10 - Weebly



WORLD HISTORY

CONTENT STANDARDS

1st SEMESTER - STUDY GUIDE

10.1.1

• The Greeks and the Romans believed that laws should be based on principals of reason and justice and should protect citizens and property. This idea applied to all people regardless of nationality. Jewish and Christian laws were based on the 10 Commandments and the teachings of Christ and were focused on moral values for the people to follow.

• The Greeks and Romans believed the individual had dignity because of his or her ability to reason. The Jews and Christians believed each person had dignity simply by being a child of God. These beliefs led to a new emphasis on the worth of the individual, which is the most important idea in western political thought.

• The Greeks and Romans believed that the individual had a duty to the greater good and the democratic ideal. While the Jews and Christians felt that the individual had a responsibility to follow God and live a moral life by loving all people and treating them equally.

10.1.2

• In Plato’s book the Republic he states that government should not be ran by the richest or most powerful people but the wisest people.

• In Aristotle’s book Politics he argues that man should be in a state and part of government.

• Both the Greeks and Romans believed that a good leader would be a virtuous man and should have the best interest of the state in mind.

10.1.3

• The United States Constitution was written using ideas from the Greeks, Romans, and the Enlightenment. It’s a document that outlined how the American Government would operate and set forth the rights of each American citizen. Americans distrusted a powerful central government controlled by one person or group. They therefore established three separate branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. This provided a built-in system of checks and balances, with each branch checking the actions of the other two. The U.S. Constitution has influenced the creation of new governments in other nations such as France and Japan.

10.2.1

• The English Civil War started in 1642 when King Charles I dispersed parliament after they attempted to limit his power. The fighting was between the Cavaliers, who were loyal to the king (AKA Royalists); and the Puritans (AKA Roundheads) who were loyal to parliament. The Puritans, who were led by Oliver Cromwell, won the Civil War. Charles I was executed and then Cromwell ruled as a dictator. When Cromwell died his son took over as dictator. By this point the people were very unhappy and wanted to have a king with limited powers and a parliament, which is known as a Constitutional Monarchy. Eventually Parliament invited William and Mary to become the new King and Queen of England and to rule jointly with Parliament. In 1688 William and Mary led a non-violent revolution called the Glorious Revolution, making them the rulers of England.

• American Revolution - See below at 10.2.3

• French Revolution - See below at 10.2.4

1. John Locke: Believed that everyone was born equal and had three natural rights. (Life, liberty and property) He also believed that the purpose of government was to protect those natural rights.

2. Baron de Montesquieu: Believed in the “separation of powers” to keep any one person from becoming too powerful.

3. Jean Jacques Rousseau: Believed that everyone was born free and entered a social contract with government where people agreed to give up some of their freedom for the common good of society.

4. James Madison: Developed the concept of a federal government that oversees the entire nation while still giving each state specific rights.

5. Simon Bolivar: Was a revolutionary leader in Latin America. He led revolts in Jamaica, Venezuela, and Colombia that helped five nations gain independence. He believed in the enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu.

6. Thomas Jefferson: Leader of the American Revolution and the author of the Declaration of Independence. He believed in the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers, especially John Locke.

10.2.2

• Magna Carta: An English document that was the first document to limit the power of a king.

• English Bill of Rights: Parliament created this in 1689 as a limit to the power of kings. It gave Parliament the right to check the king’s power; it also provided protection of rights for citizens.

• American Declaration of Independence: It stated that all men are created equal with certain rights that cannot be taken away. It also stated that a government receives its power to rule from the consent of the people.

• The French Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizens: Was written in 1789 by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It stated that men are born and remain free and equal in rights and it is the duty of a government to protect these rights. These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression. It also guaranteed the freedom of speech and religion.

• The American Bill of Rights: A portion of the American constitution that outlines the specific rights of the American people. Rights such as, freedom of speech, press, assembly, expression and religion.

10.2.3

• In the 1700’s America was growing unhappy being a colony of Great Britain. Using enlightenment ideas, Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. It said that all people had certain “inalienable rights” that could not be taken away by any king. With that America declared its independence in 1776 and the United States was born. As a result, America fought a long war with England, known as the American Revolution (1775-1783). The Americans would eventually win.

10.2.4

• During the 1780’s, French Society was divided into three groups know as Estates. The First Estate was made up of clergy from the Catholic Church; the Second Estate included rich nobles and government officials, and the Third Estate made up the rest of society, including all of the poor. The first and second estates had more power than the third estate even though the third estate vastly outnumbered them. France also had many economic problems at this time and a weak ruler in King Louis XVI. Encouraged by the American Revolution, the third estate began a violent revolution that overthrew King Louis XVI. This revolution, known as the French Revolution, was not as successful as the American Revolution and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte becoming the emperor of France.

