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General Pathology - Sample MCQsIs it true that: Disease is a significant disturbance of the homeostasis due to changes in the environment or disturbance in the rebound responce of the individual.yes noIs it true that: Health is a state of imbalance of the organism with the external environment which doesn’t allow it to realize its biological potentialyes noIs it correct that etiology studies the causes of the diseases?yes noIs it correct that pathogenesis studies the mechanisms of healing from a disease?yes noIs it true that morphogenesis studies the consequences of structural changes in the course of a disease?yes no Is it true that sanogenesis studies the mechanisms of development of a disease?yes noIs it true that tanatogenesis studies the changes which occur in the process of death?yes noIs it true that pathomorphosis studies the microscopic and gross changes in the course of a disease?yes noIs it true that cytology is a slow and very informative method?yes noIs it true that biopsy is a slower method but gives maximum information and allows more tests to be done like genetics?yes noIs it true that Van Gieson stain proves collagen fibres that stain in red.yes noIs it true that PAS reaction is used to prove glycogen which stains in yellow?yes noIs it true that Sudan III is used to prove lipids and they stain in orange?yes noIs it true that Sudan IV is used to prove lipids and they stain in red?yes noIs it true that Perls reaction is used to prove hemosiderin which stains in (Prussian) blue?yes noIs it true that Toluidine Bleu stain used to prove glucosaminoglycans and the tissue demonstrates metachromasia in pink-violet color?yesnoIs it true that Congo red is used to prove hyaline which stains in “brick red” and shines like “a green apple” on a polarized light?yes noDo intracellular accumulations depend on the type and intensity of the injurious stimuli?yesnoIs it possible that a tattoo can lead to enlargement and inflammation of the local lymph nodes?yesnoExogenous pigments are divided into organic and nonorganic.yes noEndogenous pigments are divided into hemoglobinogenous and non-hemoglobinogenousyesnoHemoglobinogenous pigments are divided into iron-containing and non-iron containing.yesnoBilirubin is iron-containing pigment.yesnoHemosiderin is non-iron-containing pigment.yesnoMelanin, lipofuscin and adrenochromes are endogenous hemoglobinogenous pigments.yesnoHepatocellular jaundice can be seen in malaria and some types of anemia.yes noObstructive jaundice can be seen in cancer of the head of pancreas and in choledocholithiasisyesnoHaemolyc jaundice is seen in acute hepatitis and in mushroom poisoning.yesnoIs sclerosis the end stage of fibrosis?yes no105. Is it true that cirrhosis doesn’t cause deformation of the affected organ?yes noIs it true that fibrinoid necrosis damages the fibrillary structures of the extracellular matrix but also the cells in the focus?yes noIs it true that fibrosis is only a physiological process and cannot lead to organ deformation and dysfunction?yesnoIs it true that grossly, uric acid crystals are white painful nodules on the skin, usually on the extensor surfaces on the extremitiesyesnoIs it true that the capacity of cell proliferation is the most important factor for the development of hypertrophy or hyperplasia?yesnoIs it true that dysplasia means that cancer has already developed?yesnoIs it true that dysplasia can be found together with cancer?yesnoIs thrombus formation possible in the heart cavities?yesnoAre thrombosis and coagulation in normal homeostasis one and the same process?yesnoIs it true that inflammatory and immune reactions are completely independent reactions of the organism against pathological agents?yesnoIs it true that hypersensitivity of immediate type is related to chronic inflammatory reactions?yesnoIs it true, that hypersensitivity of delayed type IV is related to chronic inflammatory reactions?yesnoAre necrosis and hemorrhages typical findings in adenomas?yesnoIs peritonitis possible complication of colon cancer?noyesIs breast fibroadenoma a precancerous lesion?yesnoIs fibroadenoma a malignant tumor?yesnoDo benign tumors arising from the smooth muscles have a capsule?noyesDo hemangiomas have a capsules?yesnoAre hemorrhages and necrosis in the smooth muscle tumors of uterus a typical sign for malignancy?yesnoIs it true that lymphomas are benign tumors?yesnoAre there benign tumors arising from the hemopoetic tissues?yesnoCan hydropic degeneration lead to necrosis of the cells?yes noDoes PAS- reaction identifies glycogen in the cells?yes no Is hypoxia an important factor for the development of fatty degeneration?yes noCan gall bladder contain uric acid crystals?yes noIs a hypoxia an important factor for development of the fatty degeneration?yes noIs uric acid infarction related to a circulatory disorder?yes noIs a deposition of the glycogen in the epithelium of the renal tubules a feature of diabetes?yes no Does plasma leakage play an important role in the development of hyalinosis?yes no Are lysosomal enzymes important in the inflammatory processes?yes noIs endothelial injury important for thrombosis?yes noIs formalin a suitable fixative for demonstration of neutral lipids?yes no Perls’ reaction is used for demonstrating hemosiderin: yes noCould hemolytic jaundice be seen in the newborn?yes no Is the development of amyloidosis possible in systemic diseases of the connective tissue?yes noCan thrombosis lead to the embolism?yes noIs coagulative necrosis seen in cerebral infarction?yes noDoes apoptosis affect a large group of cells?yes noDoes necrosis affect the cells and extracellular matrix?yes noIs hemosiderin an iron-containing pigment?yes noDo tumors reverse spontaneously and return to normal structures?yes noCould serous inflammation be seen in myocardium?yes noIs there a central necrosis in syphilitic granuloma?yes noAre benign tumors encapsulated?yes noIs serous inflammation a type of exudative inflammation?yes noIs a glomus angioma a vascular tumor?yes noIs metahromasia stained with toluidine blue characteristic for mucoid swelling?yes noIs there a serous inflammation in the myocardium? yes noCan benign tumors lack capsule: yes noIs metachromasia characteristic for the mucoid degeneration? yes no Blood vessels are present in the tubercle granuloma?yes no Glomus-tumor belongs to endothelial tumors.yes no Benign tumors may not have a capsule: yes no Are the plasma cells characteristic for tubercle granuloma?yes no Is there a coagulative necrosis in brain infarction? yes no Can thrombus in v. portae cause arterial emboli in art. pulmonalis ? yes no Is it true that gross changes of the organs are important for the diagnosis?yes noIs brown induration of lungs a reversible change if the mitral stenosis, which cause it, is corrected by a mitral valve prosthesis?yesnoIs it true that amyloid is an abnormal protein that accumulates in the extracellular space and lead to hypertrophy of the parenchymal cells and increased function of the organ?yesnoPrecancerous lesions may have a reverse development (back to normal tissue): yes no Is there a characteristic macroscopic appearance in organs with hyaline degeneration? yes no Is it possible to find lymphocytes in the focus of acute inflammation?no, lymphocytes are chronic inflammatory cells onlyyes, they can be seen in the focus of acute inflammation when the etiologic agents are virusesIs it possible to find neutrophiles in the focus of chronic inflammation?yes, in case of chronic abscessno, neutrophiles are seen in case of acute inflammation onlyLipoma is a benign tumor from:epithelial mesenchymal originSpecify the characteristic localization of intracellular hyaline degeneration: liver cells vascular endotheliumWhen is deathpossibly reversible?clinical features of deathbiological deathIndicate which cells are found in the granuloma "foreign body” type giant cells Langhans type macrophagesWhat may be the ultimate outcome of chronic venous congestion in the liver: cardiac cirrhosis brown indurationWhat kind of jaundice develops in cancer of the papilla Vateri? mechanic hemolytic Basal cell cancer is localized most frequently:forearm skin facial skin Lymphangiomas locate most often:on the face on lips, tongueHyaline degeneration could be seen:in liver cells in endothelial cells Haemorrhagic inflammation is characteristic for:flu rheumatism Chronic venous congestion in liver leads to: liver cirrhosis brown induration in liver Which of these bleedings occur in the respiratory system?hemascos epistaxis More differentiated malignant tumors are generally:more malignant less malignant The development of a new tumor in the scarring after surgery is called: recurrence ectopia Where do we see fibrinoid necrosis: base of a stomach ulcer myocardial infarction Specify the type of thrombus, according to its location to the vessel wall and lumen: mixed mural Parenchyma of epithelial cancer has: a nest type structure diffuse structure Dermoid cyst is: mature teratoma kistadenoma in ovary What is pathology?the science that studies the changes at cellular, tissue and organ level caused by diseases the science that studies the body structure and morphologymedical discipline which aims to find the cause of death when a crime is suspectedmedical discipline which provides the morphological diagnosis for the clinical practice.Define the main branches of pathologygeneral pathologyclinical pathologysystemic pathologyexperimental pathologyMark the correct statements.“clinical pathology” builds up a theoretical idea of the pathological process“general pathology” studies the specific morphological changes in organs and systems caused by a particular disease.“experimental pathology” researches the diseases using experimental animals and follows up the morphological changes caused by their treatment.a and b statements are correct in reverse mannerWhat are the possible outcomes of a disease.recoveryto become chronicdeathall of the aboveWhich of the following isn’t a sign of death?livoresrigor mortisdecaycalorMark the correct statement(s).Algor mortis is stiffness of muscles after deathRigor mortis is drying of the body after deathLivores are a violet-colored skin areas which develop after deathDecay is an early sign of deathWhich are the specific methods of pathology?autopsybiopsyclinical examinationclinical laboratory testsWhich of the followings are methods for taking biopsy?excisionincisionsurgicalall of the listedWhich are the purposes of pathological autopsy?to accuse the clinicians of medical malpracticeto establish the cause of death and the definitive diagnosisto help and educate clinicians and to improve their workto help the relatives of the deceased to convict the doctorsWhich are the conditions for an autopsy to be done?death occurred in a hospital due to a diseaseavailable medical history of the patientpresence of the treating doctorall of the listed aboveWhat are the characteristics of a frozen section?urgent diagnosis given during an operationthe preparation of the tissue samples is done by a paraffin methodthe preparation of the tissue samples is done on a freezing microtomesometimes the diagnosis is not exactly clear because of the preparation method but information like “malignant tumor”, “benign tumor” or “inflammation” is given to the surgeons to know how to proceed with the operation.Which fixative is most commonly used?Bouin solutionabsolute alcoholformalin 10%salts of heavy metalsWhat fixative should be used for a liver biopsy from a baby with a suspected inherited metabolic disease?formalin 10%1,5-4% glutaraldehydefrozen sectionZenker’s fixativeWhat is the role of immunohistochemical stains?to give urgent answers about the diagnosis or at least orientation about the pathological process during surgeryto determine the histogenesis of the tumor especially in highly undifferentiated malignant tumorsto determine the proliferative activity and the hormonal receptors of the tumor that is highly important