Abstract



INTROSPECTION: Understanding the UnconsciousBehavior and Relationship PersonalitiesJanine PerezEnglish 202, Section 3Dr. Bunts-AndersonContents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc450169959" Abstract PAGEREF _Toc450169959 \h 3Introduction PAGEREF _Toc450169960 \h 4Background PAGEREF _Toc450169961 \h 4Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc450169962 \h 5Review: Psychology: Themes and Variations PAGEREF _Toc450169963 \h 6Different Perspectives of Personality PAGEREF _Toc450169964 \h 6Attraction PAGEREF _Toc450169965 \h 10Review: Cognitive Neuroscience PAGEREF _Toc450169966 \h 11Review: Our Unconscious Mind PAGEREF _Toc450169967 \h 12Review: Using Phenomenal Concepts to Explain Away the Intuition of Contingency PAGEREF _Toc450169968 \h 13Review: Unconscious Behavioral Guidance Systems PAGEREF _Toc450169969 \h 14Primary and Secondary Questions PAGEREF _Toc450169970 \h 17Methodology PAGEREF _Toc450169971 \h 17Findings, Analysis, and Critique PAGEREF _Toc450169972 \h 19Loyalty PAGEREF _Toc450169973 \h 19Discussion PAGEREF _Toc450169974 \h 20Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc450169975 \h 20References PAGEREF _Toc450169976 \h 22APPENDIX PAGEREF _Toc450169977 \h 23AbstractHow well does an individual control his or her conscious trail of thought? Perhaps the only thing that makes humans any less superior to other organisms is that, they too do not have full access to their cognition’s full potential. If this were not the case, would this deem every individual gifted with sharp perception or prophesy? The purpose of this research report therefore, is to venture on the inner workings of the human psyche, to determine whether there is a possible link between unconscious behavior and relationship personalities, and whether observation or “introspection” is enough to explain inclined behavior. For her experiment, the student researcher surveyed a population that consisted of 39 people, each divided evenly by gender, relationship status, and age. Given the results regarding her theory, there may be a possible implication that the unconscious behavior and relationship tendencies are linked by the concept known as “phenomenal” or representative concepts that will be further discussed in the Literature Review section of this research report.Introspection: Understanding Unconscious Behavior and Relationship PersonalitiesIntroductionIt is innate to the human nature to judge, especially develop a “stereotype” by the beliefs, morals, and social norm they are exposed and accustomed to. Humans create a standard; they create biases, and are often found to be picky when it comes to mingling with others. They create labels, fabricating reasoning’s behind another person’s actions in order to serve their own self-serving biases. They create a stereotype that all Asian’s are good at math, and that all high school student’s wearing black outfits are punks and suicidal maniacs, but this is not the case for everyone, in fact, these are all just mere prejudice judgements sometimes accepted socially as “stereotypes” without sound and logical arguments to support their claims. Throughout this research report, the student researcher will guide the reader into a deeper introspection of the human unconscious, present enlightening information about the human personality and laws of attraction. The student researcher will also provide examples of evidence linking to the relationship between the unconscious behavior and relationship personalities with others and finally, explain the importance of introspection of an individual’s self as well as others to promote better understanding, sympathy, and empathy rather than prejudice judgement.BackgroundAs the student researcher was walking one day, she lapsed into her usual self-introspection and random thinking. Her mind began to wonder, and the student researcher was suddenly thinking about phones. Why would people change their phone models as soon as Apple release a newer version every year when it only has a few differences from the previous models? Was it because they wanted to follow the norm, or is there another underlying reason behind why they do what they do? The student researcher also started thinking about her former crushes, one that went on for 5 years and the other, for roughly 2 years. She also wondered why she was thinking of the two when they did not even seem like they had any probable link to one another, and then it all seemed to make sense: commitment. As the student researcher went through a deeper reflection of her personality, she realized, just as she would stick to her 2-year-old phone, the student researcher would also tend to like a person for quite some time. Similarly, as fast as she would fall in love with a song she hears in the radio, she would easily find another person(s) she would cross paths with attractive. This deeper thinking allowed her to question why humans act a certain way. She wondered why people chose a certain brand of phone, or favored a certain sports team over the other. She was also interested in whether these habits had a link with a person’s relationship to others. The student researcher believes introspection is important because she is in the Rehabilitation and Human Services major, and this allows her to use her passion in her research, as well as develop skills on how to understand not only herself but also others as well. Introspection is very important to everyone because before one could offer to help others, one must look deep inside of oneself. In this manner, once we know what affects us, and