molality , Mass Percentage , Mole Fraction , ppm , (P-19—21)
Mole concepts and Molar masses (P-15) ** Calculation based on stoichiometry equations .
2# Structure of atom ( Priority-2)
** Idea of writing electronic configuration *** Shape of orbitals *** Degenerate orbitals
*** Effective Nuclear Charge *** screening effect *** Penetrating power of different orbitals
** Stability of completely filled and half filled subshell *** Pauli’s , Hund’s , aufbau’s Principle
3# Classification of elements and periodicity in properties ( Priority-1)
*** Electronic configuration of d-block elements ( first row TM) , Lanthaniods and Actinoids (with At. No.)
*** Remembering p-block elements (all groups) *** Characteristics of all four block elements ,
*** Electronegativity , Electron gain enthalpy , Ionisation energy , Atomic radii / Ionic radii , acidic and basic character of oxides ( and their application questions )
**** trends of periodic properties across a period and down the group (P-88.89,90,91)
# *** Anomalous properties of second period elements (P-90)---
[Absence of vacant d-orbital , multiple bond formation , Sigma bond strength of F—F , O—O , N—N , Catenation properties , Electron gain enthalpy of F2 and Cl2 etc. ]
4# Chemical Bonding And Molecular structure : ( Priority-1)
** VSEPR Theory ( Predicting the shape and geometry of various molecules)
*** Hybridisation Treatment
*** Resonance and Resonating structures -- Understanding the conditions of stability of resonating structure
( various application Questions)
** Polarity of Bonds (P-106-107) -- Polar and non-polar molecules—Bond dipole and dipole moment of molecule ( BF3 , H2O , CO2 , NF3 , NH3 )
** Difference between Sigma bond and Pi –bond ** Calculation of no. of Sigma bond and Pi –bond ** Hydrogen bonding and its types and various application Questions
** Bond Parameters -- Bond order , Bond enthalpy , Bond Order , bond Length , Bond Angle
5# States of Matter ( Priority-2)
***Intermolecular forces—(P-133--136)
** Isotherm , isobar , isochore ** Vapour pressure – Boiling point , std. and normal BP
** evaporation and vaporization ** Critical Temperature
*** Vapour pressure Vs Temperature Curve *** Ideal Gas Equation
6# Thermodynamics ( Priority-2)
** Enthalpies of different types of reaction s – Std. enthalpy of combustion , Std. enthalpy of formation ,
Std. enthalpy of reaction
*** Enthalpy of atomization ,Bond Enthalpy , Lattice enthalpy , Hydration Enthalpy . Enthalpy of solution ,
*** Spontaneity – Enthalpy and entropy , Gibb’s Free Energy of reaction
7# Equilibrium ( Priority-2)
*** Idea about dynamic equilibrium , Rate law expression , Law of mass action ,
Relation between Kc and Qc , Kp andc Kc
**** Le Chatelier’s Principle and its application
*** Different concepts of Acids and Bases—Lewis , Bronsted , Arrhenius
**** Conjugate Acid –Base pair ( PN-206—210)
** PH calculation .
* knowledge about Ka , Kb , Kw Pka , PKb . Pkw , Ksp ( Solubility Product) , common ion effect
8# REDOX REACTIONS ( Priority-1) ***
** Understanding the concept of Redox Reactions ( both oxidation and Reduction half cell reaction)
**Calculation of Oxidation number ( deal some special cases H2O2 , NaH , Cr2O5 , H2S2O5 , CaOCl2 )
** Identification of oxidizing and reducing agent in a given reaction
** Types of redox reactions – Combination , Decomposition , Displacement , Disproportionation Reactions
*** Competitive electron transfer reactions -- Metal activity or elctrochemical series
*** Balancing of redox reactions -- half reaction method ( Ion –electron method ) in acidic and basic medium
*** Redox reactions as the basis for Titrations
*** Redox reactions and electrode processes -- Feasibility of Redox couple ,
*** Standard Hydrogen electrode , Standard electrode potential
**** Cell Representation , carriers of current , Sign of electrode , Half cell reaction .
9# HYDROGEN ( Priority-2)
**Hydrides – Ionic , covalent , Interstitial
**Hard and soft water – temporary and permanent hardness . removal technique ,
**Effectiveness of soap and detergent
10# The s-BLOCK ELEMENTS ( Priority-2)
** Anomalous properties of Li and Be *** diagonal relationship between Li&Mg , Be & Al
*** Ionisation enthalpy , Hydration enthalpy , Polarizing power , Fajan’s Rule – ionic and covalent character
Reducing Nature , Solubility—Hydroxide , carbonates , sulphates
11# THE p-BLOCK ELEMENTS ( Pn-307—325) ( Priority-1)
** Inert pair effect ** Anomalous properties
** Catenation properties ** use of Anhydrous AlCl3 . LiAl H4
Trends in physical and chemical properties .
12# ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -- Some Basic Principles ( Priority-1) ***
** IUPAC Naming and structure – including all functional group , ( some common names )
** Isomerism—geometrical , Structural
** Classification of Organic compounds
** Fundamental concept of Organic reaction mechanism
# Homolytic and Heterolytic cleavage # Nucleophiles and electrophiles # Electron movement in organic reactions
# Electron Displacement Effect In Covalent Bond—
(i) Inductive effect ( +I and –I –effect) ***
(ii) Resonance Structure – Rules while resonance Structure , Predicting the stable resonating structure ,
Hybrid Structure Resonance Effect ( + R and - R –effect ) ***
*** Hyperconjugation *** Reactive Intermediates
# Stability of carbocation , Carboanion , free radicals , alkenes
*** Types of Organic Reaction and its Mechanism
[ Substitution – SN1 and SN2 , Addition Reaction - AdE and and , Elimination Reaction – alpha and beta , Rearrangement , Polymerisation and Condensation Reaction ]
13# HYDROCARBONS***( Priority-1)- Every concepts mentioned here are repeated in class- xii)
# Wurtz Reaction , Duma’s Decarboxylation Reaction , Markovnikov Rule , Kharash Effect (Peroxide effect )
#Ozonolysis , Polymerisation and cyclic Polymerisation , Aromatization , Isomerisation , bayer’s reagent , lindlar’s catalyst , dehydrohalogenation Reaction—β-elimination of haloalkanes ( Saytzeff Rule)
Aromaticity , Resonance and stability of Benzene
# Electrophilic substitution Reactions-- Friedel Craft Reaction – alkylation and Acylation ,. Nitration And halogenations , Sulphonation
# Electrophilic addition Reactions-- Markovnikov Rule
# Free Radical addition Reactions -- Kharash Effect (Peroxide effect )
# Directive influence of a functional group in monosubstituted benzene , ring activating and Deactivating group towards electrophile
# Mechanism of Markovnikov Rule and Kharash Effect
# Preparation and Properties of Alkane , alkene , Alkyne , Benzene
# Acidic Character of Alkynes , alkenes and alkanes
# Effect of branching on the boiling point of isomeric isomeric compounds ( alkanes , alcohols , haloalkanes)
# Effect of H-bonding on BP of alcohols , Carboxylic acids , Amines etc.
# Understanding acidic and basic character using resonance and Inductive effect
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