for the treatmentto help determine the cause of deathCytokeratin, S-100 protein, Vimentin, Desmin, CD-20 are examples of:special stains to prove different substancesimmunohistochemical markersIn which cases a pathological autopsy is performed?when there is suspicion for diagnostic or therapeutic malpracticedeath of a person outside the hospitalwhen there is suspicion of violent deathdeath of a patient in the hospital and when the relatives don’t ask the principal to cancel the autopsy.Which of the followings is not a part of performing an autopsy?dissection of organsopening the bodytaking biopsy from organ changesextraction of abdominal and thoracic organsSize, shape, elasticity, consistency, color and cut surface are characteristics of:microscopic examination of organsgross examination of organsultramicroscopic examination of organsnone of the listedIndicate correctly the name of the described test. The pericardial sac is cut in Y-like section and filled with water, after that, in the presence of a witness, the right ventricle is punctured with a knife.test for thromboembolismtest for pneumothoraxtest for air and gas embolismtest for fat embolismIndicate correctly the name of the described test.The pulmonary artery is cut at the place of truncus pulmonalis. Tweezers are inserted and the content of the artery is taken out for examinationion.test for pneumothoraxtest for air and gas embolismtest for thromboembolismtest for fat embolismIndicate correctly the name of the described test.A pocket between the skin and the ribs is formed and is filled with water. In the presence of a witness, the thorax is punctured with a thin knife in an intercostal space.test for air and gas embolismtest for fat embolismtest for thromboembolismtest for pneumothoraxWhere is the main accumulation of glycogen in patients with diabetes?in epithelial cells of convoluted tubules and Henle’s loopin epithelial cells of gastrointestinal mucosain the nuclei and in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytesendothelial cells of the vesselsMark the correct statement(s) for Mallory bodies?they are accumulations of glycogen in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytesthey are hyaline inclusions in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytesthey are caused by consumption of toxic mushroomsthey are seen in Wilson’s disease, liver cancer, primary biliary cirrhosis but mainly in alcoholic diseaseMark the correct statement(s) for Von Gierke’s disease?it is a genetic autosome-recessive diseaseanother name is glycogenosis type IIit affects mainly the heart leading to severe heart failure in infantsthere is excessive storage of normal glycogen in the liver and kidneysMark the correct statement(s) for cellular edemait is abnormal accumulation of water in the cytoplasmit is reversible cellular injurycells are small and shrunkenthere are a few etiological factors that caused cellular edemaAbnormal intracellular accumulation of proteins can be seen in:the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules in proteinuriain the cardiomyocytes in heart infarctionin the plasma cells in chronic inflammatory diseases as Russel’s bodiesin the cells of pancreatic islets in diabetes mellitusThe abnormal inclusions in the hepatocytes in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are composed of:glycogenlipidsbileproteins“Hyaline droplets” in the epithelial cells of renal tubules is another name for:glycogen inclusionsprotein inclusionsvacuolar degenerationlipid inclusionsVacuolar degeneration and hydropic degeneration are more severe stages of:fatty degenerationprotein degenerationcellular edemaglycogen accumulationPAS reaction with PAS control is used to distinguish:cholesterol from other lipidsglycogen from mucusDNA from RNAdenaturated intracellular proteins from accumulated extracellular proteins PAS –control is done using:sulfuric acidhydrochloric acidamylasepicric acidWhat is fatty degeneration?abnormal accumulation of lipids in prenchymal cellsabnormal accumulation of lipids in the specialized fatty cellsabnormal accumulation of lipids in the ECM of an organabnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the large and medium-sized vesselsWhat is lipomatosis?abnormal accumulation of lipids in prenchymal cellsabnormal accumulation of lipids in the specialized fatty cellsabnormal accumulation of lipids in the cells of the interstitium of an organabnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the large and medium-sized vesselsWhat is obesity?abnormal accumulation of lipids in prenchymal cellsabnormal accumulation of lipids in the specialized fatty cellsabnormal accumulation of lipids in the cells of the interstitium of an organabnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the large and medium-sized vesselsWhat is the relation between fatty degeneration of the liver and diabetes?there is no relation between thempatients with diabetes have increased intake of lipids to provide more energythe fatty liver in diabetes is caused by increased lipolysis and increased delivery of fatty acids in the liverthe fatty liver leads to diabetes mellitusWhat is android type of obesity?also called “male”or “apple” type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waistalso called “female”or “pear”type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, tights and legsgeneralized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders and thoraxgeneralized obesity predominantly in the tights, hips and legsWhat is gynoid type of obesity?also called “male”or “apple” type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waistalso called “female”or “pear”type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, tights and legsgeneralized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders and thoraxgeneralized obesity predominantly in the tights, hips and legsWhat is upper type of obesity?also called “male”or “apple” type, accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waistalso called “female”or “pear”type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, tights and legsgeneralized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders and thoraxgeneralized obesity predominantly in the tights, hips and legsWhat is lower type of obesity?also called “male”or “apple” type, it is the accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the shoulders, thorax and waistalso called “female”or “pear”type – accumulation of lipids in the fatty cells around the hips, tights and legsgeneralized obesity predominantly on the face, shoulders and thoraxgeneralized obesity predominantly in the tights, hips and legsWhich type of obesity has worse prognosis?gynoid typemale typethe obesity doesn’t affect the patient’s healthall of the obesity types have the same prognosisIn “tiger heart” the abnormal accumulation of lipids is:in the cell of the heart’s interstitiumin the cells around the pericardiumin the cardiomyocytes of the papillary muscles along the venules and the venous part of the capillariesin the cardiomyocytes of the anterior wall of the left heart chamberWhich exogenous pigment could be accumulated in the eyes?copperleadcoal dustnone of the aboveWhich exogenous pigment could be deposited in the oral cavity?coal dustcopperleadnone of the aboveWhich exogenous pigment(s) could be deposited in the skin?carotenesilvertattoo inkall of the aboveWhich exogenous pigments could be deposited in the liver?coppersilvertattoo inkcoal dustWhich exogenous pigment could be deposited in the kidney?coal dustcoppersilverall of the aboveWhich exogenous pigment could be deposited in the lungs and lymph nodes?coal dustcarotenetattoo inknone of the aboveWhich exogenous pigment could be deposited in the brain?coal dustcarotenecoppertattoo inkExamples for non-organic pigments are:coal dustleadcarotenesilverInicate the types of jaundice.haemolytic)pre-hepaticobstructive/ post-hepatichepatocellular/parenchymalall of the aboveHaemolytic jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings:increased indirect bilirubin in the serum, hypercholic stools and increased urobilinogen in the urineboth types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, both bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urineincreased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypoholic or acholic stool, increased bilirubin in the urinenone of the aboveMechanical jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings:increased indirect bilirubin in the serum, hypercholic stools and increased urobilinogen in the urineboth types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, both bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urineincreased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, increased bilirubin in the urinenone of the aboveParenchymal jaundice is characterized by the following laboratory findings:inceased indirect bilirubin in the serum, hypercholic stools and increased urobilinogen in the urineboth types of bilirubin are increased in the serum, normal colour of the stools, both bilirubin and urobilinogen are increased in the urineincreased direct bilirubin in the serum, hypocholic or acholic stools, increased bilirubin in the urinenone of the aboveWhich of the following stains are used to prove hemosiderin?Sudan III in orange colourCongo-Rod in brick-red colourPerls in blue-green colourVan Gieson in red colourWhat is the etiology of brown induration of the lungs?chronic left sided heart failurechronic right sided heart failuremitral valve stenosisacute left sided heart failure What is the common between fibrosis, sclerosis and cirrhosis?the common is the increased development of connective tissue in the organthe common is the lipid accumulation in the interstitium of the organthe common is the fibrinoid degeneration of the organthey are different processes and don’t have anything common between themWhich of the following extracellular changes shows basophilia on H-E stain?fibrinoid degenerationhyalinosismucoid degenerationamyloidosisWhich of the following changes are characterized by eosinophilia on H-E stain?mucoid degenerationvacuolar degenerationfibrinoid necrosisfibrinoid degenerationMetachromasia can be seen in which of the following changes on Toluidin-Blue stain?fibrinoid degenerationmucoid degenerationfibrinoid necrosishyalinosisSpecial stains for fibrin are also used in:fibrinoid degenerationfibrinoid necrosismucoid degenerationamyoidosisInfiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells is typical for:mucoid edemafibrinoid necrosisfibrinoid degenerationnone of the aboveWhat is the clinical significance of hyalinosis of the heart arterioles?it causes myocarditisit causes rheumatic heart diseaseit causes ishaemic heart diseaseit cause subacute endocarditisWhat is the clinical significance of hyalinosis of the pancreatic arteroles?it can cause diabetes mellitusit can cause pancreatic cancerit can cause acute pancreatitishyalinosis in the pancreas is a physiological process related with ageingWhat is the common between “glazed spleen” and corpus albicans ovarii?the process in both is hyalinosisthe process in both is fibrosisthe process in both is fibrinoid degenerationthe process in both is amyloidosisWhich stain is used to prove rheumatism in acute stage in a heart valve?Prussian BlueToluidin-BlueCongo-RedPerlsMucoid swelling can be seen in:heart valves in rheumatismBasedow’s dermopathy myxedemaall of the listed aboveWhich are the types of fibrinoid?fibrinoid related to immune complexes in autoimmune diseasesphysiological fibrinoid degeneration with agingfibrinoid caused by the influence of biological, chemical and physical factorsfibrinoid caused by fast plasmorrhagia in the vessel walls in malignant hypertentionThe necrosis which develops at the base of an acute or chronic active ulcer in the stomach or duodenum is:coagulativecaseousfibrinoidliquefactiveWhich degeneration in the extracellular matrix is seen during the acute stages of autoimmune diseases?hyalinefibrinoidamyloidnone