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QuestionsNotes: ROARING TWENTIES AND GREAT DEPRESSION!Changing Ways of Life and Education and Popular CultureMain Idea – Americans experienced cultural conflicts as customs and values changed in the 1920s. The popular culture reflected the prosperity of the era, as mass media, movies, and spectator sports played important roles in the 1920s.Booming Economy Wartime economy ________________________________Technology growth made life easier____________________________________________Electric stoveElectric lightingBuying on Credit Spending money you don’t have.What made the 20s roaring? People became more carefree and adventurous.Women held jobs outside the home and went to college_____________________: carefree young women with short hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts.Flagpole sitter…people actually sat on top of flagpoles for fun.___________________________…first solo flight across Atlantic (Spirit of Saint Louis)Results of Improved Transportation Greater Mobility (easier to move around)People moved from the suburbs and commuted to work in the citiesCreated jobs in transportation industryRoad construction____________________Steel____________________Gas stationsAirplane-transports mail and eventually peopleCharles Lindbergh The Prohibition Experiment Background: _______________________________ established an era of ____________________ – def. – manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages illegal Prohibition U.S. government failed to budget enough money to enforce the law _______________________ – def. – underground saloons and nightclubs that sold alcohol _________________________ – def. – people who manufactured or smuggled illegal liquor Prohibition SIG – Prohibition experiment failed Rise in organized crime – ex: gangster Al Capone in Chicago In 1933 – _______________________ repealed prohibition Science and Religion Clash_______________________________ – def. – belief in the literal interpretation of the bible Led to conflict with some scientific ideas Rejected the idea that man had evolved from apes = _________________________________________________ __________________________________ (1925) – Teacher John T. Scopes violated TN law that banned teaching of evolution in school Featured fight between defense lawyer Clarence Darrow and prosecution witness William Jennings Bryan SIG - Highlighted the conflict between science and fundamentalism Sacco and VanzettiItalian immigrants (and ________________________) who were charged and found guilty in the armed robbery and murder of two pay-clerksEyewitnesses had only been able to say that the guilty parties looked Italian, Sacco and Vanzetti were arrestedExecuted via ______________________________Mass Media Shape Culture Newspapers more literate Americans = increased newspaper circulation SIG – shaped cultural norms and sparked fads Magazines mass-circulation to reach wide audiences Focused on ________________ and ________________ – ex: Reader’s Digest, Time Radio most powerful communications medium of the 1920s Broadcast news, sports, music (Jazz), ___________________ programs SIG – created a more national culture – different audiences around the country hearing the same programs Movies offered viewers a way to escape their lives through romance and comedy SIG – helped promote a national culture ?Development of movies—________________________!Felix the CatThe Big ParadeMickey MouseSports Heroes _____________________ - a professional ball player that hit 60 homeruns in one season. Jack Dempsey - a boxer defeated by Gene Tunney. Gene Tunney - the boxer that defeated former champion Jack Dempsey. Johnny Weissmuller - an American Olympic swimmer that won 5 gold medals and was an actor. Bobby Jones - was the greatest amateur golfer of modern times. Big Bill Tilden - first American to win men's singles at Wimbledon, England. ____________________ - was a halfback at the University of Illinois from 1923 to 1925.The Twenties Woman? Background: _________________________ increased women’s rights by giving women the right to vote ________________________ – def. - young urban women who embraced new fashions and attitudes Featured short bobbed haircuts, shorter dresses, make-up, smoking, drinking, talked openly about sex, dancing Limiting Immigration Anti-immigrant attitudes (_______________________) had been growing since the 1880s due to increased immigration, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe Increased immigration led to more competition for industrial jobs in cities Return of the _________________________ (KKK) 1920s KKK devoted to hatred of immigrants, blacks, Catholics, Jews, 4.5 million male members by mid-1920s Declined by the end of the decade due to criminal activity _______________________________ – established the maximum number of people who could enter the U.S. from each foreign country Designed to limit number of Southern and Eastern European immigrants Great Migration Jobs for African Americans in the South were Scarce and low payingAfrican Americans faced discrimination and violence in the SouthAfrican Americans moved to northern cities in search of jobsAfrican Americans also faced discrimination and violence in the North Harlem Renaissance African American artists, writers, and musicians based in Harlem revealing the freshness and variety of African American culture.The popularity of these artists spread to the rest of society. Art: ________________________________-painter who chronicled the Great Migration North through art.Literature: ____________________________________-poet who combined the experiences of African and American cultural roots.Music: Duke Ellington and Lewis Armstrong-___________________________; ___________________________-Blues singer Culture of the 20s and 30s Literature: ________________________________-novelist who wrote about the jazz age (The Great Gatsby)________________________________-novelist who portrayed the strength of poor migrant workers in the 30s (The Grapes of WrathArt: _________________________________-artist known for urban scenes and later paintings of the southwest and flowersMusic:_______________________ and _____________________- wrote uniquely American music. The Nation’s Sick Economy A New Deal Fights the Depression Main Idea – As the prosperity of the 1920s ended, severe economic