Strategy
Specialized Instruction
Strategies for learning
The strategies on the list below are research-based and appropriate for students with or without disabilities.
|Strategy |Author(s) |Steps to Implementation |
|Written Expression |
|DEFENDS (A strategy for writing |Ellis & Lenz (1987) |Decide on exact position |
|positions) | |Examine the reasons for the position |
| | |Form a list of points that explain each reason |
| | |Expose position in first sentence |
| | |Note each reason and supporting points |
| | |Drive home the position in the last sentence |
| | |Search for errors and correct |
|TREE (A strategy for composing |Graham & Harris (1989) |Note topic sentence |
|essays) | |Note reasons |
| | |Examine reasons |
| | |Note ending |
|PLEASE (A strategy for writing a |Welch, M. (1992) |Pick a topic |
|paragraph) | |List you ideas about the topic |
| | |Evaluate your list |
| | |Activate the paragraph with a topic sentence |
| | |Supply supporting sentences |
| | |End with a concluding sentence and |
| | |Evaluate your work |
|Computers & Writing-Instruction |MacArthur, Schwartz, & Graham |Think who, what? |
|Project (CWIP) |(1991) |Use C-SPACE to take notes (Characters, Setting, Problem or purpose, Action, Conclusion, and |
|(Using computers to write) | |Emotion). |
| | |Write and say more. |
|Reportive Essay |Wong, Wong, Darlington, & |Search long-term memory to retrieve events. |
| |Jones (1991) |Mentally relive the event fully through auditory and visual imageries. |
| | |Reactivate all of the associated emotions. |
|Reading |
|RARE (Reading for a purpose) |Gearhart, DeRuiter, & Sileo |Review the questions at the end of the reading selection. |
| |(1986) |Answer all questions you know already. |
| | |Read the selection. |
| | |Express answers to questions that you were unable to answer initially. |
|POSSE (Reading Comprehension) |Englert & Mariage (1990) |Predict which ideas are in the story. |
| | |Organize ideas in the story. |
| | |Search for text structure. |
| | |Summarize in your words. |
| | |Evaluate. |
|Question-Answer Relationship |Raphael, T.E. (1986) |1. Right there: Find answers in the story. (literal and detail) |
|(QAR) (Four types) | |2. Think and Search: Look for the answer in several places. |
| | |3. Author and You: Make inferences and conclusions. |
| | |4. On Your Own: Answer must come from readers’ experience and knowledge. |
|Critical Thinking Map |Idol, L. (1987) |Include on a story map: |
| | |1. Important Events |
| | |2. Main Idea/Lesson |
| | |3. Other Viewpoints/Opinions |
| | |4. Reader’s Conclusions |
| | |5. Relevance to Today |
|Five-Step Reading Comprehension |Schunk & Rice (1987) |What do I have to do? |
|Strategy | |1. Read the questions. |
| | |2. Read the passage to find out what it is mostly about. |
| | |3. Think about what the details have in common. |
| | |4. Think about what would make a good title. |
| | |5. Reread the story if I don’t know the answer to a question. |
| |
|Mathematics |
|Eight-Step Solving Strategy for |Montague & Bos (1986) |Read the problem aloud. |
|Verbal Math Problems | |Paraphrase the problem aloud. |
| | |Visualize. |
| | |State the problem. |
| | |Hypothesize. |
| | |Estimate. |
| | |Calculate. |
| | |Self-check. |
|Arithmetic Problem Solving |Fleischner, Nuzum, & Marzola |READ: What is the question? |
| |(1987) |REREAD: What is the necessary information? |
| | |THINK: Putting together? Add. |
| | |Taking apart? Subtract. |
| | |Do I need all the information? |
| | |Is it a two-step problem? |
| | |SOLVE: Write the equation. |
| | |CHECK: Recalculate. |
| | |Label. |
| | |Compare. |
|Division Facts |Lloyd, Saltzman & Kauffman |Point to divisor. |
| |(1981) |Count by the divisor until you get the number of dividend. |
| | |Make hash marks while counting by. |
| | |Count the number of hash marks. |
| | |Write down the number of hash marks. |
|Multiplication Facts |Lloyd, Saltzman & Kauffman |Point to the number you can count by. |
| |(1981) |Make hash marks for other numbers. |
| | |Count by the number and point once for each has mark. |
| | |Write down the last number said. |
|Solving Word Problems |Karrison & Carroll (1991) |Read the problem. |
| | |Underline or highlight key words, sentences, or questions. |
| | |Decide what sign to use. |
| | |Set up the problem. |
| | |Solve the problem. |
|Math Problem Solving |Montague (1992) |Read (for understanding). |
| | |Paraphrase (your own words). |
| | |Visualize (a picture or a diagram). |
| | |Hypothesize (a plan to solve the problem). |
| | |Estimate (predict the answer). |
| | |Compute (the arithmetic). |
| | |Check (to make sure everything is right). |
|Solving Simple Word Problems |Case, Harris, & Graham (1992) |Read the problem out loud. |
| | |Look for important words, and circle. |
| | |Draw pictures to help tell what’s happening. |
| | |Write down the math sentence. |
| | |Write down the answer. |
|Subtraction using the “4Bs” |Frank & Brown (1992) |Begin? In the 1st column. |
|mnemonic strategy | |Bigger? Which number is bigger? |
| | |Borrow? If bottom number is bigger I must borrow. |
| | |Basic facts? Remember them. Use Touch Math if needed. |