of the aboveIndicate the correct statement(s) for nephrosclerosis arteriolosclerotica:it affects microscopically the afferent and efferent arteriolesit is a result of prolonged benign hypertentionit is a reversible processthe process is hyalinosisWhat are the microscopic changes seen in the brain in benign long-term hypertention?hyalinosis of the vessels’ walls edema around vesselsaccumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the soft brain membranesdevelopments of specific granulomas in the brain tissueThe gross description: thick, hard, glassy whitish depositions, non-digestable by enzymes, is indicative forsteatonecrosisliquefactive necrosishyalinosisfibrinoid depositionMark the correct statements for Corpus albicans ovarii (white bodies of the ovaries).they are example of physiological hyalinosisthey are example for pathological hyalinosis after inflammatory processes in the ovariesthey are example for physiological accumulation of fibrinoid they develop after the regression of corpus luteumThe following diseases are examples of amyloid depositions. Find the mistake!rheumatoid arthritis – AA amyloidmultiple myeloma – AL amyloidmedullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland – AA amyloidAlzheimer’s disease – A4 amyloid‘Sago spleen and lardaceous spleen’ are:gross appearance of the localized (sago-spleen)and generalized (lardaceous spleen) amyloidosis of the spleensago spleen is amyloidosis of the spleen, while lardaceous spleen is hyalinosis of the spleengross appearance of the spleen in Hodgkin’s lymphoma depending on the severity of the processin lardaceous spleen the amyloid is deposited in the white pulp only, while in sago spleen both white and red pulp have amyloid depositionSystemic amyloidosis is proven by a biopsy from? gingivaheartfat tissue from abdominal wallileumWhat type of calcification develops in the complicated atherosclerotic plaques?metastaticdystrophicmetabolicphysiologicalWhich are the causes for hypocalcaemia?hypoparathyroidismhyperparathyroidismintoxication with vit. Dsenile osteoporosisWhat kind of gout can develop in a patient with leucemia?gout caused by excessive consumption of meat and meat productsgenetic gout caused by error in the metabolism of uric acidrenal injury because kidneys cannot excrete the excessive amount of uric acidpatients with leucosis never develop goutWhich of the following microscopic descriptions most likely suggest kidney amyloidosis? The stain is H-E in all the described specimens.highly enlarged glomeruli, the capillary tufts filled almost all of the capsular space, capillary lumens are obliterated; pink homogeous substance is deposited also in the mesangium, in the basement membranes of the tubules and in the walls of the blood vesselsafferent and efferent arterioles have homogenously thick walls stained in pink, some of the glomeruli look smaller, with totally effaced structure and homogenously pink in color, while others may look normal in size, or even with compensatory hypertrophy.the interstitium shows chronic inflammatory reaction, the main change is seen in the kidney tubules which look dilated and filled with pinkish substance (these tubules look like thyroid follicles)many glomeruli show crescent proliferations, encompassing 2/3 f the Bowman’s space; the process ends with global sclerosis of the gomerulusWhich of the following stain(s) is used to prove amyloidosis?PerlsCongo-RedVan GiesonMethyl violetMark the correct statement(s) for kidney alymoidosissmall, shrunken kidneys with granular surface and difficult decapsulationenlarged pale kidneys with waxy textureamyloidosis affects only one of the kidneys and doesn’t lead to chronic renal failurekidney amyloidosis is reversible after the treatment of the primary disease and has very good prognosisMark the terms which indicate amyloidosis of the spleen.lardaceous spleenglazed spleensago spleenporphiric spleenGranulomatous structures, consisting of uric acid crystals, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and giant multinucleated cells type “foreign body” are characteristic for which disease?tuberculosissarcoidosisgoutbrucellosisCalcification of the aorta characterizes with:hard, rigid wall of the aortasoft, elastic wall of the aortacan be complicated with mural thrombosis and aneurysmis a result of metabolic calcificationAmyloidosis of the liver:develops because of liver dysfunction and liver failure due to chronic liver diseaseis characterized grossly with small, brown liver with decreased elasticitycan develop in chronic inflammatory diseases or in autoimmune diseasesis characterized grossly with enlarged, pale liver with waxy textureRenal complications of gout include:Uric crystals nephrolithiasisuric-acid infarctionurate nephropathyall оf he listed aboveIndicate the correct statement(s) for necrosis.It is a programmed cell deathIt is provoked cell deathIt affects single cells and the extracellular matrix is not involved in the processthere is a demarcation inflammation at the periphery of the affected areaIndicate the correct statement(s) for apoptosis.it affects single cells and the extracellular matrix is not involvedthere is demarcation inflammation at the periphery of the affected areait ends with phagocytosis of the cellular fragmentsit is always accompanied by inflammation at the periphery of the areaWhat is the difference between fibrinoid degeneration and fibrinoid necrosis?fibrinoid degeneration is accumulation of fibrinoid in the extracellular space while fibrinoid necrosis includes not only fibrinoid degeneration but also death of cells and extracellular components in the area of fibrinoid degenerationthese isn’t any difference, the two terms are synonyms fibrinoid degeneration is a physiological process while fibrinoid necrosis is a pathological processfibrinoid degeneration is accumulation of fibrin in the extracellular matrix while fibrinoid necrosis is necrosis of the fibrin in the extracellular matrixIndicate the correct statement(s) for anemic infarction.the term is synonym of white infarctionthe term is synonym of red infarctionit develops as a result of absolute ischemia after total obstruction of an “end-type artery”it mainly affects the lungs and liverIndicate the correct statement(s) for haemorrhagic infarction.it develops in organs with double circulationit mainly affects the brain and the heartit affects organs which have contact with the outside environmentit may affect the small intestineIndicate the correct statement(s) for gangrene.it is ischemic necrosis which develops in organs with contact with the external environmentit can be wet or drythe dry gangrene is accompanied by severe bacterial infectionit can develop on the extremities, intestines, spleen and kidneyWhich of the following terms are used to describe liquefactive necrosis of the brain?ramolicio cerebriencephalomalaciainfarctus anemicus cerebrihydrocephalusWhich of the followings are not affected by gangrene?lower limbliverlungintestinesWhat type of necrosis develops in the spleen?liquefactive necrosiscaseous necrosiscoagulative necrosisfibrinoid necrosisWhat type of necrosis develops in the brain?caseous necrosiscoagulative necrosissteatonecrosisliquefactive necrosisWhat type of necrosis develops in the pancreas?steatonecrosis/fat necrosiscoagulative necrosisliquefactive necrosiscaseous necrosisWhat type of necrosis develops in the specific granuloma in tuberculosis?liquefactive necrosiscoagulative necrosiscaseous necrosissteatonecrosisIndicate the correct statement(s) for coagulative necrosis.it develops in organs composed mainly of proteins and containing less water and enzymes“shadows” of previous structures can be seen microscopicallyit develops as a result of acute pancreatitisthere is total effacement of the previous structures microscopicallyIndicate the correct statement(s) for liquefactive necrosis.it develops in organs composed mainly of proteins and containing less water and enzymesit develops in organs which have less proteins but more water and enzymesit can be seen in the spleen, kidneys, heart it is most commonly seen in the brainIn which type of necrosis deposition of sodium, calcium and potassium salts (soaps) can be seen in the cytoplasm of the affected cells?fibrinoid necrosiscoagulative necrosissteatonecrosisliquefactive necrosisWhat is decubitus/bed sore?clinicoanatomical form of necrosisit develops in bed-ridden patients because of the damaged circulation caused by long-term pressure it develops most commonly at the sacro-lumbar region and on the heelsit develops usually on the abdomen, chest and kneesIndicate the correct type of cells according to their capacity of proliferation.cardiomyocites and striated muscle cells are labile cellshepatocytes are permanent cellsthe epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract are labile cellsthe epithelial cells of the respiratory tract are stable cellsWhat is pseudo-hypertrophy?when there is hypertrophy of the parenchymal cells but the organ looks smaller in sizewhen the organ looks bigger in size but there is only hypertrophy of the stromal elementswhen the organ is normal in size but there is hypertrophy of the parenchymal cellswhen the organ is normal in size but there is atrophy of the parenchymal cellsIndicate the correct statement(s) for metaplasia.it has two subtypes – prosoplasia and anaplasiait can be direct and indirectit is the transformation of one differentiated tissue into another related tissue typeit is the transformation of on tissue into cancerous tissueIndicate the correct statement(s) for dyspasia.it is a process of disordered cellular developmentit can develop in soft tissues it can develop in tissues of epithelial originit is an adaptive processWhich of the following tissues can undergo hypertrophy?heart musclebrain membranesstriated musclesendothelium of big vesselsWhich of the following tissues can undergo hyperplasia?glandular mucosa of the uterusglandular structures of the prostatered bone marrowsmooth muscle cells of the uterusCorpora amylacea can be seen microscopically in?the glands of uterine mucosathe glands of prostatethe kidney’s convoluted tubulesthe follicles of thyroid glandHow does the hypertrophic myocardium look like grossly?enlarged in sizesmaller in sizepapillary muscles are hypertrophicincreased heart weightHyperplasia of the endometrium can be:direct and indirecttypical and atypicalwith formation of cysts or with formation of pseudo-cystsdiffuse and localizedWhat are the complications of prostate hyperplasia?urinary retention, frequent urinary tract infectionssexual dysfunctiontransitional cell carcinomahydronephrosisIndicate the correct statement(s) for brown atrophy of the liver.it can happen because of agingit can happen because of infection diseases or starvationit can happen because of chronic right sided heart failureit can be result of Budd-Chiari syndromeWhich is the pigment of aging?bilirubinhemosiderinlipofuscinhematoidinWhich is the main complication after squamous metaplasia of the respiratory bronchial epithelium?squamous carcinoma of the bronchuschronic bronchitissmall-cell carcinomaadenocarcinoma of the bronchusPost-ischemic, post-compressive, collateral and angioneurotic are types of:chronic systemic venous congestionacute venous congestionarterial hyperemianon of thе aboveWhich is the term used for edematous fluid?exudatetransudatehaemorrhagecystWhich are the main characteristics of the transudate?specific gravity is less than 1016specific gravity is more than 1016protein content is less than 3%protein content is more than 3%Epistaxis and melena are examples for:edemaexudatehaemorrhagesvenous congestionWhat is hemascos?bood in the urineblood in the peritoneal cavityblood in the excrementblood vomitingWhat is hematemesis?blood vomitingblood in the excrementsnose bleedingbleeding from the lungsWhat is hemoptoebleeding from the nosebleeding from the lungsblood vomitingblood in the pleural cavityWhich are the causes for liver cyanosis?shockchronic right sided heart