Weebly



Name ________________________________________________________ Date __________________Chapter 5: Operating SystemsAfter completion of this chapter, students should be able to:Complete the operating system installation.Describe custom installation options.Identify the boot sequence and registry files.Explore common tools and utilities of the Windows GUI.Manipulate items on a desktop.Use Windows tools to install, navigate, and uninstall an applicationIdentify and describe administrative toolsExplain control panel utilities common and unique to all Microsoft operating systems.Use Command Line tools to install an Operating SystemExplain client-side virtualization.Describe the purpose, requirements, resources, and hypervisor of virtual machines.Create, Identify and apply common preventive maintenance techniques for operating systemsCreate a task that is performed automatically according to a scheduleCreate a backup of the hard driveTroubleshoot and apply the six steps of the troubleshooting process to operating systems.Identify common problems and solutions for operating systems.5.0 Operating Systems5.0.1 Introduction5.0.1.1 Introduction What controls almost all functions on a computer?The operating system (OS)What operating systems will be discussed in this chapter?Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP operating systems.5.1 Modern Operating Systems5.1.1 OS Terms and Characteristics5.1.1.1 TermsWhat is meant by multi-user?Two or more users have individual accounts that allow them to work with programs and peripheral devices at the same time.Explain Multi-tasking?The computer is capable of operating multiple applications at the same time.What is multi-processing?The operating system can support two or more CPUs.What is multi-threading?A program can be broken into smaller parts that are loaded as needed by the operating system. Multithreading allows different parts of a program to be run at the same time.What two things does an operating system provide to the user?interface for the interaction between users, applications, and hardware.5.1.1.2 Basic Functions of an Operating SystemWhat are the roles of an operating system?Control hardware accessManage files and foldersProvide a user interfaceManage applicationsWhat is a device driver?To access and communicate with each hardware component,What is the function of PnP?Assigning system resources and installing drivers are performed with a plug-and-play (PnP) process.What is contained in the registry?all the information about the computer.What is a file?a block of related data that is given a single name and treated as a single unit.What is the difference between a directory and a subdirectory?Directories are called folders in Windows operating systems, and subdirectories are called subfolders.What are directories and sub-directories called in the Window OS?Directories are called folders in Windows operating systems, and subdirectories are called subfolders.What does the OS enable a user to do?the user to interact with the software and hardware.What are the two types of user interfaces?Command-line interface (CLI), and Graphical user interface (GUI) What is an application?software programs, such as word processors, databases, spreadsheets, and games.What is API (Application Programming Interface)?To ensure that a new application is compatible with an OS, programmers follow a set of guidelinesWhat are four examples of API’s?Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) - Cross-platform standard specification for multimedia graphicsDirectX - Collection of APIs related to multimedia tasks for Microsoft WindowsWindows API - Allows applications from older versions of Windows to operate on newer versionsJava APIs - Collection of APIs related to the development of Java programming5.1.1.3 Processor ArchitectureWhat are the two common architectures use in Windows OS? x86, and x64What are registers?Registers are storage areas used by the CPU when performing calculations.What bit architecture can x86 support?support a 32-bit operating system.What is the benefit of 64 bit architecture?support 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems.What are the memory capabilities of the 32 bit and 64 bit CPU architectures?A 32-bit OS is capable of addressing only 4 GB of system memory, while a 64-bit OS can address more than 128 GB.5.1.2 Types of Operating Systems5.1.2.1 Desktop Operating SystemsWhat are the two distinct types of Operating Systems?desktop and network.What are the characteristics of a desktop OS?Supports a single userRuns single-user applicationsShares files and folders on a small network with limited securityIn the current software market what are the three most common operating systems?Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS, and LinuxWhich of the three common Operating Systems is open source?5.1.2.2 Network Operating SystemsWho developed Linux?Linus TorvaldsWhat is meant by open source?programs allow the source code to be distributed and changed by anyone as a free download or by developers at a much lower cost than other operating systems.What are the characteristics of a network operating system?Supports multiple usersRuns multi-user applicationsProvides increased security compared to desktop operating systemsWhat are the most common network operating systems?Windows ServerRed Hat LinuxMac OS X ServerWhat is the central database that is used to manage network resources in Windows? 5.1.2.3 Worksheet: NOS certifications and jobs5.1.3 Customer Requirements for an Operating Systems5.1.3.1 OS Compatible Applications and EnvironmentsWhat must you do before making an operating system recommendation?technician must review budget constraints, learn how the computer will be used, and determine which types of applications will be installed.5.1.3.2 Minimum hardware requirements and compatibility with the operating system platformIf cost-effective, what computer components might be considered for upgrade?RAMHard disk driveCPUVideo adapter cardMotherboard5.1.3.3 Comparing OS RequirementsWhat are the minimum hardware requirements for Vista ultimate?What are the minimum hardware requirements for Windows XP Professional?What is a hardware compatibility list (HCL)?Where might you find a HCL?5.1.4 Operating System Upgrades5.4.1 Identify hard drive setup procedures5.1.4.1 Checking OS CompatibilityWhat must be done before an operating system can be upgraded?An OS must be upgraded periodically to remain compatible with the latest hardware and softwareWhat is the purpose of Windows Upgrade Advisor?which scans the system for hardware and software incompatibility issues in hardware before upgrading to newer editions of the Windows OS.5.1.4.2 Windows OS upgrades.Can a 32-bit OS be upgraded to a 64-bit system?no5.1.4.3 Data MigrationWhat three Windows tools can be used to migrate data?5.1.4.4 Lab: Data Migration in Windows 75.1.4.5 Lab:Data Migration in Windows Vista 5.1.4.6 Lab: Data Migration in Windows XP5.2 Operating System Installation5.2.1 Hard drive setup procedures5.2.1.1 Hard drive partitioningWhat must be done before beginning the OS system upgrade?Perform a clean installWhat is the installation and initial booting of the operating system called?the operating system setupWhat is the most common installation method for an operating system?method for a home or small business is with CDs or DVDs.What happens when you partition a hard drive?Each partition is a logical storage unit that can be formatted to store information, such as data files and applicationsWhere is the primary partition?hard driveHow many partitions can you have on a hard drivefourWhat is the active partition?The OS uses the active partition to boot the computer. Only one primary partition per disk can be marked active. In most cases, the C: drive is the active partition and contains the boot and system files. Some users create additional partitions to organize files or to be able to dual-boot the computer.How many extended partitions can you have on a hard drive?oneWhat is a logical drive?A logical drive is a section of an extended partition. It can be used to separate information for administrative purposes.Why do you format a drive?partition for files to be stored.What is a sector?A sector contains 512 bytes.What is a cluster?A cluster is also called a file allocation unit. It is the smallest unit of space used for storing data. It is made up of one or more sectors.What is a track?A track is one complete circle that can contain data on one side of a hard drive platter. A track is broken into groups of sectors.What is a cylinder?A cylinder is a stack of tracks lined up one on top of another to form a cylinder shape.What is drive mapping?5.2.1.2 Hard Drive FormattingWhat is the first phase of the installation process?The first phase of the installation process partitions and formats the hard driveWhat does the file system provide?The file system provides the directory structure that organizes the user’s operating system, application, configuration, and data files.What are the two file systems used by Windows?New Technology File System (NTFS), File Allocation Table, 32 bit (FAT32)5.2.1.3 Work Sheet Answer NTFS & Fat 32 Questions5.2.1.4 Install the operating system using default settingsWhat three installation options does the Windows 7 install wizard give you?Install now -What to know before installing Windows Repair your computerWhat are the three options you get when choosing Install now in Windows 7?Upgrade, custom, quitWhat is a clean installation?What does a repair installation do?If no Windows installations are found, which