problems gripped the nation and led to the Great Depression. After becoming president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt used government programs as part of his New Deal to combat the Depression.The Business CycleThe economy naturally goes through times of recession, recovery, and prosperity.Economic Troubles on the Horizon Background: The prosperity of the 1920s was largely based on the use of ___________________ – def. – consumers agreed to buy now and pay later for purchasesInstallment buying _____________________Over speculation _____________________def. - form of credit with monthly payments with interest Buying on margin def. – buying too many stocks hoping to sell at a higher price in a short period of time, regardless of risk involved Over Speculation paying only a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest to make a stock purchase Causes of the Great Depression Black Tuesday (______________________________) – the stock market crashed with 16.4 million shares of stock sold in one day, causing prices to collapse Prices of stocks fell speculators left with huge debts that couldn’t be repaid to banks ___________________________ people lost their savings Banks Failing Federal Reserve failed to prevent widespread collapse of the nation’s banking system as banks continued to fail through the early 1930sHawley-Smoot Act (1930) - High protective tariff resulted in retaliatory tariffs in other countries, which strangled international tradeFinancial Collapse Great Depression – def. – period from 1929 to 1940 in which the economy plummeted and unemployment skyrocketed, causing widespread hardship Business failures – 90,000 businesses went bankrupt Collapse of the financial system - over 11,000 bank closings Unemployment – 25% of American workers were unemployed by 1932 “_____________________________” – def. - shacks and shantytowns of homeless people, named for President Hoover President Hoover thought that private companies and volunteers should take care of the economyDid not act in the beginning to try to counter act the depressionFarm foreclosures – farmers lost their homes and lands and were forced to migrate across the country looking for work Dust Bowl“Okies” Dust Bowl parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado that were hardest hit by draught and dust storms Dust BowlLasted ______________________Caused by poor agricultural practices and years of sustained droughtThe winds of the Great Plains stirred up the dust from the fields and blew it across the plainsIn 1932, ________ dust storms were recorded on the Plains. In 1933, there were _____________ storms. By 1934, it was estimated that 100 million acres of farmland had lost all or most of the topsoil to the winds.The Dust Bowl got its name after ___________________, April 14, 1935. The cloud that appeared on the horizon that Sunday was the worst. Winds were clocked at 60 mph. Then it hit. The simplest acts of life — breathing, eating a meal, taking a walk — were no longer simple. Children wore _________________ to and from school, women hung wet sheets over windows in a futile attempt to stop the dirt, farmers watched helplessly as their crops blew away. Okies and Arkies ____________: those who moved west to California from Oklahoma____________: those who moved west to California from ArkansasThese migrant workers/families lived in tents or out of their automobilesUnderstanding ImagesWhat feelings does this image give you?What do you think to woman is feeling? How about the kids?Describe the way they are dressed?Migrant Stories Steinbeck and the Dust BowlAs John Steinbeck wrote in his 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath: "And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out, tractored out. Car-loads, caravans, homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless - restless as ants, scurrying to find work to do - to lift, to push, to pull, to pick, to cut - anything, any burden to bear, for food. The kids are hungry. We got no place to live. Like ants scurrying for work, for food, and most of all for land."? Americans Get a New Deal Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) won the presidential election of 1932 Inaugural address – rallied a frightened nation “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” Fireside Chats – FDR’s radio addresses aimed at restoring American confidence New Deal Relief measures that provided direct payment to people for immediate help ___________ (Civilian Conservation Corps) TVA (_________________________________________) WPA (Works Progress Administration) CCC (________________________________________) – provided jobs for young single males on conservation projects TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) – provided jobs building dams to bring running water and electricity to poor region in the South WPA (Works Progress Administration) – created as many jobs as quickly as possible in construction of airports, highways, and public buildings as well as professions such as art, music, and theater Recovery programs designed to bring the nation out of the Depression over time AAANRA AAA and NRA AAA (_______________________________) – aided farmers by regulating crop production so prices would rise ________ (National Recovery Administration) – reformed banking practices and established fair codes of competition for businesses ReformFDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) – protected bank deposits up to $___________________What does it protect up to today? ______________________________________________defined unfair labor practices and established the National Labor Relations Board to settle disputes between employers and employees SSA (_______________________________) – provided a pension for retired workers and their spouses and helped people with disabilities Interpreting CartoonsWho are the main figures in the cartoon?What are they pouring down the pump?What is occurring as it is being pumped into the economy?Significance of the New Deal the New Deal changed the role of government to a more active participant in solving problems Public believed in the responsibility of the federal government to: deliver public services _______________________________act in ways to promote the general welfare Summary: ................
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