failureacute right sided heart failurethrombosis of the hepatic veinsWhich are the causes for nutmeg liver?acute right sided heart failurechronic left and right sided heart failurechronic left sided heart failurechronic right sided heart failureWhich of the following organ changes might be of straight or reverse type?nutmeg livercyanosis of the livercyanosis of the kidneysbrown induration of the lungsWhich of the following liver changes is reversible?liver cirrhosisliver cyanosisnutmeg liverliver amyloidosisPin-point hemorrhages in the brain have usually the following pathogenesis:per diapedesinper rhexinper diabrosinall of the aboveCan thrombosis develop after death?yes, this is why we can see blood clots in the vessels after deathno, thrombosis is a pathological process which develops only during lifetimeit can develop both during life and after deathIt develops in the agony preceding deathWhat is characteristic for the thrombus?dry, crumbly, layered structuremoist, homogenous strucureattached to the vessel’s wallunattached to the vessel’s wallWhat is characteristic for the post-mortem blood clot?dry, crumbly, layered structuremoist, homogenous structureattached to the vessel’s wallunattached to the vessel’s wallIndicate types of embolism depending on the content of embolus.gas, air, amnioticthromboembolism, fat embolismarterial, venousorthograde, retrograde, paradoxalIndicate types of embolism according to the way of blood flow.gas, air, thromboembolism, amniotic, fat, parasiteorthograde, retrogradearterial, venousparadoxicalIndicate types of embolism according to the character of the obturated blood vessel.thromboembolism, amniotic, fat, gas, air embolismarterialvenousorthograde, retrograde, paradoxicalIs it possible to prevent embolism? no, it is something we cannot control or preventyes, by using anticoagulantsyes, by exercise in bed ridden patient and early getting up from bed after operationyes, by staying in bed without moving after operationIn which organ hemorrhagic infarction can develop?in organs with nutritive and functional blood circulationin organs with nutritive circulation onlyin organs with many anastomoseshemorrhagic infarction can develop in any organIndicate the organ(s) where hemorrhagic infarction is possible.liverheartlungintestineHow can we prove amniotic embolism?microscopically, by finding amniotic fluid in the left heart ventriclegrossly, by finding amniotic fluid in the right heart ventriclemicroscopically, by finding amniotic particles such as lanugo, meconium etc. in the lungsgrossly, by finding amniotic particles in the lungsWhy does gas embolism develop?because of the dissolution of blood gases, especially azotic oxide, caused by fast decompressionbecause of the dissolution of bood gases, especially type, caused by fast compressionbecause the negative pressure of the opened blood vessels on the neck and head can lead to air entrybecause the positive pressure of the opened blood vessels on the neck and head can lead to air entryWhat is needed for the development of hemorrhagic infarction the lung?double circulation of the lungthrombosis of a branch of a. broncialisthrombosis of a branch of a. pulmonalischronic venous stagnationWhat is the most common cause for the development of anemic infarction of the brain?thrombosis or embolism of a. cerebri anteriorthrombosis or embolism of a. cerebri mediathrombosis or embolism of a. cerebri posteriorthrombosis or embolism of a. basillarisWhat is the gross appearance of a previous anemic infarction of the brain?fresh liquefactive necrosisbrain cystbrain pseudocystirregular red-coloured areaIn which cases inflammation is injuring the tissues instead of protecting them?in autoimmune diseasesin neoplastic diseasesin immunodeficiency diseasesin congenital anomaliesIndicate the correct statementsgangrene of the appendix and gangrenous appendicitis are synonyms of one same diseasesevere inflammation in gangrenous appendicitis leads to necrosis, while in gangrene of the appendix the necrosis is ischemicgangrene of the appendix means necrosis of the appendix while gangrenous appendicitis means severe purulent inflammation of the appendix without necrosisinflammation in gangrenous appendicitis is a primary process, while in gangrene the inflammation is secondary after the necrosisWhat is catarrhal inflammation?type of acute inflammationsubtype of serous inflammation in the respiratory tractsubtype of fibrinous inflammation in the respiratory tractsubtype of serous inflammation in the gastrointestinal tractWhat is putrefactive inflammation?synonym of gangrenous inflammationtype of acute inflammationtype of chronic inflammationsubtype of purulent inflammationWhich are the subtypes of fibrinous inflammation?phegmonahemorrhagicsuperficial (crouposa)deep (diphtheria)Which are the subtypes of purulent inflammation?limited, called abscesslimited, called phegmonadiffuse called abscessdiffuse called phlegmonaHemorrhagic, purulent, fibrinous, gangrenous, serous are types of:acute inflammationchronic inflammationIndicate type(s) of acute inflammation.polypspecific granuloma and non specific granulomapurulent, serous, fibrinousproductiveThe gross appearance “Ribbon-like fibrin deposits on the pericardium” describes:chronic pericarditisfibrinous myocarditisfibrinous pericarditisacute pericarditisWhich are the cells that infiltrate the whole thickness of the appendix in phlegmonous appendicitis?lymphocytes and plasma cellsbasophilesneutrophilsgiant multinucleated cellsWhat is typical for purulent lepto-meningitis?hyperemic vessels, infiltration of the soft brain membranes by lymphocyteshyperemic vessels, infiltration of the soft brain membranes by neutrophilsyellow-green exudate seen usually on the convex side of the brainclear cerebro-spinal fluidWhich are the cells of acute inflammation?giant cellsmacrophageslymphocytesneutrophilsWhich are the systemic signs of inflammation?leukocytosisfeverrubor, dolor, calortumor, funcio laesaWhich are the local signs of acute inflammation?calor, tumor, ruborfeverdolor, funcio laesashockWhich cells are the first line of defense in acute inflammation?lymphocytesmacrophagesneutrophilsmonocytesWhich are the main histological signs for chronic inflammatory process?presence of exudatelack of exudateabundance of cells – lymphocytes, plasma cells, epitheloid cells, giant cells, fibroblastsabundance of cells –neutrophilsGranulation tissue develops:after necrosisbecause of chronic inflammationbecause of catarrhal inflammatonin relation to wound-healingIndicate the correct answer.Lipo-granuloma and oleo-granuoma are examples of foreign body granulomaslipogranuloma and oleograuloma are examples of specific granulomasoleogranuloma means granuloma against exogenous lipids, while lipogranuloma means granuloma against endogenous lipidsoleogranuloma means granuloma against endogenus lpids while lipogranuloma means granuloma against exogenous lipidsIndicate the correct statement(s).the acute abscess doesn’t have its own membranethe chronic abscess has specific membrane called pyogenicboth acute and chronic abscess have pyogenic membranespyogenic membrane is typical only for acute abscessWhich of the following is not microscopic characteristic of granulation tissue?abundance of capillaries with plump endothelial cellsabundance of strong fibrin fibersabundance of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, fibroblastsabundance of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophilesIndicate the types of chronic inflammationdiffuse (interstitial)fibrinouspolypoidgranulomatousWhat is the outcome of granulation tissue?necrosisscartumorabscessWhat is а nasal polyp?chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosaacute inflammation of the nasal mucosait is usually related to allergyit is a benign tumor developing in the noseThe giant cells type “foreign body” are derived from:lymphocytesneutrophilesmacrophagesepitheloid cellsWhich of the following cannot cause foreign body granuloma?surgical threadslipidsfungiparasitesHydatid cysts affect most commonly:the brainthe heartthe spleenthe liverWhich is the second most commonly affected organ by hydatid cysts?brainliverlungkidneyThe following description indicates: Focal aggregates in the form of nodules of cells with phagocytic ability. The diameter of these nodules is no more than 1-2mm, in many cases they are seen only microscopically.granulomasmetastasespolypsgranulation tissueWhich are the main signs of granulomatous inflammation?formation of specific exudate and granulation tissuediffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and pasma cellsformation of specific or non-specific granulomasformation of polypsWhich are the factors that lead to formation of granulomas?difficulties in phagocytosis of the pathological agentthe immune reaction of the organismspecific structures of the pathological agentsall of the listed aboveWhat does the term ‘specific inflammation’ mean?type of granulomatous inflammation which characterizes with specific arrangement of the chronic inflammatory cells, pathognomonic for a particular etiologic agenttype of granulomatous inflammation with disordered arrangement of the inflammatory cellsdiffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cellstype of granulomatous inflammation which characterizes with specific arrangement of the acute inflammatory cells, pathognomonic for a particular etiologic agentWhat type of productive inflammation develops around parasites?specific granulomatous inflammationnon-specific granulomatous inflammationpolypoid inflammationdiffuse inflammationWhat type of necrosis develops in the tuberculous granuloma?caseous necrosisliquefactive necrosiscoagulative necrosisfibrinoid necrosisWhich of the following cells are seen in tuberculomas?giant cells type Langhansepitheloid cellsTuton giant cellslymphocytesThe giant cells type Langhans are derived from:macrophagesepitheloid cellslymphocytesmonocytesWhich giant cells have specific peripheral arrangement of the nuclei like horse-shoe?Tuton giant cellsforeign body giant cellsLanghans giant cellsnone of the aboveIn which stage of syphilis do the specific luetic granulomas develop?firstsecondthirdthey develop in all stagesWhat type of necrosis develops in luetic granulomas?clay-likecaseusliquefactivecagulativeWhat type of necrosis develops in the cat-scratch disease?caseouscoagulativeliquefactivegummousMark the correct answer(s) about actinomycosis.has three stages of developmenthas cervical, abdominal and thoracic formsgrossly, granular substance maight be seen in the pusgrossly, rubbery lesions with central necrosis are seen in the affected organsMark the correct diagnosis according to the following microscopic description of a granuloma. Lack of necrosis, abundance of epitheloid cell, Langhans cells, collagen fibres, Shaumann bodies.tuberculosissarcoidosisrheumatismsyphilisMark th correct diagnosis according to the following microscopic description of a grauloma: Gummous necrosis, surrounded by epitheloid cells, single Langhans cells, abundance of plasma cells, less lymphocytes, fibroblasts.tuberculosissarcoidosisrheumatismsyphilisThe sulfur granule is characteristic for:tuberculosisfelinosisactinomycosisleprosyMark the correct diagnosis according to the following microscopic description of a granuloma. Fibrinoid necrosis, surrouned by abundant lymphocytes, plasma cells, many cells of Anichkov and pathognomonic cells of Aschoff.tuberculosisrheumatoid arthritisshyphillisrheumatismWhat changes can be seen in the immune organs in immune deficiency?hyperplasiahypoplasiaatrophyhypertrophyWhat histological changes could be seen in thyroid in Hashimoto thyroiditis.unchangedinfiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cellsfibrosisformation of lymph folliclesThe histological changes in Hashimoto thyroiditis affect:entire thyroid gland markedly focal The thyroid follicles in Hashimoto thyroiditis are:unchangeddilatedpolymorphoussmallerIndicate the correct statement(s)granulation tissue is