10.2.5

• Napoleon Bonaparte came to power following the French Revolution and conquered most Europe. Ironically, Napoleon’s power and military threats actually made the conquered peoples more aware of their loyalty to their own nations. Napoleon’s empire only lasted 5 years before it crumbled.

• After the defeat of Napoleon, European leaders needed to restore order. They called for a series of meetings in 1815, known as the Congress of Vienna. Klemens von Metternich, an Austrian, led the Congress.

• The Congress of Vienna had three goals:

1. Prevent future French Aggression by surrounding France with strong nations.

2. Restore a balance of power so that no country would be a threat to others.

3. To restore European royal families to the thrones that they had held before Napoleon’s conquest.

• The Congress helped to create a lasting peace, however it did not help the advancement of democracy in Europe.

• After the French Revolution, the threat of democratic revolutions scared European leaders. Therefore, they created a series of alliances called the Concert of Europe to assure that European nations would help one another if a revolution broke out.

• The peace in Europe lasted until 1848 when ethnic uprisings erupted throughout the continent. There were revolutions in the cities of Budapest, Prague and Vienna.

10.3.1

• The Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th century (1700’s). England began the Industrial Revolution for the following reasons:

1. They had a large population of workers

2. They had extensive of natural resources to industrialize. (Industrialization is the process of developing machine production of goods) These natural resources included water power and coal to fuel the new machines, iron ore to construct machines, tools, buildings, rivers for inland transportation, and harbors from which its merchant ships to transport product.

• The Industrial Revolution was fueled by the inventions of:

1. Eli Whitney: Invented the Cotton Gin. The Cotton Gin cleaned cotton much faster than before, and allowed the production of cotton clothing to skyrocket.

2. James Watt: Invented the Steam Engine. The engine allowed manufactures to produce products at a much higher rate, and transport products faster and more efficiently.

3. Henry Bessemer: Created the Bessemer process, which created stronger steel at a much faster rate. Bessemer steel was used to build ships and machinery.

4. Louis Pasteur: Made an important break through with the discovery of bacteria. He learned that heat killed bacteria, which led to the process of pasteurization. This allowed for food to be stored for longer periods of time.

5. Thomas Edison: American inventor of the light bulb and the phonograph (record player).

10.3.3

• The development of crop rotation and new technologies in farming allowed for populations to grow due to increased food production and quality.

• Because of the new technologies in farming, farmers were able to move to the cities to fill the void of workers that were needed for the new factories. As a result, the population of cities grew enormously. This process was called urbanization.

10.3.4

• Moving from the farm to the cities to work in factories changed working conditions tremendously. The average worker spent 14 hours a day and 6 days a week on the job. Working in factories was often very boring because the work was the same year after year. It was also very dangerous working around all of the machinery in factories. The worst working conditions were found in mines, especially coalmines. Frequent accidents, damp conditions, and the constant breathing of coal dust made the average miner’s life span ten years shorter than that of other workers.

• The Atlantic Slave Trade, which brought millions of slaves (mostly African) to Europe and the Americas, was beginning to die. Now that people were rapidly moving from farms to cities, there was no longer a need for slave labor, as most slaves worked on large farms known as plantations.

• The Industrial Revolution brought about a new class system. In the past only aristocrats and landowners were considered part of the Upper Class, the rest of society was considered part of the poor working class. Now, new wealthy merchants and factory owners joined the Upper Class. Also, a new Middle Class emerged with people such as doctors, lawyers, managers, factory overseers, skilled workers and printers. This new Middle Class enjoyed a comfortable standard of living. But most of the workers remained poor and made up the Lower Class.

• Unhappy workers who faced long hours, low pay, and dangerous working conditions became more politically active. These workers joined together in voluntary associations called unions. Unions spoke for all workers and engaged in collective bargaining-negotiations between workers and their employers. If employers refused workers’ demands, the workers would strike, or refuse to work.

10.3.5

• Entrepreneur: A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

• A cycle of business became very common during the Industrial Revolution. First, a businessman would have a natural resource, such as cotton. Secondly, the businessman would have to come up with an idea of what to do with the natural resource. For example, turning the cotton into textiles (clothes). Third the businessman would find an entrepreneur to finance the business, such as investing their capital, or money, in building a textile factory. Then, the businessman would hire laborers, or workers, to run the machines in the factories that would transform the cotton into textiles. Finally, the textiles would be sold, resulting in a profit for the businessman and the entrepreneur. This cycle of business became known as capitalism (see below).