we are able to put ourselves in another person’s shoes, we are able to understand the actions of others without passing them judgement.Literature ReviewStudying the complexity of the human conscious would take many years to fully understand, and even then, psychologists have yet to discover the depth of human superiority compared to other organisms. For instance, what factors influence personality, sociability, and laws of attraction is still uncertain. By observing an individual’s unconscious behavior and preferences, is it enough to foretell their future behavior to similar situations? With a process called introspection, the student researcher will, introduce the various perspectives that will help the reader understand how the human psyche works and whether there is a link between unconscious behavior and affiliated situational personality traits.Review: Psychology: Themes and VariationsAccording to Wayne Weiten, (2014), in the revised edition of his book, Psychology: Themes and Variations, personality is the unique set of behavioral traits that are consistent to each individual (p 362). Each person has traits similar to others, but overall, each person has their own perks to distinguish their independence from the ever-growing population of human race. Although quite informative, Wayne successfully includes various perspectives of personality to rule out bias and maintain an objective point of view. This section will therefore review these concepts explained his book.Different Perspectives of PersonalityPsychoanalyticWeiten introduces the father of the psychoanalytic theory, Sigmund Freud, who gives the reader a psychodynamic perspective in the structure of personality. He believes that the conscious is governed by three basic components: the primitive or instinctive component, the decision-making, and the morale component that incorporates social standards in any given situation. This means that, personality is governed by an individual’s biological needs and urges based on the pleasure and survival principle as well as the awareness of what is socially right and wrong. Freud also argues that by focusing on childhood experiences, unconscious motives, conflicts, and other methods of coping, a person may better understand personality, motivation and other psychological disorders. Weiten also introduces Freud’s theory of the three levels of conscious awareness, whereas the unconscious being “below the surface of awareness” may also explain why the unconscious influence behavior because it contains thoughts, memories and other desires that we are not aware of or easily repressed or forgotten (pp. 364-365).In contrast to Freud’s views, another psychoanalyst, Weiten introduces is, Carl Jung, who shared the same views in terms of the unconscious playing a big role in personality; however, Jung did not believe that memories are repressed or forgotten. His new approach believed that latent memory is stored in the collective unconscious, which is present in the entire human race, just as the need to survive is biological or innate to any living organism.BehavioristicAside from Freud and Jung’s psychodynamic perspective, Weiten then introduces the behaviorist’s share of how personality is shaped. Like psychoanalysts, behaviorists study personality and behavior based on observational behavior alone. B.F. Skinner, for example, believed that behavior is shaped by an organism’s external environment as seen in his operant chamber box experiment where a lab rat finds its way out of a maze by going through a trial and error process that molds experience. His theory is quite similar to psychoanalysts Freud, that by the pleasure principle, biological needs govern how an organism reacts to its environment. Weiten further explains that Skinner’s view of personality is that personality is a collection of “response tendencies” that are tied to various stimulus situations (pp. 372-373).Psychologist Albert Bandura also agrees with the behaviorist’s perspective, however, he believed that personality is shaped by learning. Like Skinner, he believed that behavior is influenced by the external environment and stimuli; however, consciousness is still playing a vital role in the personality and behavior center. For every favorable outcome in a trial and error basis, an organism will continue to follow this pattern because they associate rewards with the desired outcome. (p. 373) HumanisticHumanistic perspectives believe that humans are superior than other organisms because they have the freedom to think, grow, and express themselves which set them off as not only unique from other organisms, but also to themselves as well. Each individual is similar to some extent, but how they respond to similar situations vary from person to person. Personality is shaped by the completion of oneself. This is attained when all needs are met which includes: survival, security, sense of belonging, achievement, understanding, and the discovery of one’s true self (pp. 376-377).BiologicalPsychologist, Hans Eysenck, provides a biological perspective of personality as well. He believed that personality is inherited and some behavior traits are genetic. Eysenck believed that personality is structured by a “hierarchy of traits”, where other “superficial traits are derived from smaller number of more basic traits which are derived from a handful of fundamental higher order traits” (p. 379) which means that like Jung’s theory, some personality traits are founded by a collection of other traits. Interestingly, in a twin study, researchers found that twins who are separated