rich of capillaries and cellsgranulation tissue is rich in collagen fibres and fibroblasts and contains less blood vesselsgranulation tissue is the immature connective tissuefibrous tissue is immature connective tissueWhat is hyper-granulation?mature connective tissuehypertrophic tumor-like cicatrix/scargreater amount of granulation tissuenone of the aboveWhat is a scar?hypertrophic granulation tissuemature connective tissuehypertrophic tumor-like cicatrixnone of the aboveWhat is a keloid?hypertrophic tumor-like cicatrixmature connective tissuegreater amount of granulation tissuenone of the aboveWhich stain can be used to prove of scarring (cicatrix) of the heart?Van GiesonPerlsCongo RedPASWhich of the following could not be seen in rheumatoid nodules?fibrinoid necrosisepitheloid cellsLanghans cellslymphocytesIndicate the correct statement(s) for the polyarteriitis nodosa.it is an autoimmune diseaseit affects mostly the elastic arteriesthere is accumulation of glucosaminoglycans in the vessel walls which can be demonstrated with metachromasia with Toluidin Bleuthe branches of the pulmonary arteries are affected Anaphylactic hypersensitivity reactions are related to:Hemolytic anemiaHashimoto thyroiditisallergic rhinitisbronchial asthmaCytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions are related to:Hashimoto thyroiditishemolytic anemiaallergic rhinitisnodosal poyarteriitisImmune complexes mediated hypersensitivity reactions are related to:polyartheriitis nodosarheumatoid arthritishemolytic anemiatuberculosisCell mediated hypersensitivity reactions are related to: tuberculosispolyarteriitis nodosabronchial asthmaHashimoto thyroiditisIndicate characteristics of the benign tumors.expansive type of growthfast speed of growthinvading and destroying the adjacent tissuesin general they have good prognosisIndicate characteristics of the benign tumors.infiltrative growthslow, long term developmentusually they don’t recur after complete surgerytheir microscopic structure shows only tissue atypia Indicate correct characteristics of the malignant tumors.expansive growthfast speed of growththey have poor prognosis in generalcomposed of differentiated, mature cellsIndicate correct characteristics of the malignant tumors.infiltrative growthmicroscopic structure shows both tissue and cells atypiagood prognosis in generalmetastasizing Which is the most common way of metastasizing of epithelial tumors?by lymphatics (lymphogenic metastases)with blood (hematogenic metastases)by cerebrospinal fluidnone of the aboveWhat is papilloma?malignant tumor of the covering epitheliumbenign tumor of glandular epitheliumbenign tumor of cover type epitheliumbenign soft tissue tumorIndicate the correct characteristic(s) for papillomait has tree-like stroma covered by differentiated stratified squamous epitheliumit has tree-like stroma covered by undifferentiated squamous epithelium with signs of cell atypiastroma and parenchyma are difficult to distinguishit doesn’t have a capsuleWhat is the term used for malignant tumors of cover type epithelium?adenocarcinomapapillomacarcinomasarcomaWhat is the term used for malignant tumors of glandular type epithelial origin?adenocarcinomaadenomacarcinomacarcino-adenomaWhat is the term used for benign tumors of glandular type epithelial origin?papillomaadenomateratomaadenocarcinomaPoint the correct statement(s) about basal cell carcinoma.it develops only on the skinit can develop at any place with squamous epitheliumit characterizes with early lymphogenic and hematogenic metastasesvery often it recurs at the same place after surgeryKeratinized squamous cell carcinoma:develops only on the skincan develop at any place with squamous epitheliumis highly undifferenciated malignant tumoris a tumor composed of more differenciated cells with keratin productionWhat kind of structures are the cancer perls?accumulation of keratin produced by more differentiated malignant cells originating from squamous epitheliumpink-coloured homogenous substance located in the centre of the tumor nestsaccumulation of mucus produced by highly undifferentiated malignant cells located in the centre of the tumor nestspink homogenous substance that accumulates in the stroma of the tumorThe gross appearance of which tumor is called “ulcus rodens”?squamous cell carcinomamelanomabasal cell carcinomaadenocarcinomaSquamous cell carcinoma develops in the lung after:acute bronchitischronic bronchitis accompanied by metaplasia bronchial asthmainhalaton of a foreign bodyIndicate the correct microscopic features of cell atypiapolymorphism of cells and nucleilow nucleus-cytoplasm indextypical mitosesmonster cells, hyperchromasia and polychromasia of nucleiWhat are the characteristics of the nuclei of the malignant tumors?polychromasianormal staining patternhyperchromasiaincreased nucleo-cytoplasmic indexPapillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder arises from:squamous epithelium transitional epitheliumglandular epitheliumsmooth musculatureWhat is carcinoma in situ?malignant tumor limited to the epithelium above the basal membranemalignant tumor destroying the basal membrane but spreading no more than 5mm below itbenign tumor limited to the basal membranebenign tumor of a great size compressing the surrounding tissuesWhat type of atypia could be seen in the benign tumors of glandular epithelium?tissue atypiacell atypiaboth tissue and cell atypianone of the aboveWhich staining is used for proving mucus production from gelatinous adenocarcinoma?Congo redToluidin bleu, metachromasia is demonstratedPAS reaction with amylase controlVan GiesonPericanalicular and intracanalicular are types of:ductal carcinoma of the breastPaget’s diseaserenal cell carcinomafibroadenomaKruckenberg tumors are:metastases from colon adenocarcinoma in the ovariesmetastases from pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the ovariesmetastases from gastric carcinoma in the ovariesmetastases from hepatocellular carcinoma in the ovariesPleomorphic adenoma could be seen mainly:in the parotid glandin the minor salivary glandsin the stomachin the thyroid glandIndicate the correct statements about fibroadenoma of the breast.capsulated and lobulated tumor non-capsulated malignant tumor with invasive growthmicroscopically it has two types – intracanalicular and pericanalicularseen in older womenMark the correct statements about papillary cystadenoma of the ovary:malignant tumor has cyst-like and papillary structureshistological characteristics include serous and mucinous typesit is a physiological change related to menstrual cycle‘Linitis plastica’ is a gross subtype of:gastric cancerpancreatic cancerbreast canceruterine cancerGrossly adenocarcinoma of the colon can be:polypoidulcerousnodularall of the listed aboveThe terms “early cancer” and “advanced cancer” are used for:gastric adenocarcinomaadenocarcinoma of the endometriumadenocarcinoma of the colonbreast cancerMalignant tumors from soft tissue are called:carcinomasword for tissue origin+ suffix “ –oma”sarcomasteratomasIndicate the characteristics of the sarcomas.seen in older agegrossly they look like “fish meat”they give early hematogenic metastasesparenchyma and stroma are equally distributed Mark the characteristics of the carcinomas.seen in young peoplethey metastasize by the blood flow firstgrossly they have granular surfaceparenchyma and stroma are equally distributedWhat kind of sarcoma could be seen in an immune deficiency?Kaposi sarcomaEwing sarcomarhabdomyosarcomachondrosarcomaWhich of the following sarcomas have the worst prognosis?liposarcomaostesarcomafibrosarcomaleiomysarcomaWhat staining can be used to distinguish leiomyoma uteri from fibroma?Congo redPerlsPAS reaction with PAS controlVan GiesonPoint the characteristics of the leiomyosarcoma.polymorphism of cells and nucleihyper- and polychromasia of nucleitypical mytoses monster cellsWhat is hybernoma?benign tumor of vascular originbenign tumor originating from brown fat tissuebenign tumor originating from striated musclesmalignant tumor originating from pigment tissueWhat are the signs of the atypia in a nevus?asymmetry of the lesion, irregular bordersdark color, irregular color of the lesiondiameter less than 5mmregular bordersHow should a biopsy be done if there is a suspicion for the melanoma?incision biopsypunch biopsyexcision biopsybrush biopsyPoint the most common localizations of the teratomas.ovaries, testisextremitiesretroperitoneummediastinumWhich of the following are organoid teratomas:nephroblastomacholesteatomadermoid cystbranchiogenic cystWhich of the following is organismoid teratomaepidermoid cystteratocarcinomadermoid cystnefroblastomaWhat is a nevus pigmentosus?tumor-like processtumor processmicroscopically it contains mature melanocytesmicroscopically it contains cells with signs of severe atypia and some of them contain melaninWhat is a melanoma?malignant congenital tumorbenign tumor composed of melanocytesmalignant tumor of pigment origin none of the aboveWhat is an achromatic melanoma?benign form of melanomamelanoma without melanin in the tumor cellstype of melanoma which can be proved with immunohistochemical tests melanoma which is more differentiatedPoint possible localizations of the nevus pigmentosus and melanoma.skinuveameningesall of the aboveLentigo maligna, nodular, superficial, acral lentigenous are gross forms of:melanomasquamous cell carcinoma of the skinbasal cell carcinoma of the skinnevus pigmentosusIndicate immunohistochemical stains to prove melanomaHMB-45Ca-125S-100cytokeratinWhich of the following tumors do not have a stromachoriocarcinomaseminomanephroblstomaneuroblastomaIndicate types of nevus pigmentosus:acquired and congenitaljunctional, compound, intradermalbenign and malignant nevusectodermal and endodermal nevusMelanin is:lipidogenic pigment proteinogenic pigmentWhere is lipofuscin deposited?intracellularly extracellularlyThe frozen section (‘gefrir’) is:rapid ’intraoperative’ histological diagnosis rapid cytology method type of medical imaging histochemical methodThe term ?pathognomonic change" means:unexplained change paradoxical change sufficient to identify the diagnosis/lesiondiffuse inflammatory changeMost likely the cause of centrolobular fatty degeneration of hepatocytes is:diabetes intoxication hypoxia overfeedingHyaline – droplet degeneration has following characteristics:extracellular intracellular protein accumulation carbohydrate accumulation What pigment is formed in the center of the hematoma?hemosiderin lipofuscin hemomelanin hematoidin In which blood vessels are formed most frequently mixed thrombi?large veins arteries capillaries venulesSquamous cell carcinoma occurs most frequently in:stomach skin bladder larynx Hyperemic-hemorrhagic zone occurs in:tophi uricinodular amyloidosis anemic infarction pneumoniaWhich types of bleeding occur in the digestive system?hemothorax hemoptysis melena hematemesisWhich of the following cell damages are irreversible?necrosis apoptosis vacuolar degeneration cellular edemaLeft ventricular hypertrophy can develop in:cor pulmonale systemic hypertension mitral stenosis aortic stenosis Cancer cells which show no resemblance to the tissue from which the tumor originates are called:undifferentiated carcinoma well-differentiated carcinoma scirrhous type carcinoma histioid cancerWhich of the following is correct for the mechanical jaundice?indirect bilirubin prevails in bloodelevated urine urobilinogen elevated urine bilirubin stools are hyperpigmentedBasal cell carcinoma is localized most frequently on:the skin of the forearm the skin of the lower limbs the skin on the palms skin of the faceCaseous necrosis is characteristic for:specific inflammation tuberculosisenzyme fat necrosis chronic pyelonephritis Bilaterally, on the skin of the eyelids of a young woman are seen yellow nodules with the size of a grain of rice. What is it?xanthelasmas nevus efelides hemosiderin depositionWhich of the following are protein accumulations?in the epithelial cells of renal tubules Russel