option is disabled?Upgrade5.2.1.5 Lab Install Windows Version 75.2.1.6 Lab Install Windows Vista5.2.1.7 Lab Install Windows XP5.2.1.8 Account CreationWhat is the default administrator account named?How does the user account differ from the computer administrator?They have different setting5.2.1.9 Lab: Check for Updates in Windows 75.2.1.10 Lab: Check for Updates in Windows Vista 5.2.1.11 Lab: Check for Updates in Windows XP5.2.1.12 Complete the installationWhy should you register your copy of Windows?verification that ensures that you are using a legal copyHow do you access Windows Update in Windows 7?Microsoft Update Manager from the Start Menu to scan for new software, as well as install service packs and patches5.2.2 Custom Installation Options5.2.2.1 Disk CloningWhat Microsoft tool simplifies installing an OS on multiple computers?To simplify this activity, you can use the Microsoft System Preparation (Sysprep) tool,What does disk cloning actually do?creates an image of a hard drive in a computerWhat are five different installation methods for Windows 7?Step 1. Create a master installation on one computer. This master installation includes the OS, software applications, and common configuration settings that will be used by the other computers in the organization.Step 2. Run Sysprep.Step 3. Create a disk image of the configured computer using a third-party disk-cloning program.When performing an image-based install what is needed after a single computer is configured to an operational state and Sysprep is run?How does Remote Installation Services (RIS) differ from an image-based installation?except you do not use a drive-imaging utility5.2.2.3 Lab Advanced Installation of Windows 75.2.2.4 Lab Advanced Installation of Windows Vista 5.2.2.5 Lab Advanced Installation of Windows XP5.2.2.6 System Recovery OptionsWhen would you use a recovery disk?When a system failure occursWhat does the Automated System Recovery (ASR) wizard do?creates a backup of the system state, services, and OS components.What key do you press to restore the ASR?F2What is a factory recovery partition?Some computers that have Windows 7 pre-installed from the factory contain a section of the disk that is inaccessible to the user. This partitionHow do you find out how to access the factory recovery partition and restore the original configuration of the computer?Contact the computer manufacturer5.2.3 Boot Sequence and Registry Files5.2.3.1 Windows Boot ProcessWhat is a cold boot?To begin the boot process, turn on the computerWhat occurs when a computer is turned on?it performs a Power On Self Test (POST)What is boot device priority?is the order in which devices are checked to locate the operating system.What occurs during boot when the OS is found?the BIOS finds the Master Boot Record (MBR) 5.2.3.2 Startup ModesWhat are the four startup options commonly used in Windows?Safe Mode - Starts Windows but only loads drivers for basic components, such as the keyboard and display.Safe Mode with Networking - Starts Windows as for Safe Mode, but also loads the drivers for network components.Safe Mode with Command Prompt - Starts Windows and loads the command prompt instead of the GUI.Last Known Good Configuration - Loads the configuration settings that were used the last time that Windows started successfully. It does this by accessing a copy of the registry that is created for this purpose.5.2.3.3 Windows RegistryWhen a user makes changes to the Control Panel settings, file associations, system policies, or installed software, where are the changes stored?Registry.Which registry contains information relating to all active devices on a system?What does a DLL file consists of? program code that can be used by different programs to perform common functions5.2.4 Multiboot5.2.4.1 Multiboot ProceduresWhat is a reason that more than one operating system might be required on a computer?determines that more than one OS is present, you are prompted to choose the OS that you want to load,In a dual boot of Windows, which OS should be installed on the primary or the partition marked as active?the BOOTMGR fileIn a dual boot, where is the BOOTMGR file created?created on the active partition to allow selecting the OS to boot on startupIn Windows XP what file fills the role of the BOOTMGR file?the BOOT.INI file fills the role of the BOOTMGR file.5.2.4.2 Disk Management UtilityWhat Windows tool is used to create partitions in Windows 7 and Vista?You can also use the Disk Management utility to complete the following tasks:What additional tasks can the Disk Management Utility perform?View drive statusExtend partitionsSplit partitionsAssign drive lettersAdd drivesAdd arraysHow many drives are required to set up RAID on a computer?2 or moreWhat is a purpose of extending a hard drive partition?More