from birth share the same personality to some extent, but not as much as when they are raised in the same shared familiar environment, which increases the influence of similar personality (p. 381).EvolutionaryEvolutionary perspectives believe that some personality traits are determined by biological basis of needs. In Charles Darwin’s survival theory, only the fittest will survive, thus, it is innate for people to judge others according to how they perceive them in their likelihood to survive in the long run. For instance, confidence and strength may imply a person who is likely to survive longer as opposed to others. One who shows sympathy to others may be associated to someone who would not stab an acquaintance in the back in the fight for survival (p. 381).An evolutionary perspective on how people perceive others is also determined by attractiveness and likeability (p.400). Sociability also plays a vital role in human adaptation to others. People are more likely to associate with others with whom they identify with. This is because; it is innate for organism to unconsciously think of security by distinguishing a friend from a foe. Likewise, according to Fritz Heider, humans tend to attribute their observations to explain why other individuals behave a certain way. This can range from attaching their own personal experience as well as other external and internal factors they believe may have cause a certain behavior or personality trait. However, this is not often the case; in fact, this is called fundamental attribution error. Fundamental attribution error refers to an observer’s bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others behaviors, this does not mean than internal behavior is always wrong or always right, it means that you cannot generalize all actions. Observers may have the tendency to overestimate the behavior and personal qualities rather than situational factors; they may be right but not always especially because not everyone reacts the same way as others (pp. 401-402).AttractionIn terms of attraction one of the key factors the influence attraction is physical attractiveness (p. 404). In evolutionary perspectives, physical attractiveness may be associated to greater survival, given that some cultures believe that physical attractiveness is associated with a good gene that can be passed to future offspring’s. Biological factors such as those who have bigger breasts and other bodily symmetries may hint reproductive success, thus heightening attraction amongst the opposite sex.SimilaritySimilarity also plays a vital role in attraction. People tend to associate with those similar to them be it social class, race, age, religion, intelligence, education, attitude, and views because people tend to align their attitude with those they associate with. Aside from similarity, there is another phenomena known as the reciprocity effect, where as a person tend to like a person more if they share the same mutual affection, or if they are told that they are liked is found to have similar effects in attraction. This is to say that like yields like and hate yields hate (p. 405).Cultural PerspectivesCultural views show a variation on their ideals and perception of attraction and love as well. For some cultures, attraction is conceived by mutual love, while others believe in a kind of love that is learned. This is especially shown in contrast between western cultures and Asian cultures following fixed marriage. For example, Ana and Richard, both born in California, found out that their parents arranged a fixed marriage. Although this may be beneficial to both parties because it results to a marriage between their parent’s companies, they are not happy to hear the good news because it seems “forced”. This is because western cultures believe in a matrimony with someone that they love. This is not to say that Ana and Richard will not fall in love eventually, because other cultures accept this tradition willingly. Xue Li and Kim Ah for example come from a prestigious family in North Korea. Both parties accept a matrimonial bondage not only because of the benefits upon the merging of their familiar companies, but also because their parents are more concerned of genes and prestige as well, thus fishing out specific candidates for their children with the belief that love comes after marriage. Attitude and Social JudgementBesides the different perspectives mentioned above, social judgment as well as attitude may also determine personality and behavioral traits. Attitude is governed by three components: the Cognitive component or the attitude made up of beliefs of an object of attitude. The Affective component consist of emotional feelings stimulated by an object of thought, and the Behavioral component consist of predisposition to act in certain ways towards an attitude of object (p. 409). Attitudes, according to Wallace Ajzen, are “mediocre predictors of people’s behavior”. When he and his colleagues studied attitude and behavior, they found that the average correlation between attitudes and behaviors was 41 percent which indicated that the correlation was high enough to conclude that attitudes truly predicts actual behavior; however, that doesn’t mean it will always predict that behavior, only to some extent (Weiten, 2014, p. 409). Review: Cognitive NeuroscienceGazzaniga provides many illustrations as to how the human mind works, this is especially evident in his book Cognitive Neuroscience: the biology of the mind, which gives a cognitive perspective on behavior, personality, social and situational perception. Perception, as