bodies bodies of Mallory asteroid cells Hemorrhagic infarction develops in:organs with end type arteries (end type blood supply) blockage of arterioles previous venous stasis organs with double blood supply How do we call the local depigmentation of the skin?vitiligo hemosiderosis albinism ohronosisWhat kinds of techniques are used for the detection of the lipids:freezing microtome paraffin method alcohol fixation staining with Sudan III The sequence of local structural changes in a disease is called:sanogenesis pathogenesis tanatogenesis morphogenesis" Tiger Heart " is diagnosed when:subepicardial fat is increased yellowish lines in the papillary muscles are seen the interventricular septum is injured infarcted area of the left ventricle in seenWhich of the following is correct for the mechanical jaundice:it is parenchymal jaundice there is posthepatic occlusion direct bilirubin is increased it is also called hemolytic jaundice The risks involved in fast draining of large quantities of ascites are:development of low oncotic pressure edema bleeding into the abdominal cavity massive arterial hyperemia in the abdominal vessels hemodynamic collapse " Mutilation” means :form of biological mutation pendulum movement of the blood zonal hair lossself amputation of phalanges It is true that :concentric hypertrophy is also called tonogenic eccentric hypertrophy is myogenic hypertrophy can be combined with hyperplasia false type of hypertrophy is hyperplasia Sources of fat embolism in the lung are:the bone marrow in the long bones subcutaneous fat liver with fatty degeneration ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque of the aorta Which of these factors lead to nut-meg liver?short venous stasis arterial hyperemia chronic venous congestion mitral stenosis In the bronchi and nasal cavity may develop squamous cell carcinoma based on:hypoplasia histological accommodation anaplasia metaplasia Amyloid demonstates following characteristics:identified with Tioflavin S in fluorescence shows metachromasia with Perls identified with Congo rot in polarized light ultrastructurally has fibrillary structure Anaphylactic shock occurs in:hypersensitivity reactions cytotoxic type response induced by immune complexes atopic reactionsdelayed type hypersensitivity A basal cell carcinoma is localized most frequently on:the skin of the forearm the skin of the lower limbs the skin on the palms the skin of the faceReaction for Prussian blue is used for:tattoos proof of bilirubin proof of hemosiderin in hemochromatosis How could an air embolism be proved:in the presence of witnesses autopsy in a bathtub puncturing the right ventricle puncturing of the left ventricle Which enzymes are involved in a melanogenesis?hyaluronidase tyrosinase dopa oxidase lipaseInfarctions of which organs could often lead to the death of the patient?renal infarction infarction of the spleen infarction of heart cerebral infarction In cancers with epithelial origin:cells are arranged in sheets, nests or cordsresemble ‘fish meat’ metastasize primarily by blood cells show atypia Which type of cancer corresponds with the description “develops from glandular epithelium”?transitional cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma squamous cell carcinoma sarcoma Point an eatiology of the hemorrhagic infarction in the lung:thrombosis of a branch of a. bronchialis thrombosis of a branch of v. pulmonalisembolism of a branch of a. pulmonalis chronic venous stasis in the lungState which of the following is a macroscopic characteristic of adenocarcinoma:like a" bowl " like a " cauliflower " round non-healing ulcers on the face very dense knot in the face Which of the following terms are associated with amyloid deposition?porphiric spleen ‘sago’ spleen big white kidney flint-like liver The most common localization of lymphangioma is:the face in sella turcica on the phalanges of the toes lips, tonguePresence of the lymphocytes and plasma cells in the stroma of tumors is called: reactive inflammation morphological anaplasiastromal reaction sinus histiocytosisFactors for collateral arterial hyperemia are:progressive obstruction of end-arterya sudden blockage of a main blood vessel venous stasis presence of shunts Metachromasia is:immunohistochemical reactionexpression of cellular atypia changing the background color of the stain depending on the chemical composition of the tissue impregnation methodology for argirophilic fibersCarcinoids are:tumor-like process benign tumorsmalignant tumors hyperplastic processIn course of diabetes mellitus the deposit of glycogen could be observed in:C cells of islets of Langerhans cardiomyocytes in epithelium of Henle's loopnuclei of liver cellsThe description ?signet ring“ cell is used for: fatty degeneration of hepatocytesmucus producing adenocarcinomavacuolar degeneration of hepatocytesglycogen infiltration of Henle’s loopWhich of these mechanisms are NOT related to a hyaline degeneration alkalosisincreased protein synthesis enhanced rearbsorbsionacidosisIn mechanical jaundice the following could be seen: indirect bilirubin predominates in blood in the urine is increased urobilinogen bilirubin is found in urinefeces are intensively darkSpecify the conditions and diseases in which dystrophic calcification could be seen: atherocalcinosis deposition of calcium in the stomach calcified venous thrombicalcifications in primary tuberculotic complexAmyloid has following characteristics: is identified in polarized light in tioflavin S shows metahromasia with Perls no fluorescence in congorot milieu ultrastructurally has fibrillary structureMassive embolism in the trunk of the pulmonary artery causes: death from sudden cardiac arrest ??????????? angor mortis (mortal terror) hemorrhagic infarction in lung asphyxiaThere is no such embolism like: parasitic tumor cell bacterialviralNutmeg liver occurs in: thrombosis of v. portae cor pulomonale chronicum retrograde embolism from v. poplitea chronic right heart failure List the elements of granulation tissue:newly formed blood vessels giant cells collagen fibers fibroblasts How does carcinoma in situ metastasize? by the lymph flow perineural by the blood flowdoes not metastasize The most frequent localization of neurinoma in the skull is: ponto-cerebellar angle falx cerebri tentorium cerebelli cerebellum It is recommended for biopsies to be taken with and from: electric knife;from the periphery of the lesion to the border with healthy tissue; from the central area of lesionby cutting"Tiger" heart is diagnosed in terms of: subepicardial deposition of adipose tissue deposition of adipose tissue in septal wall papillary muscle cells with fatty changein infarction area of the left ventricle Hyialine-drop degeneration is: extracellular degenerationfatty degeneration type of cellular injurycarbohydrate degeneration???Hyperemic-hemorrhagic area occurs in: gout around ureic acid deposits anemic infarction nodular amyloidosispneumonia crouposaWhich are the conditions for the development of hemorrhagic infarction of the lung? thrombosis of a bronchial artery double circulation of the lung embolism of a pulmonary artery branch chronic venous congestion in the lung Which of the followings are the elements of the Virhov’s triad? damage to the endothelium of vascular wall change in the composition of blood delay and disruption of blood flow acceleration of blood flowSecondary lung hemosiderosis can develop in:chronic right-sided heart failure left-sided chronic heart failure ‘pulmonary heart’tricuspid valve insufficiencyIn which of the following pathological processes occur a deep fibrinous inflammation:fibrinous tracheitis pneumonia crouposadiphtheria of the tonsilsfibrinous pericarditis Decide which cells are found in tuberculoid granuloma:xantomal cells epitheloid cells giant cells "foreign body" typegiant cell ‘Tuton’ Signet-ring cells are seen in: in obesity.vacuolar degeneration of tubular epithelium in kidney; liver steatosisadenocarcinoma accumulating mucus in tumor cells. Squamous cell carcinoma may develop from:mouth mucosa lining of the bronchi lining of the vaginal part of cervixepithelium of gastric mucosaDermoid cyst is:mature teratoma, which occurrs most frequently in the ovarybenign tumor of cells of the soft meningespigmental tumorbenign tumor associated with pregnancyBasal cell cancer is localized most often: in the skin of the forearm skin on palms skin of the lower limbsfaceThe term "patognomonic changes’ means:unexplained changes changes specific for the diagnosis paradoxal changesdiffuse inflammatory changesAmyloid demonstrates the following characteristics: is a fibrillary protein is positive with Perls stain; is Congo-red negative;is deposited in giant cellsSpecify the correct meaning: livores – postmortem change of the color in certain (lower) parts of the body rigor mortis - cooling of the body after death algor mortis – postmortem muscle stiffnessautolysis – postmortem decayULCUS RODENS (rodent ulcer) is a metaphor for macroscopical finding in: adenocarcinoma of the stomach luetic ulcer rodent bitesbasal cell plete and entire removing of a lesion applies to which type of biopsy : incision biopsy aspiration biopsy excision biopsy puncture biopsySpecify the typical signs of mucoid edema positive staining for fibrin metachromasia when staining with Toluidine bluebasophilia of extracellular matrixpreserved striation of transverse collagen fibersEmbolus coming out of the right atrium may be found in which of these vessels? а. pulmonalis vv. pulmonalis аorta a. bronchialis Lung hemosiderosis can develop in:chronic right-sided heart failure chronic left-sided heart failure mitral valve stenosistricuspid valve insufficiencyHow to prove air embolism: in the presence of witnesses by puncture in the right ventricle autopsy should be done when the dead body is immersed in waterby puncture in left ventriculeWhich are the predisposing conditions for development of hemorrhagic infarction of the lung? thrombosis of a branch of bronchial artery thromboembolism of a branch of pulmonary artery double circulation of the lungs chronic venous congestion in the lungHyperemic-haemorrhagic zone occurs in: in gout around ureic acid deposits anemic infarction nodular amyloidosispneumonia ‘crouposa’The term ‘mononuclear’ inflammatory infiltrate includes: eosinophils neutrophils plasma cellslymphocytesWhat type of changes predominate in proliferative (chronic) specific inflammation: granulomas abscess diffuse inflammationall of the aboveThe development of a new tumor in the scarring area of previously surgically removed malignant tumor is called: recurrence ectopia malignant degenerationretrograde metastasisPresence of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the stroma of tumors is called: reactive inflammation morphological anaplasia stromal reactionsinus histiocytosisEpithelial cancers are characterized by: expansive growth cell atipia mostly lymphogenic metastasesmetastases mainly by hematogenous wayThe term “patognomonic” changes mean: unexplained changes changes specific for the diagnosis paradoxal changesdiffuse inflammatory changesThe following microscopic description of a liver steciment indicate: “After preparation of the specimen with paraffin method and staining with H-E, hepatocytes show empty vacuoles with different size, the nuclei are often displaced to the periphery and the cytoplasm looks empty.” liver steatosis/fatty liverliver anthracosisliver jaundiceliver hemosiderosisWhich type of liver degeneration can be proved with the following description? – The specimen is prepared from fresh unfixed tissue or fixed with formalin, cut on a frozen microtom and stained with Sudan III in orange.carbohydrate degenerationcell edemabilirubin accumulation/jaundice in the liverfatty degeneration/liver steatosis The following gross description “red and yellow stripes in the papillary muscles” is characteristic for:lipomatosis of the hearttiger heartfatty liverjaundice of the liverThe following gross description “fatty accumulation