spaceWhat is the only limit to changing the drive letter on a partition?The amount5.2.4.3 Lab: Create a Partition in Windows 75.2.4.4 Lab: Create a Partition in Windows Vista 5.2.4.5 Lab: Create a Partition in Windows XP5.2.5 Directory Structure and File Attributes5.2.5.1 Directory StructuresHow are files organized in Windows?files are organized in a directory structureWhat sets of files are stored in the Windows Directories?store system filesWhat alpha letter is typically assigned to the root level partition?CHow many drives can a Windows computer have?26 physical and logical drivesWhat drive letter is traditionally assigned to an optical drive?What is a mounted drive in Windows?mount a volume5.2.5.2 User and System File LocationsWhere are files created by users in Windows 7 and Vista stored?C:\Users\User_name\. Windows XP uses the folder C:\Documents and Settings\User_name\.Where are the files that are used to run the computer in a Windows installation stored?C:\Windows\system325.2.5.3 File Extensions and AttributesWindows naming convention allows how many letters to be used in a file name?255By default are file extensions in Windows viewable or hidden?hiddenWhat path is followed to display hidden file extensions in Windows 7?Start > Control Panel > Folder Options > View > uncheck Hide extensions for known file types5.2.5.4 Application, File, and Folder PropertiesHow does a user view or change the properties of a file?right-click the icon and select Properties.What four tabs are shown in Properties view for an application or file?General, security, details, compatibilityWhat five tabs are shown in Properties view for an individual folder?General, sharing, security, previous versions, customize.What is Shadow Copy in Windows?is a feature of Windows Operating Systems that automatically creates backup copies of files and data on a hard drive.5.3 The Windows GUI and Control Panel5.3.1 Windows Desktop, Tools and Applications5.3.1.1 Windows DesktopWhat is the default theme of Windows 7 and Vista called?AeroWhat two Windows OS’s do not include Aero?Windows 7 includes three new Aero features, what are they?Shake, peek, snapWhich recent Windows OS does not feature Gadgets?Windows xp5.3.1.2 Desktop PropertiesWhat is the procedure for customizing the desktop in Windows 7 and Vista?right-click anywhere on the desktop and choose Personalize.What is the procedure for customizing the desktop in Windows XP?right-click anywhere on the desktop and choose Properties.5.3.1.3 Start Menu and TaskbarWhat is the utility of the Start Menu and Taskbar?manage programs, search the computer, and manipulate running applications.What are the steps to customizing the Start Menu and Taskbar?right-click it and choose Properties.Describe three new features have been added to the Taskbar in Windows 7?Jump list - To display a list of tasks that are unique to the application, right-click the application’s icon in the taskbar.Pinned applications - To add an application to the taskbar for easy access, right-click the icon of an application and select Pin to taskbar.Thumbnail previews - To view a thumbnail image of a running program, hover the mouse over the program icon on the taskbar.5.3.1.4 Task ManagerWhat does the Task Manager enable the user to view and perform?allows you to view all applications that are running and to close any applications that have stopped responding.What occurs when a process is ended using the Task Manager?It gives you a few optionsWhy should caution be used when ending processes?Because you could end the wrong one 5.3.1.5 Lab: Task Manger (Managing Processes) in Windows 75.3.1.6 Lab: Task Manager (Managing Processes) in Windows Vista 5.3.1.7 Lab: Task Manager (Managing Processes) in Windows XP5.3.1.8 Computer and Windows ExplorerWhat does the Computer feature enable the user to do in Windows 7 and Vista?The Computer feature allows you to access the various drives installed in the computerWith Windows 7 or Windows Vista how does the user access Computer?click Start and select Computer.What does Windows Explorer allow the user to do?allows you to navigate the file systemWhat features are added to Windows Explorer in Windows 7?includes the path of the currently accessed folder or file at the top, a search bar on the top right, a toolbar directly under the path listing and search bar, a navigation panel on the left, and a viewing pane to the right of the navigation panel.5.3.1.9 Windows 7 LibrariesDescribe the functionality of the new Libraries feature in Windows 7.allows you to easily organize content from various storage devices on your local computer and network, including removable media, without actually moving the filesWhat are the four default libraries available to each user when Windows 7 is installed?allows you to easily organize content