|Study Skills |
|PARS Study Strategy |Hoover (1989) |Preview. |
| | |Ask questions. |
| | |Review. |
| | |Summarize. |
|LINCS (A Starter Strategy for |Ellis (1992) |List the parts. |
|Vocabulary Learning) | |Imagine a picture. |
| | |Note a reminding word. |
| | |Construct a LINCing story. |
| | |Self-test. |
|Social Skills |
|LISTEN |Bauwens & Hourcade (1989) |Look. |
| | |Idle your motor. |
| | |Sit up straight. |
| | |Turn to me. |
| | |Engage your brain. |
| | |Now. |
|SCORER (A Test-Taking Strategy) |Hoover (1989) |Schedule time. |
| | |Look for Clue words. |
| | |Omit difficult questions. |
| | |Read carefully. |
| | |Estimate answers. |
| | |Review the work. |
|SLANT (A Starter Strategy for |Ellis (1991) |Sit up. |
|Class Participation) | |Lean forward. |
| | |Activate your thinking. |
| | |Name key information. |
| | |Track the talker. |
|SELF POWER (A Self-Management |Sander, Bott, Hughes, & Ruhl |Plan to change my behavior. |
|Strategy) |(1991) |Select and define my goal. |
| | |Establish my goal and measure. |
| | |List rewards and choose one. |
| | |Fix the forms. |
| | |Observe my behavior. |
| | |Write it down. |
| | |Evaluate my performance. |
| | |Reward myself. |
|I CAN (Personal Commitment |Swanson (1992) |Independence (work alone) |
|strategy) | |Completion (of work) |
| | |Accuracy (reach a mastery level) |
| | |Neatness (write neatly) |
|Dealing With Anger |McGinnis, Sauerbry, & Nichols |Stop and count to 10. |
| |(1985) |Think of your choices: |
| | |Tell the person why you are angry. |
| | |Walk away now. |
| | |Do a relaxation exercise. |
| | |Act out your best choice. |
|Acquisition Strand |
|DISSECT (A Word Identification |Lenz, Schumaker, Deshler, & |Discover the context. |
|Strategy) |Beals (1984) |Isolate the prefix. |
| | |Separate the suffix. |
| | |Say the stem. |
| | |Examine the stem. |
| | |Check with someone. |
| | |Try the dictionary. |
|Multipass Strategy |Schumaker, Deshler, Alley, |Survey Pass. Read titles, headings, chapter summaries, etc. |
| |Warner, & Denton (1982) |Size-up Pass. Read chapter questions and skim to locate the answer. |
| | |Sort-out Pass. Test by checking off questions that can be answered quickly and look in text for |
| | |other answers. |
|Paraphrasing Strategy |Schumaker, Denton, & Deshler |Read a paragraph. |
| |(1984) |Ask yourself, “What were the main idea and details in this paragraph?” |
| | |Put the main idea and details into your own words. |
|Storage Strand |
|FIRST-Letter Mnemonic Strategy |Nagel, Schumaker, & Deshler |Form a word. |
| |(1986) |Insert a letter or letters. |
| | |Rearrange the letters. |
| | |Shape a sentence. |
| | |Try combinations. |
|LISTS | |Look for clues. |
| | |Investigate the items. |
| | |Select a mnemonic device, using FIRST. |
| | |Transfer the information to a card. |
| | |Self-test. |
|Expression and Demonstration of Competence Strand |
|PENS (A Sentence-Writing |Sheldon & Schumaker (1985) |Pick a formula. |
|Strategy) | |Explore words to fit the formula. |
| | |Note the words. |
| | |Search and check. |
|COPS (An Error-Monitoring |Schumaker, Nolan, & Deshler |Capitalization |
|Strategy) |(1985) |Overall appearance |
| | |Punctuation |
| | |Spelling |
|WRITER |Schumaker, Nolan, & Deshler |Write on every other line, using PENS. |
| |(1985) |Read your paper for meaning. |
| | |Interrogate yourself, using COPS questions. |
| | |Take the paper to someone for help. |
| | |Execute a final copy. |
| | |Reread your paper. |
|SCRIBE (A Paragraph-Writing |Schumaker, & Lyerla (1991) |Set up a diagram. |
|Strategy) | |Create a title. |
| | |Reveal the topic. |
| | |Iron out the details. |
| | |Bind it together with a clincher. |
| | |Edit your work. |
|Motivational Strategies |
|I PLAN (The Education Planning |Van Reusen, Bos, Schumaker, & |Inventory your strengths, weaknesses, goals and choices for learning. |
|Strategy) |Deshler (1987) |Provide your inventory information. |
| | |Listen and respond. |
| | |Ask questions. |
| | |Name your goals. |
|SHARE |Van Reusen, Bos, Schumaker, & |Sit up straight. |
| |Deshler (1987) |Have a pleasant tone of voice. |
| | |Activate your thinking. |
| | |Relax. |
| | |Engage in eye contact. |
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related download
- when teachers introduce students to a new academic strategy
- learner strategy training in the classroom an action
- running head reading comprehension
- examples of smart district goals and complete plan
- comprehension lincs
- the secretary s 2004 science summit was a major event
- from assessment to practice part ii research based
- quiz 1 practice
- reading comprehension strategies for adult literacy outcomes
Related searches
- business strategy definition pdf
- new product marketing strategy example
- importance of marketing strategy pdf
- developing a strategy document
- vp strategy jobs
- customer relationship management strategy pdf
- customer service management strategy example
- fidelity equity income strategy fund
- vp strategy and innovation
- customer service management strategy e
- fidelity equity income strategy performance
- innovation strategy pdf