along the coronary vessels, but in severe cases the lipid accumulation is diffusely spread under the epicardium” is characteristic for:lipomatosis of the hearttiger heartfatty degeneration of the heartall of the aboveThe following description indicate which type of change: “Peribronchial and perivascular spaces revealled black pigment which on high magnification appears as small granules. Some of the pigment is found in the macrophages lying in the alveolar spaces (coniophages)”.coal dust in lungsantracosis pulmonisbrown induration of lungslung infarctionWhat change of the lung is described? – H-E staining: The alveoli are filled with siderophages. They accumulate golden-brown pigment as a result of phagocytosis of the hemolized erytrocytes due to intra-alveolar per-diapedesin hemorrhages. Intra-alveolar septa are thickened because of the development of connective tissue. antracosis pulmonishemorrhagic infarction of the lunghemosiderosis pulmonislung edemaThe following microscopic description indicates:“Yellow-brown-green pigment is accumulated as tiny granules in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes, in the lumens of the biliary capillaries as bile thrombi and in the lumens of bileducts as cylinders.fatty degeneration of the livermassive necrosis of the liverchronic venous congestion of the liverjaundice of the liverThe following microscopic description indicates:H-E staining: The epithelial cells of the renal tubules accumulate yellow-brown-green pigment as tiny granules in their cytoplasm. The same pigment is accumulated as cylinders in the lumens of the straight and collective renal tubulesargyria of the kidneyjaundice of the kidney/icterus reniscarbohydrate degeneration of the kidneychronic pyelonephritisThe following microscopic description indicates:H-E staining: The lesion consists of nests of normal melanocytes that accumulate different quantity of brown-black pigment. These cells can be found in papillary or reticular derma of the skin.naevus pigmentosusmelanoma malignumskin oedemabasal cell carcinomaThe following gross description of the lungs is typical for:“Brick-red to brown colour of the lungs, firm consistency, decreased elasticity”antracosis pulmonisbrown induration of the lungspneumonia developing in both lungslung infarctionThe following clinical features: left-sided heart failure, dyspnoe (shortness of breath), frequent cough with rusty colour expectoration, can be seen in:brown induration of the lungs/hemosiderosis of lungsheart tamponade1st degree AV-blockall of the aboveWhich heart disease can be described with the following microscopic picture: The cuspid valve when stained with H-E shows loose area – clear and unstained spaces between fibrous structures representing interstitional mucoid oedema)swelling. Fibroblasts are seen around this clear zone and in the periphery of the cuspid valve (sign of fibrosis). The valve contains many newly formed capillaries (the process is called vascularization).acute endocarditissubacute endocarditisage-related degeneration of the valverheumatism Which answer is correct for the following microscopic description: H-E staining: The liver columns are atrophic, the sinusoids look dilated. The hepatocytes are smaller in size and contain brown-golden pigment granules with perinuclear localization.nutmeg livercyanosis hepatisacute hepatitisatrophy of the liverThe following description of the liver is indicative for: The liver is increased in size, with firm texture, red-purple color, congested vessels, microscopically the sinusoids are dilated and filled with erythrocytes.hepar muschatum/nutmeg livercyanosis of the liverbrown atrophy of the liverliver cirrhosisThe following description of the liver is indicative for:The liver is increased in size, with motley cut surface showing red areas surrounded by yellow halo:nutmeg livercyanosis of the liverbrown atrophy of the liverliver cirrhosisThe following microscopic description is indicative for:H-E staining: Sinusoids are dilated and filled with blood. “Bloody lakes”are seen in the centro-lobular areas among the necrotic hepatocytes. The hepatocytes around them are with lipid degeneration and look like “signet-ring” cells. In the intermediate lobular areas the hepatocytes are atrophic.cyanosis hepatisnutmeg liverliver cirrhosisliver amyloidosisThe following microscopic description is indicative for: H-E staining: Alveolar spaces are filled with precipitaded homogenous pink fluid. Alveolar septi and capillaries are dilated and filled with erythrocytes. Airy bubbles can be found in the alveolar cavities and in the lumens of bronchi.hemorrhagic infarction of the lunghemosiderosis pulmonispulmofibrosislung edemaIndicate the cause of death according to the described test. “After Y-shaped opening of the pericardium, the pulmonary artery is cut on 2cm after its beginning. Tweezers are inserted in the vessel and its content is taken out, which looks dry and crumblie”.massive thromboembolism in the trunk of a. pulmonalis (saddle embolus)air embolismamniotic embolismheart tamponadeIndicate the cause of death according to the described test:“After Y-shaped opeing, the pericardial sac is filled with water. After puncture of the right heart ventricle with a sharp knife are seen air bubbles”.massive thromboembolism in the trunk of a.pulmonalis (saddle embolus)air embolismamniotic embolismheart tamponadeThe following microscopic description is indicative for: H-E staining. Thrombus formation with layered structure, occluding completely or partially the lumen of the blood vessel. In the area of disturbed endothelial layer is seen alternation of pink stripes and bands (aggregated thrombocytes and fibrin fibres) and orange accumulations (erythrocytes).red thrombuswhite thrombusmixed thrombushyaline thrombusThe following microscopic description of the kidney is indicative for: H-E staining: On low magnification is seen pinkish area with no nuclei or picnotic nuclei and the cytoplasms of the necrotic cells is granular and eosinophillic. Kidney structures look like shadows. This pinkish area is surrounded by blue rim, of inflammatory cells (lymphocytes and leucocyts) and thin band of erythrocytes (the so called hyperemic-hemorrhagic area). acute pyelonephritisanemic infarction of the kidneyamyloidosis of the kidneychronic pyelonephritisThe following microscopic description of the lung indicates for: On H-E staining: Necropsy material taken 24 hours after death. The alveoli are filled with agglutinated and hemolized erythrocytes, the alveolar walls are necrotic. The preserved alveoli are filled with edematous fluid and hemosiderophages. The latest changes are a sign for chronic venous congestion.hemorrhagic infarction of the lung and hemosiderosispneumonia and hemosiderosissmall cell cancer and hemosiderosispneumonia and lung edemaThe following microscopic description of the lung is indicative for: The specimen is prepared by frozen section of unfixed tissue. Sudan III staining shows round, oval, elongated or branched, orange stained drops in the capillaries, with complete occlusion of their lumen.parasite embolism of the lungthromboembolism of the lungamniotic embolismfat embolism of the lungWhat is the organ diagnosis if during autopsy are seen the following changes: Complicated atherosclerotic plaques of the aorta and renal arteries with ulceration and thrombosis, small in size right kidney showing depressed area in its middle part, which is 3x4cm in size, with pale color, firm texture and triangular shape.chronic pyelonephritisanemic infarction of the kidneychronic glomerulonephritisabscess of the kidneyThe following microscopic description of the heart is indicative for: H-E staining: Among the myocardium are found cavities filled with purulent exudate. In the centre of some of them are seen groups of microorganisms, stained in dark blue. The adjacent cardiomyocytes are with dystrophic changes, multitude neutrophiles are seen in the interstitium.acute purulent pericarditisacute absceding myocarditisacute viral myocarditisrheumatic myocarditisWhat is the described disease in the liver? H-E staining “Description of the wall of a cyst. Pink slender membrane is pathognomonic for the disease. It represents tick, multilayered acellular band which looks like “cigarette smoke”. There is a fibrous capsule between the membrane and the normal liver tissue, compoused of collagen connective tissue. Single bile ducts and chronic inflammatory cells are included among the collagen fibres.”actinomycosisamebiasischronic abscessechinococcusIndicate the correct answer for the following description: “Tumor-like process located on the gingiva. Histologically, under the stratified squamous gingival epithelium are found fibroblast-like cells and giant cells looking like osteoclasts, located in optically empty spaces. Light stripe of connective tissue separates the epithelium and the tumor-like process.fibromagiant cell epulisadamantinomacementomaIndicate the diagnosis according to the following microscopic description: H-E staining: The thyroid gland is lavishly infiltrated by the lymphocytes and plasma cells. Plenty of lymph follicles are also formed, they are with the wide light centres. The lymphoid infiltration disrupts the lymph follicles; in the preserved ones the colloid is scanty or missing. High cubic eosinophilic cells of Hurtle type can be seen.goiterRiddle thyroiditislymphoma in the thyroid glandHashimoto thyroiditisSuggest the correct answer according to the following microscopic description. H-E staining: The tumor is composed of branches and nests of basal type cells – spindle, with scanty cytoplasm and moderate atypia of nuclei. Mitoses are rarely seen. In the solid nests tumor cells have palisade peripheral arrangement The stromal reaction is presented by lymphocytes and plasma cells. The tumor nests infiltrate the deep dermal layers.basal cell papilloma of the skinsquamous cell carcinoma of the skinpigmented nevusbasal cell carcinoma of the skinSuggest the diagnosis according to the following microscopic description: H-E staining: Capsulated tumor with uneven, lobular structure. Different lobules are made up of cells containing optically empty vacuoles in their cytoplasm They push the cells’ nuclei to the periphery under the cytoplasmic membrane.fibromaleiomyomalymphangiomalipomaSuggest the correct diagnosis according to the following microscopic description. H-E staining: Unencapsulated intradermal tumor which is poorly distinguished from the adjacent tissue and covered by the atrophic epidermis. The tumor is composed of the capillary vessels with erythrocytes in their lumena. cavernous hemangioma of the skincapillary lymphangioma of the skincapillary hemangioma of the skinhygroma of the skinSuggest the diagnosis according to the following microscopic description. H-E stining: Unencapsulated liver tumor which is well distinguished from the adjacent tissues. It is composed of the large vascular spaces resembling similar vascular structures in the penis. Erythrocytes and hemolyzed blood are seen in the lumina of these large vessels. The walls of these structures represent fibrous septi covered with one or two lines of endothelial cells.cavernous hemangiomacapillary hemangiomaangiosarcomalymphangiomaSuggest the diagnosis according to the following microscopic description: H-E staining: Unencapsulated uterine tumor which is composed of the spindle cells arranged in bundles. These bundles cross in different directions. Slight tissue atypia is seen, presented by chaotic bundles of spindle cellsleiomyosarcoma uterileiomyoma uteriendometrial carcinomaendometrial sarcomaSuggest the diagnosis according to the microscopic description. H-E staining: The tumor is composed of highly differentiated tissue elements from the three germinal cell layers -- mesodermal layer (connective tissue, collagen fibres, fatty tissue, cartilage and others), endodermal layer (glands) and ectodermal layer (skin, columnar epithelium, stratified squamous epithelium, brain