from various storage devices on your local computer and network, including removable media, without actually moving the filesWhat are the steps a user takes to access a Windows library?You can search a library, and you can filter the content using criteria such as filename, file type, or date modified.5.3.1.10 Install and Uninstall ApplicationsWhen software uses and automatic installation process, what is required of the user or technician?If there are problems with the installation of an application, what should the user or technician do?What is a complication if an application is not uninstalled properly?What Microsoft utility is recommended for removing, changing or repairing applications?5.3.1.11 Lab: Install Third Party Software in Windows 75.3.1.12 Lab: Install Third-Party Software in Windows Vista 5.3.1.13 Lab: Install Third-Party Software in Windows XP5.3.2 Control Panel Utilities5.3.2.1 Introduction to Control Panel UtilitiesWhere are the Windows centralized settings located for many features that control the behavior and appearance of the computer? By default, icons are grouped into what eight categories in Windows 7?5.3.2.2 User AccountsWhat five options are available in the User Accounts Utility?What occurs when and action might present a threat to the system?5.3.2.3 Lab: Create User Accounts in Windows 75.3.2.4 Lab: Create User Accounts in Windows Vista 5.3.2.5 Lab: Create User Accounts in Windows XP5.3.2.6 Internet OptionsHow does a user access Internet Options?What are the tabs available in Internet Options?5.3.2.7 Lab: Configure Browser Settings in Windows 75.3.2.8 Lab :Configure Browser Settings in Windows Vista 5.3.2.9 Lab: Configure Browser Settings in Windows XP 5.3.2.10 Display SettingsIn the display settings, which setting produces the best picture?Name a few display features that can be changed in Windows 7.5.3.2.11 Folder OptionsWhat is the benefit of using the Folder Options utility to manage the directory and folder settings?What three tabs are available in the Folder Options utility?5.3.2.12 Action CenterWhere are security settings maintained in Windows 7 and Vista?What are six utilities that can be managed from the Action Center 5.3.2.13 Windows FirewallWhat is the function of the Windows Firewall?Where does the term Firewall come from?5.3.2.14 Power OptionsWhat does the Power Options utility in Windows enable the user to do?What is a Power Plan in Windows?5.3.2.15 System UtilityWhat utility is used to view basic system information, access tools and configure advanced system settings?What is ReadyBoost?5.3.2.16 Lab: Managing Virtual Memory in Windows 75.3.2.17 Lab: Managing Virtual Memory in Windows Vista 5.3.2.18 Lab: Managing Virtual Memory in Windows XP 5.3.2.19 Device ManagerHow are problems with devices indicated in Device Manager? (give examples)5.3.2.20 Lab: Managing Device Drivers with Device Manager in Windows 75.3.2.21 Lab: Managing Device Drivers with Device Manager in Windows Vista 5.3.2.22 Lab: Managing Device Drivers with Device Manager in Windows XP 5.2.2.23 Regional and Language OptionsWhat formats can be changed in using the Regional and Language Options settings?5.3.2.24 Lab: Regional and Language Options in Windows 75.3.2.25 Lab: Regional and Language Options in Windows Vista 5.3.2.26 Lab: Regional and Language Options in Windows XP5.3.3 Administrative Tools5.3.3.1 Computer ManagementWhat are some of the utilities that the Computer Management console provides access to? 5.3.3.2 Event Viewer, Component Services, Data SourcesWhat does the Event Viewer do?What is the value of the log files created by the Event Viewer?5.3.3.3 ServicesWhat is a service?5.3.3.4 Performance and Windows Memory DiagnosticWhat are the two distinct parts of the Performance Console?What is the use of the data that is displayed in the System Monitor?5.3.3.5 Lab: Monitor and Manage System Resources in Windows 75.3.3.6 Lab: Monitor and Manage System Resources in Windows Vista 5.3.3.7 Lab: Monitor and Manage System Resources in Windows XP5.3.4 System Tools5.3.4.1 Disk Defragmenter and Disk Error-Checking ToolWhat are two utilities that are useful for preventative maintenance?What type of disk drive is Disk Defragmenter not recommended to use on?What occurs if the Disk Error-Checking tool detects physical errors on the surface of the disk?5.3.4.2 Lab: Hard Drive Maintenance in Windows 75.3.4.3 Lab: Hard Drive Maintenance in Windows Vista 5.3.4.4 Lab: Hard Drive Maintenance in Windows XP5.3.4.5 System InformationWhat is the System Information tool used for?What use is information found with the System Information tool?5.3.4.6 Lab: Managing System Files with Built-In Utilities in Windows 75.3.4.7 Lab: Managing System Files with Built-in Utilities in Windows Vista 5.3.4.8 Lab: Managing System Files with Built-in Utilities