Gazzaniga emphasizes, depends on internal representations, for example, if a person sees a ball or a dish, this individual will perceive it as something that is circular in shape. Aside from internal representations, these representations undergo transformations just as learning is shaped. This means that in order for learning to persist or “stick” in memory, it must be reproduced or put to use, for example utilizing sensory or associating the object with an action. Uniquely in learning, in an experiment made by Posner, physical or visual representations are more likely easier to categorize compared to phonetic cues. Association and representation vary from different levels, but overall prove that the human cognition is capable of producing multiple representations. Likewise, in a study done by Sternberg, parallel linear functions proved that similar mental actions show increased reaction times because of the familiarity with similar situations or tasks. This may also explain why people would unconsciously react the same way in situations with similar concepts because the concept is already premade by previously created concepts (p. 97-101). This is especially true with connectionists who create models and rely on concepts that are inter connected but have the ability to change patterns. Review: Our Unconscious MindJohn Bargh’s, Our unconscious mind, methodically describes the unconscious, providing various sections to organize his work as well as providing a response to any critic regarding his findings. According to Bargh, how we unconsciously view people is a “reflective reaction”, this is to say that it is innate for humans to judge others and put labels or stereotypes based on biased perceived judgement, just as Weiten explains in the previous section concerning fundamental attribution error. Bargh also adds that environmental factors such as subliminal messages given by advertisement and propaganda to influence perception (Boone, 2012). Bargh further adds humans have an innate need to mimic others as well as follow responses that leads to unconscious rewards (ex. The hype of smoking weed or eating chocolate) thus acting and behaving the same way in the same situation. Certain knowledge or priming cues as Bargh suggests a trigger to certain actions, which makes sense for survival in times of danger. Bargh ends with a message to the critics to conclude that although past research regarding social psychology may not be reliable, he adds the notion for consideration that people and the mindset of everyone changes, therefore, not all previous studies may be false. As the race of humans evolve, the minds perception and how they behave in other social events changes, therefore although studies that were once accurate can be replicated, the results may also change or prove the previous valid research invalid.Review: Using Phenomenal Concepts to Explain Away the Intuition of ContingencyNicholas Shea’s, Using phenomenal concepts to explain away the intuition of contingency thoughtfully inserts insight as to how contingent intuition is controlled based on a phenomena known as “phenomenal concepts”. In his work, he provides a well outlined essay to explain the phenomena followed by evidence to debunk opposing claims regarding “intuition of contingency” that is said to cannot be “explained away”. The highlights of his paper features similar concepts in Gazzaniga’s work (see Gazzaniga above) regarding the unconscious’s preinstalled knowledge of “concepts” and how it operates in decision making and unconscious behavior. Shea also provides empirical data in his research as well as citing them properly both in text and in his reference page. Shea makes a striking impression to his audience by emphasizing his claim that “The intuition runs deeper: that no putative scientific characterization could do the job” (Shea, 544). Which means observation is not enough to not only claim the reason behind behavior, but also the human psyche is very much superior to outsmart or truly explain its inner workings because it is ever changing.Review: Unconscious Behavioral Guidance SystemsBargh and Morsella’s collaborative work provides more introspective feedback on the unconscious behavior. With the background previously presented by Bargh’s research, this collaborative work provides more insight as to how behavior is controlled by the unconscious. Bargh and Morsella also includes a figure following the steps of the unconscious guidance system which is said to be automatic and greatly influences various aspects of behavior. To conclude the credibility of this source, this source has been updated frequently as new empirical research is done. This is evidently shown in the Authors note as well as in text citations that features the researcher, Bargh, has done with respective collaborators in other studies. Below is Bargh and Morsella’s figure as stated above regarding the steps the unconscious guidance system:Review: The Flexible Nature of Unconscious CognitionThis study designed by Wokke and respective collaborators in The Flexible Nature of the Unconscious is to illustrate the flexibility of the human conscious. This is evidently shown in their research where the unconscious is said to be adaptive in a process of trial and error basis. Researchers provided a detailed explanation of the experiment that can be used to prove its possible validity in their research as well as its possibility to be replicated. Below is a snapshot of the experimental design and behavioral results taken from the study: There are many perspectives on how