substance). They create a variety of the morphological picture. There isn’t any sign of cell atypia. Cystic changes are often seen.teratocarcinomamature teratomadermoid cystpleomorphic adenomaA resident in surgery is looking for a consultation with regard to a breast nodule in a young woman: can a morphological examination be done prior to surgery? How the specimen should be taken and in what fixative? Which are the other options for a routine examination? What addition morphological methods can be involved?complete excision if the tumor is small in size and frozen section during surgeryincision biopsy if the tumor is bigger in size followed by frozen section during surgerythin-needle biopsy followed by cytology examination all of the listed aboveThe autopsy of a 65- year old patient, alcohol addicted with diabetes, emphysema and pneumonia revealed gross changes in the liver. It’s enlarged and heavy (2110g) with smooth surface and soft consistency. The cut surface is yellow-brown and the lobular structure is unclear. What is the diagnosis?fatty degenerationcarbohydrate degenerationprotein degenerationall the three are possibleThe autopsy of a patient with pernicious anemia showed dilated right heart chamber. The myocardium is loose and pale. As a result of the hypoxia, the major changes are seen under the endocardium, mainly in the area of papillary muscles. What changes do you expect to see?lipomatosis of the heartcarbohydrate degeneration of the hearttiger heart/fatty degeneration of the heartheart infarction52-year old woman with medical history of tonsillitis, developed heart valve defect. She complained of cough, sometimes with rusty expectoration and difficulties in breathing when she is lying in bed. Auscultation revealed small moist noises in both lung bases. What is the cause for all these complains and clinical findings?mitral valve stenosistricuspidal valve stenosisaortic valve stenosisaortic valve insufficiencyBody of a man with total cachexia is sent for an autopsy. The skin is dark-bronze. The two suprarenal glands are entirely ruined by tuberculosis. Which is the disease?Cohn’s diseaseAddison’s diseaseCushing’s syndromeWaterhouse-Fridricksen’s syndromeNodule measuring 2cm from the parotid gland of a 32 year old male patient was sent for the histological examination. Histological result showed jelly-like and at some areas chondroid substance which surrounds glandular structures and strands of flat cylindrical and spindle cells. Suggest the diagnosis.adenocarcinoma of the parotid glandacute syalodenitispleomorphic adenomamucinous carcinomaAutopsy of a young man died 2 days after car accident reveals fracture of the femur and massive crush of the soft tissues. Lungs are normal in shape and size but with expressive hyperemia. The cut surface is shiny with minute droplets of the size of the head of a pin. Indicate the cause of death:fat embolism air embolism thromboembolism bacterial embolismAutopsy of a patient with pernicious anemia shows dilated right ventricle with anemic infarction. On papillary muscles are detected yellowish stripes. What pathological finding is seen in this case?hyperplasia of fat cells ?tiger heart” - fatty degeneration of cardiomyocites lipomatosis brown atrophyA tumor from the left forearm in a 39-year old woman was resected. Grossly it is well circumscribed, with a diameter of 3 cm. On histology: tumor cells are spindle-shaped, grouped in bundles, nuclei form palisade structures. Set the diagnosis:fibroma leiomyoma myxoma neurinomaAn autopsy of a 60-years all man revealed a thickened and soft wall of the stomach with indistinct layers. Cut surface showed presens of the dirty grayish -green pus-like material. What disease is this:chronic gastritis phlegmonous gastritis acute gastric ulcer chronic gastric ulcerAt an autopsy in the temporal lobe of the brain a cyst with a diameter of 2 cm, with smooth walls and clear pale yellow liquid was found .What can it be :abscess of the brain pseudocyst of the brain tumor encephalitis A man of 68 years is complaining of severe pain in the muscles of the legs occurring when walking fast, which disappears after a short rest. Indicate the correct diagnosis:Varicose veins in the lower extremities intermittent claudication polio-encephalitis popliteal vein thrombosis A week after surgery for inguinal hernia at the site of operation appears a nodule. Microscopically there are macrophages, lymphocytes and lots of capillaries with scattered neutrophils. What is a diagnosed?repair tissue granulation tissue tumor process disorder of microcirculation During an opera performance a singer suddenly lost consciousness and after a few hours died with the signs of hemorrhagic shock without clear source of bleeding. At the autopsy are found 2.5 L. blood in the abdomen from subcapsular rupture of an unencapsulated tumor formation in the liver, with spongy structure, cherry -red color and size - 15 x 15cm. Which are the causes of death?ruptured cavernous hemangioma of the liver mesenteric thrombosis and paralytic ileus diffuse peritonitis due to hemorrhage hemorrhagic shock due to blood loss The left hemisphere of brain demonstrates a well circumscribed tumor with a diameter of 3cm, greyish- brown color and a thick consistency, attached to the dura mater. The underlying brain tissue shows a compression pit. Point the most likely macroscopic diagnosis:meningioma astrocytoma neurinoma medulloblastoma On the plantar surface of a 35 year old woman there is a bluish-black tumor with lobulated uneven surface covered with bloody crusts. Histology shows epithelioid cells with different shapes and sizes with pigment granules in the cytoplasm. Infiltrative growth in respect to dermis and epidermis is present. Give a diagnosis:nevus pigmentosus efelides melanoma malignum basal cell carcinomaAt an autopsy in the upper area of ??the right lung are detected changes including two foci with stone-hard density. The cut-surface is whitish and is grinding like sand. How to explain the presence of these calcium salts?calcium gout deposits of uric acid crystals degenerative calcification in old tuberculosis focus metastatic calcification 68 year-old man complains of a face ulcer with thick edges and black base covered with brownish crusts. Histologically nests of round cells that form peripheral palisade structures are seen. Which is the correct diagnosis?basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma malignant melanoma nevus pigmentosusA man of 62, smoker with obesity, treated in a dermatological clinic due to skin problems, dies suddenly after a severe chest pain . Clinicians set as the final diagnosis the skin disease for which he has been admitted to the hospital. At the autopsy a 3.5 cm clay-like area with irregular shape in the anterior wall of the left ventricle was seen. The descending left coronary artery was almost entirely occluded by atherosclerosis. What is the correct diagnosis?rupture of the heart myocardial infarction acute heart failure cerebral infarction The autopsy of a 43 years old man reveals brain meninges covered by the thick yellowish exudate. Meningeal vessels are hyperemic, brain tissue is edematous. What is your diagnosis?acute encephalitis polio-encephalitis cerebellar herniation acute purulent meningitis A 35 year old man felt his right parotid gland enlarged, with a nodule 2 cm in diameter, well demarcated and dense. Histology shows jelly-like structures and immature cartilage and between them glandular structures and strands of cubic, cylindrical cells and ducts. Specify the diagnosis: pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland myxoma of parotid gland chondroma of parotid gland During the autopsy in the temporal lobe of the brain is found a cyst 2cm in diameter, with smooth walls filled with a clear pale yellow liquid. Indicate what it is:brain abscesspseudocyst of the brain tumor encephalitis At autopsy, in the abdominal cavity and on appendices epiploice, many “chalky” white spots are clearly seen. The finding is the same in the pancreas. Point the diagnosis:steatonecrosis in acute pancreatitis fibrino-purulent peritonitis carcinomatosis of peritoneumserous peritonitis The autopsy of a young man died several hours after a car accident shows fracture of his left femur with massive smash of the soft tissues. The lungs are normal in shape and size, but intensively congested. Their cut surface is shiny and small droplets the size of a ‘pin head’ appear on it. Specify the cause of death: fat embolism air embolism thromboembolism bacterial embolism 69 year old male, who has suffered from varicose veins of the legs for 20 years, is admitted for surgical treatment. 15 days after surgery, when he suddenly rose up from bed, he felt sick, complained of severe shortness of breath, lost consciousness and died within a few minutes. Indicate the most likely cause of death: mesenteric thrombosis cerebral infarction thromboembolism of pulmonary artery myocardial infarction 28 year old woman a year ago felt a ‘knot’ in the breast 2 centimeters in diameter, well demarcated, painless, mobile, thick. Histology shows concentric connective tissue around the ducts of the breast without compressing and distortion of the ducts. Specify the exact histologic diagnosis:adenocarcinoma pericanalicular fibroadenoma intracanalicular fibroadenomascirrous cancer Bilateral on the skin of the eyelids are seen bulging above the level of the skin nodules yellow color with the size of rice grains. What is it?deposition of hemosiderin common mole nevusxantelasmasThe autopsy of a deceased patient shows swollen and very soft meninges of the temporal area with greyish-green color. Microscopic examination reveals that the meninges are rich of leukocytes. What illness is concerned:purulent meningitis brain abscess tuberculous meningitisencephalitisThe autopsy of an old man who died suddenly found complicated atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta, coronary and cerebral arteries. The heart is enlarged with dilated heart chambers. The right atrium shows brittle grey-brown material with uneven surface, close to the endocardium. The main trunk and two main branches of the pulmonary artery show ‘saddle’ grey-brown brittle material. Identify the immediate cause of death:myocardial infarction embolism of the pulmonary vein thromboembolism of pulmonary arterymesenteric thrombosis 39 year old female underwent surgery to remove a tumor from her left forearm. The tumor is 3cm in diameter, well demarcated and dense. Histology shows fusiform (spindle) cells which are grouped in bundles, with nuclei arranged in palisades (‘fence wall’ pattern). Set the diagnosis: fibroma mixoma lleiomyomaneurinoma39-year-old female has surgically removed tumor from her left forearm measuring 3 cm in diameter, well demarcated and dense. Histology shows fusiform (spindle) cells grouped in bundles, with palisading (‘fence’ type pattern) nuclei. Specify the diagnosis: fibroma lleiomyoma mixoma neurinoma At autopsy the stomach is with a large tumor with gelatinous appearance. Microscopically, the tumor cells show ‘signet ring’-shaped appearance, in whose cytoplasm PAS reaction is positive. What type of degeneration is the pathological process associated the gelatinous appearance of tumor? mucoid degeneration hyaline degeneration fatty degeneration fibrinoid edema;At autopsy in the frontal lobe of the brain is found well visible and demarcated area with 3 cm in diameter, with gray-green color, well circumscribed from the surrounding tissue, filled with decaying substance. What illness is described? purulent meningitis encephalitis chronic abscesstuberculous meningitisAt autopsy, in the abdominal cavity and on appendices epiploice, many “chalky” white spots are clearly seen. The finding is the same in the pancreas. Point the diagnosis: serous peritonitis carcinomatosis of peritoneum fibrino-purulent peritonitissteatonecrosis in acute pancreatitis ................
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