Strategy



Specialized Instruction

Strategies for learning

The strategies on the list below are research-based and appropriate for students with or without disabilities.

|Strategy |Author(s) |Steps to Implementation |

|Written Expression |

|DEFENDS (A strategy for writing |Ellis & Lenz (1987) |Decide on exact position |

|positions) | |Examine the reasons for the position |

| | |Form a list of points that explain each reason |

| | |Expose position in first sentence |

| | |Note each reason and supporting points |

| | |Drive home the position in the last sentence |

| | |Search for errors and correct |

|TREE (A strategy for composing |Graham & Harris (1989) |Note topic sentence |

|essays) | |Note reasons |

| | |Examine reasons |

| | |Note ending |

|PLEASE (A strategy for writing a |Welch, M. (1992) |Pick a topic |

|paragraph) | |List you ideas about the topic |

| | |Evaluate your list |

| | |Activate the paragraph with a topic sentence |

| | |Supply supporting sentences |

| | |End with a concluding sentence and |

| | |Evaluate your work |

|Computers & Writing-Instruction |MacArthur, Schwartz, & Graham |Think who, what? |

|Project (CWIP) |(1991) |Use C-SPACE to take notes (Characters, Setting, Problem or purpose, Action, Conclusion, and |

|(Using computers to write) | |Emotion). |

| | |Write and say more. |

|Reportive Essay |Wong, Wong, Darlington, & |Search long-term memory to retrieve events. |

| |Jones (1991) |Mentally relive the event fully through auditory and visual imageries. |

| | |Reactivate all of the associated emotions. |

|Reading |

|RARE (Reading for a purpose) |Gearhart, DeRuiter, & Sileo |Review the questions at the end of the reading selection. |

| |(1986) |Answer all questions you know already. |

| | |Read the selection. |

| | |Express answers to questions that you were unable to answer initially. |

|POSSE (Reading Comprehension) |Englert & Mariage (1990) |Predict which ideas are in the story. |

| | |Organize ideas in the story. |

| | |Search for text structure. |

| | |Summarize in your words. |

| | |Evaluate. |

|Question-Answer Relationship |Raphael, T.E. (1986) |1. Right there: Find answers in the story. (literal and detail) |

|(QAR) (Four types) | |2. Think and Search: Look for the answer in several places. |

| | |3. Author and You: Make inferences and conclusions. |

| | |4.  On Your Own: Answer must come from readers’ experience and knowledge. |

|Critical Thinking Map |Idol, L. (1987) |Include on a story map: |

| | |1. Important Events |

| | |2. Main Idea/Lesson |

| | |3. Other Viewpoints/Opinions |

| | |4. Reader’s Conclusions |

| | |5. Relevance to Today |

|Five-Step Reading Comprehension |Schunk & Rice (1987) |What do I have to do? |

|Strategy | |1.  Read the questions. |

| | |2.  Read the passage to find out what it is mostly about. |

| | |3.  Think about what the details have in common. |

| | |4.  Think about what would make a good title. |

| | |5.   Reread the story if I don’t know the answer to a question. |

| |

|Mathematics |

|Eight-Step Solving Strategy for |Montague & Bos (1986) |Read the problem aloud. |

|Verbal Math Problems | |Paraphrase the problem aloud. |

| | |Visualize. |

| | |State the problem. |

| | |Hypothesize. |

| | |Estimate. |

| | |Calculate. |

| | |Self-check. |

|Arithmetic Problem Solving |Fleischner, Nuzum, & Marzola |READ: What is the question? |

| |(1987) |REREAD: What is the necessary information? |

| | |THINK: Putting together? Add. |

| | |Taking apart? Subtract. |

| | |Do I need all the information? |

| | |Is it a two-step problem? |

| | |SOLVE: Write the equation. |

| | |CHECK: Recalculate. |

| | |Label. |

| | |Compare. |

|Division Facts |Lloyd, Saltzman & Kauffman |Point to divisor. |

| |(1981) |Count by the divisor until you get the number of dividend. |

| | |Make hash marks while counting by. |

| | |Count the number of hash marks. |

| | |Write down the number of hash marks. |

|Multiplication Facts |Lloyd, Saltzman & Kauffman |Point to the number you can count by. |

| |(1981) |Make hash marks for other numbers. |

| | |Count by the number and point once for each has mark. |

| | |Write down the last number said. |

|Solving Word Problems |Karrison & Carroll (1991) |Read the problem. |

| | |Underline or highlight key words, sentences, or questions. |

| | |Decide what sign to use. |

| | |Set up the problem. |

| | |Solve the problem. |

|Math Problem Solving |Montague (1992) |Read (for understanding). |

| | |Paraphrase (your own words). |

| | |Visualize (a picture or a diagram). |

| | |Hypothesize (a plan to solve the problem). |

| | |Estimate (predict the answer). |

| | |Compute (the arithmetic). |

| | |Check (to make sure everything is right). |

|Solving Simple Word Problems |Case, Harris, & Graham (1992) |Read the problem out loud. |