personality, behavior, social attitudes, and perception are influenced. Psychoanalysts argue that personality and behavior is shaped by unconscious forces such as hidden and maybe long forgotten memories, desires, and motives, thus, personality and behavior should be studied by looking into the psychoanalytical perspective of the conscious. Behaviorists, contend that behavior and personality should be studied not from the inside but the outside, as such in order to understand personality and perceived behavior, observations must be made by how an organism behave in an external environment. Humanistic perspectives point out that humans are superior organisms by possessing the ability of free will and individualism. Cognitive psychologists assert that aside from the external environment shaping personality, learning plays a vital role into shaping behavior and personality. Biological and evolutionary perspectives strongly agree that genetics and evolution shape personality and behavior by having the programmed or innate need to survive and adapt. Behavior and personality, cognitive psychologists insist, is shaped by learning and perception, each connected by a common representation that is transforming and expanding over time. It seems that there is enough evidence to conclude that organisms tend to associate similar situational concepts and react the same way, however this does not mean that they will continue to react the same way every time. What Wokke and many of the psychologists previously mentioned clarifies, is the uniqueness of humans. They believe that everyone has a free will and the ability to make decisions, therefore they can choose to follow what they think is right without others passing wrongful judgment to explain their behavior because not all observation is as accurate, only to some extent. Each source provided above brought many enlightening insight regarding the human psyche, leading her closer to finding a true link between unconscious behavior and relationship personality by the principle that the unconscious respond in a similar way through “cognitive” or “phenomenal” concepts. In light of the student researcher’s study of the unconscious behavior and relationship personalities, she designed a survey by which she administered online. This survey consisted of questions that were similar in “concept” such as a person’s loyalty to a favorite band or fandom and their belief of their loyalty to loved ones. She also analyzed the results of her survey to examine Wokke and Bargh’s theory that because the human mind is ever changing, previous research may not always be invalid as new research is proposed. In terms of individuality, as proposed by humanists, she especially payed careful attention to the unique responses of her examinee’s personality.Primary and Secondary QuestionsPrimary: Is there a link between unconscious behavior and relationship personalities?Secondary: Is mere observation sufficient to explain the reason behind a person’s behavior?MethodologyHow often a person change phones may just determine how loyal a person will be to a future spouse. Intrigued by the possible relationship, the student researcher decided to conduct a research on the human psyche to determine whether there is correlation between a person’s unconscious preferences as opposed to their projected behavior in similar every day scenarios. As such, her research will lead not only the student researcher and reader to a better understanding of the human conscience, but also introduce the importance of introspection. This process essay will therefore, discuss steps she will undertake prior to conducting her research through the distribution of surveys.Upon the preparation of her research, the student researcher decided to begin her research by conducting a survey. She first formulated a series of questions and created a questionnaire on an online platform called “google forms”. The questions she had included are as listed: the surveyor’s age, gender, relationship status and a series of introspective questions that are interrelated (e.g. the question “Are you loyal to your special someone” corresponds to the question “Are you loyal to your favorite band”). The structure of her survey includes a few open-ended questions and variety of multiple-choice questions varying from yes or no answers and rating scales (see Figure 1.1 and 1.2 in the appendix section). To accommodate future surveyors, she also included options such as I do not know, prefer not to answer, and not in a relationship for questions inapplicable to the survey taker. She also established her purpose in her survey to clarify her intent and her hopes upon the succession of her research (see figure 2.1 and 2.2). She then had her friends test her survey before posting it up in her English Composition class’s shared pilot survey. The student researcher then waited for a week or two to gather feedback from her peers, revised a few questions that needed clarity (questions such as the years married for the surveyor with the response “Yes, I am married”) as well as included more questions for optimum results. The student researcher then uploaded the final revision of her survey link on her class’s shared document for more feedback and convenience of her first test subjects. The next step the student researcher will undertake is the distribution of her survey. She will administer her survey online, sending the link on her class’s shared document even utilizing the social media by randomly sending the survey link to her Facebook friends as well as her twitter followers. Because of the