in Windows XP5.3.5 Accessories5.3.5.1 Remote DesktopWhat can technicians use Remote Desktop and Remote Assistance for?5.3.5.2 Lab: Remote Desktop and Remote Assistance in Windows 75.3.5.3 Lab: Remote Desktop and Remote Assistance in Windows Vista 5.3.5.4 Lab: Remote Desktop and Remote Assistance in Windows XP5.3.6 Control Panel Utilities Unique to Specific Versions of Window5.3.6.1 Windows 7 Unique UtilitiesWhat Control Panel utilities are unique to Windows 7?5.3.7 Command Line Tools5.3.7.1 Windows CLI CommandsWhat should the technician do if denied access to command line tools?5.3.7.2 Lab: Working with CLI Commands in Windows5.3.7.3 Run Line UtilityWhat are Run Line Utilities used for?5.3.7.4 Lab: Run Line Utilities in Windows 75.3.7.5 Lab: Run Line Utilities in Windows Vista5.3.7.6 Lab: Run Line Utilities in Windows XP5.4 Client Side Virtualization5.4.1 Purpose and Requirements of Virtualization5.4.1.1 Purpose of Virtual MachinesWhat is one good reason that companies chose to use client side virtualization?How does PC virtualization occur?What are virtual machines sometimes called?What resources does a virtual machine use?What is the relationship of the OS on a virtual machine and the OS on the host machine? 5.4.1.2 Hypervisor: Virtual Machine ManagerWhat is the hypervisor?What is another name for the hypervisor?How many virtual machines can be run on a single host machine?What is the function of the hypervisor?What are the two types of hypervisors?What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 hypervisors?What is Windows Virtual PC?What is Windows XP Mode? 5.4.1.3 Virtual Machine RequirementsHow do virtual machines connect to the internet?5.4.1.4 Lab: Install Virtual PC5.5 Common Preventative Maintenance Techniques for Operating Systems5.5.1 OS Preventative Maintenance Plan5.5.1.1 Preventative Maintenance Plan ContentsWhat are the benefits of a preventive maintenance plan?What should preventive maintenance plans include?What should preventive maintenance plans prioritize?What five maintenance tasks should be included in a plan?When should preventive maintenance tasks take place?What times of the day or week are better for scheduling maintenance tasks?What does the Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool do?How can a technician ensure that antivirus scanners and spyware removal tools automatically run at computer startup?5.5.1.2 Lab: Managing the Start-up Folder in Windows 75.5.1.3 Lab: Managing the Startup Folder in Windows Vista5.5.1.4 Lab: Managing the Startup Folder in Windows XP5.5.1.5 UpdatesWhat three components of a computer should be periodically updated?5.5.1.6 Scheduling TasksWhat two Windows tools can be used to schedule tasks?What Windows tool is used to automate scheduling tasks?What are some common tasks that can be automated using the Task Scheduler?5.5.1.7 Lab: Schedule a Task Using the GUI and the at command in Window 75.5.1.8 Lab: Schedule a Task Using the GUI and the at Command in Windows Vista 5.5.1.9 Lab: Schedule a Task Using the GUI and the at Command in Windows XP5.5.1.10 Restore PointsWhat is a reason that a computer should be restored to a previous point?When should a technician create a restore point?5.5.5.11 Lab: Use the System Restore Tool in Windows 75.5.1.12 Lab: Use the System Restore Tool in Windows Vista 5.5.1.13 Lab: Use the System Restore Tool in Windows XP5.5.1.14 Hard Drive BackupWhat should determine how often data should be backed up?Which backup alternative is called a full back up?What is a copy backup?What is an incremental backup?What is a differential backup?What is a daily backup?5.6 Basic Troubleshooting Process for Operating Systems5.6.1 Applying the Troubleshooting Process to Operating Systems5.6.1.1 Identifying the ProblemWhat is a definition of troubleshooting?What are the two types of questions that a technician can ask of a user?5.6.1.2 Establish a Theory of Probable CauseWhat are some common causes of OS problems?5.6.1.3 Test the Theory to Determine CauseAfter developing theories about what is wrong, what is the next step to solving the problem?If a quick procedure corrects the problem, what is the next action to take?5.6.1.4 Establish a Plan of Action to Resolve the Problem and Implement a SolutionIf previous steps do not solve the problem what are some additional resources that can be consulted?5.6.1.5 Verify Full System Functionality and Implement Preventive MeasuresAfter solving the problem what is the next step in troubleshooting process?5.6.1.6 Document Findings, Actions and OutcomesWhat is the final step in the troubleshooting process?5.6.2 Common Problems and Solutions for Operating Systems5.6.2.1 Common Problems and SolutionsOS problems are attributable to three sources, what are they? ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download