| | |Look for important words, and circle. |

| | |Draw pictures to help tell what’s happening. |

| | |Write down the math sentence. |

| | |Write down the answer. |

|Subtraction using the “4Bs” |Frank & Brown (1992) |Begin? In the 1st column. |

|mnemonic strategy | |Bigger? Which number is bigger? |

| | |Borrow? If bottom number is bigger I must borrow. |

| | |Basic facts? Remember them. Use Touch Math if needed. |

|Study Skills |

|PARS Study Strategy |Hoover (1989) |Preview. |

| | |Ask questions. |

| | |Review. |

| | |Summarize. |

|LINCS (A Starter Strategy for |Ellis (1992) |List the parts. |

|Vocabulary Learning) | |Imagine a picture. |

| | |Note a reminding word. |

| | |Construct a LINCing story. |

| | |Self-test. |

|Social Skills |

|LISTEN |Bauwens & Hourcade (1989) |Look. |

| | |Idle your motor. |

| | |Sit up straight. |

| | |Turn to me. |

| | |Engage your brain. |

| | |Now. |

|SCORER (A Test-Taking Strategy) |Hoover (1989) |Schedule time. |

| | |Look for Clue words. |

| | |Omit difficult questions. |

| | |Read carefully. |

| | |Estimate answers. |

| | |Review the work. |

|SLANT (A Starter Strategy for |Ellis (1991) |Sit up. |

|Class Participation) | |Lean forward. |

| | |Activate your thinking. |

| | |Name key information. |

| | |Track the talker. |

|SELF POWER (A Self-Management |Sander, Bott, Hughes, & Ruhl |Plan to change my behavior. |

|Strategy) |(1991) |Select and define my goal. |

| | |Establish my goal and measure. |

| | |List rewards and choose one. |

| | |Fix the forms. |

| | |Observe my behavior. |

| | |Write it down. |

| | |Evaluate my performance. |

| | |Reward myself. |

|I CAN (Personal Commitment |Swanson (1992) |Independence (work alone) |

|strategy) | |Completion (of work) |

| | |Accuracy (reach a mastery level) |

| | |Neatness (write neatly) |

|Dealing With Anger |McGinnis, Sauerbry, & Nichols |Stop and count to 10. |

| |(1985) |Think of your choices: |

| | |Tell the person why you are angry. |

| | |Walk away now. |

| | |Do a relaxation exercise. |

| | |Act out your best choice. |

|Acquisition Strand |

|DISSECT (A Word Identification |Lenz, Schumaker, Deshler, & |Discover the context. |

|Strategy) |Beals (1984) |Isolate the prefix. |

| | |Separate the suffix. |

| | |Say the stem. |

| | |Examine the stem. |

| | |Check with someone. |

| | |Try the dictionary. |

|Multipass Strategy |Schumaker, Deshler, Alley, |Survey Pass. Read titles, headings, chapter summaries, etc. |

| |Warner, & Denton (1982) |Size-up Pass. Read chapter questions and skim to locate the answer. |

| | |Sort-out Pass. Test by checking off questions that can be answered quickly and look in text for |

| | |other answers. |

|Paraphrasing Strategy |Schumaker, Denton, & Deshler |Read a paragraph. |

| |(1984) |Ask yourself, “What were the main idea and details in this paragraph?” |

| | |Put the main idea and details into your own words. |

|Storage Strand |

|FIRST-Letter Mnemonic Strategy |Nagel, Schumaker, & Deshler |Form a word. |

| |(1986) |Insert a letter or letters. |

| | |Rearrange the letters. |

| | |Shape a sentence. |

| | |Try combinations. |

|LISTS |  |Look for clues. |

| | |Investigate the items. |

| | |Select a mnemonic device, using FIRST. |

| | |Transfer the information to a card. |

| | |Self-test. |

|Expression and Demonstration of Competence Strand |

|PENS (A Sentence-Writing |Sheldon & Schumaker (1985) |Pick a formula. |

|Strategy) | |Explore words to fit the formula. |

| | |Note the words. |

| | |Search and check. |

|COPS (An Error-Monitoring |Schumaker, Nolan, & Deshler |Capitalization |

|Strategy) |(1985) |Overall appearance |

| | |Punctuation |

| | |Spelling |

|WRITER |Schumaker, Nolan, & Deshler |Write on every other line, using PENS. |

| |(1985) |Read your paper for meaning. |

| | |Interrogate yourself, using COPS questions. |

| | |Take the paper to someone for help. |

| | |Execute a final copy. |

| | |Reread your paper. |

|SCRIBE (A Paragraph-Writing |Schumaker, & Lyerla (1991) |Set up a diagram. |

|Strategy) | |Create a title. |

| | |Reveal the topic. |

| | |Iron out the details. |

| | |Bind it together with a clincher. |

| | |Edit your work. |

|Motivational Strategies |

|I PLAN (The Education Planning |Van Reusen, Bos, Schumaker, & |Inventory your strengths, weaknesses, goals and choices for learning. |

|Strategy) |Deshler (1987) |Provide your inventory information. |

| | |Listen and respond. |

| | |Ask questions. |

| | |Name your goals. |

|SHARE |Van Reusen, Bos, Schumaker, & |Sit up straight. |

| |Deshler (1987) |Have a pleasant tone of voice. |

| | |Activate your thinking. |

| | |Relax. |

| | |Engage in eye contact. |

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