uneven population the genders as well as the age ranges, she decided to pull out 10 random responses from both genders while keeping in mind the variety in the age gaps. Prior to selecting random responses on both genders, she will evenly divide the responses to those who responded being “in a relationship” as well as those who are “not in a relationship” respectively. To prove the validity of the student researcher’s findings, the steps mentioned above may be followed to reproduce the same results.Findings, Analysis, and CritiqueLoyaltyAlthough 97 percent of the participants who responded “yes” to the question: “Do you consider yourself loyal to your special someone”, only 62 percent of the same participants responded they were loyal to their favorite band or fandom (see Figure 3.1 and 3.2 in appendix). Sixty percent is large enough to conclude a strong correlation between relationship personalities and displayed behavior however, this does not mean everyone will act the same way in the same mitmentLikewise, when asked to rate the frequency of how often the participants changed their phones and how often they changed crushes, 92 percent those who responded “Never” or “Rarely” when asked how often they changed their phones, only 64 percent responded the same responses when asked how often they changed their crushes. However, while only 3 percent of the same population responded they sometimes change their phones, 26 percent responded “sometimes” when asked how often they change crushes (see Figure 4.1 and 4.2).Personality and BehaviorUniquely, when asked from the beginning of the survey to answer honestly, 30 percent of those who responded they were a sloppy eater, only 20 percent honestly responded they were also sloppy kissers. Although a survey may not guarantee accurate results these responses indicate the presence of honest participants at heart (see 5.1 and 5.2). Credibility and CritiqueTo challenge the validity of the student researchers report, this experiment may be replicated to strengthen or disregard the student researcher’s findings. The student researcher admits there may be an inaccuracy in her findings as some of the responses in her survey were left blank (see Figure 3.1 to 5.2) where as some responses were short of the original population consisting of 39 participants.DiscussionThe student researcher will continue to build onto this research as she explores deeper in the human psyche and into the field of psychology. She will continue to apply “introspection” in her daily life as well as in her future career as a counselor and encourages everyone to make self-reflective thinking part of their lifestyles to promote not only healthy relationships, but also complete understanding of the self as a whole. This research report as well as many of the sources and material she used in this study will also be available in her class’s online website as well as compiled in a condensed E-Portfolio presentation format.ConclusionAssociation and representation, Posner writes, vary from different levels, but overall prove that the human cognition is capable of producing multiple representations. In this study the student researcher ventured through the inner workings of the human conscious, gathering multiple perspectives as to how behavior and personality is shaped, conducted a survey to examine the personality and unconscious behavior to test the validity of her literature. Behavior, as many of the previously mentioned psychologists report, is displayed according to similar situational perceptions. Although Bargh agrees to this contention as well, he adds that because the human conscious is constantly evolving, previous claims should not be ruled as invalid. Although the presentation of her findings revealed striking results to strengthen her theory, like Bargh, she also reminds those who stumble upon her research that because the human psyche is ever changing, this also hints that everyone may not always behave the same way in similar situations. However as Bargh concludes in his study, she closes her research with this: As many new research prove the previous claims invalid, this is not to say they are inaccurate, in contrast, they are strong evidence that the unconscious is constantly changing. In addition, observation is not enough to capture the inner workings of the human psyche; therefore, observation may not always be accurate to explain the perceived behavior of others. ReferencesBargh, J. A. (2014). Our Unconscious Mind. Scientific American, 310(1), 30-37.Bargh, J. A., & Morsella, E. (2009). Unconscious Behavioral Guidance Systems. Then A Miracle Occurs, 89-118. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377798.003.0006Boone, L. M. (2012). Subliminal: How Your Unconscious Mind Rules Your Behavior. Library Journal, 137(9), 91.Gazzaniga, M. S., Ivry, R. B., & Mangun, G. R. (2002). Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind. New York: W.W. Norton. Shea, N. (2014). Philosophical Psychology. Using phenomenal concepts to explain away the intuition of contingency.Vol. 27, No. 4, 553–570, , W. (2014). Psychology: Themes and Variations, 9th Ed. Belmount, CA: Wadsworth Cengage LearningWokke, M. E., Gaal, S. V., Scholte, H. S., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & Lamme, V. A. (2011). The Flexible Nature of Unconscious Cognition. PLoS ONE, 6(9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025729APPENDIXFigure 1.12514603441700Figure 1.2 Figure 2.1Figure 2.1Figure 3.1Figure 3.2Figure 4.1Figure 4.2Figure 5.1Figure 5.2 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download