10.3.6

• Capitalism: An economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit.

• Capitalism grew very popular during the Industrial Revolution, especially with the support of people like Adam Smith. He was a Scottish economist who argued that the government should not interfere with the economy, and when they did, they only hurt economic growth. This belief of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference is known as laissez-faire (it is a French term meaning “let the people do as they please”)

• One of the problems with capitalism is that it opened a wide gap between the rich and the poor. So many reformers began to plead to their governments to help improve the lives and living conditions of the poor. These reformers came up with several popular ideas.

1. Utopianism: A utopia is a perfect society. A factory owner named Robert Owen attempted to create a utopian society by creating the New Harmony community. Owen built houses for the factory workers and rented them at a cheap rate. He also prohibited anyone under the age of 10 from working in factories, and he provided free schooling.

2. Social Democracy: This was a political belief that incorporated some socialism (see below), but included certain values as private ownership and representative governments.

3. Socialism: In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all of society. Socialists argued that the government should actively plan the economy rather than depending on the capitalists. They believed that if the government controlled key industries, such as factories, railroads, and mines, they could eliminate all poverty in society.

4. Communism: This is a complete form of socialism in which the means of production-all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses-would be owned by the people. Private property would cease to exist. All goods and services would be shared equally. Communism was the last step in a process known as Marxism. A German journalist named Karl Marx created Marxism.

10.3.7

• Romanticism was a movement in art and literature. It showed deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual. Romantic thinkers and artists emphasized all of the following:

1. Inner feelings, emotions, and imagination

2. Focused on the mysterious and the supernatural

3. Idealized the past as a simpler and nobler time

4. Glorified heroes

5. Loved traditions, music, and stories

6. Valued the common people and the individual

7. Promoted radical change and democracy

• British poet William Blake was a romantic poet who believed that he could “see a world in a grain of sand and heaven in a wild flower.”

• British poet William Wordsworth honored nature as the source of truth and beauty.

• Charles Dickens was an English novelist who would show the gloom and despair of the working poor.

10.4.1

• Imperialism is the takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation. Imperialism is also known as colonialism.

• Motives for Imperialism:

1. Nationalism: Imperialism, or the race for colonies, grew out of a sense of strong national pride. European countries set out to prove that they were superior to other European countries. One way to do this was to establish colonies throughout the world.

2. Economic Competition: The Industrial Revolution made European nations very greedy. They wanted more resources to fuel their industrial production. They competed for new markets to sell their goods. They looked to Africa and Asia as places to find more raw materials and to sell their products.

3. European Racism: The idea that one race is superior to others. The Europeans believed that they were better than other peoples because of their technological advantages. This attitude was reflected in a social theory of the time known as Social Darwinism. In this belief “ survival of the fittest” was applied to social change. Those who were the fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior to others. According to the theory, non-Europeans were considered to be on a lower scale of cultural and physical development.

4. Missionary Impulse: Christian missionaries wanted to Christianize the peoples of Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands. Many missionaries believed that European rule was the best way to end evil practices such as the slave trade. They also wanted to “civilize,” that is, to “westernize” the peoples of the foreign land.

10.4.2

• Colonial Map of Africa: Attached at the end of the packet

• Colonial Map of Asia: Attached at the end of the packet

10.4.3

• Positive aspects of Imperialism:

1. It reduced local warfare between rival tribes.

2. Humanitarian efforts brought improved sanitation, hospitals and schools. As a result, life spans increased and literacy rates improved.

3. Economic expansion. African products came to be valued on the international market.

4. The building of railroads, dams, and telephone and telegraph lines.

• Negative aspects of Imperialism:

1. Africans lost control of their land and independence.

2. Many died of new diseases brought from Europe, such as small pox.

3. Thousands died from resisting European rule.

4. Famines resulted from the change to cash crops in place of subsistence agriculture.

10.4.4

• Resistance movements to European imperialism:

1. Algerians resisted the French for almost 50 years, but were eventually unsuccessful.

2. East Africans resisted Germans by attempting to cover their bodies with what they believed was magic water, known as “maji, maji.” The uprising became known as the Maji Maji Rebellion. The Germans mowed down 26,000 East Africans.

3. Ethiopia was the only African nation who successfully resisted the Europeans. Menelik II, the ruler of Ethiopia, led the Ethiopian resistance. He was able to play different European nations against each other, while at the same time building up his military. He was eventually able to defeat the Italians to keep Ethiopia independent.

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