EC1269



SARDAR RAJA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ALANGULAM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MICRO LESSON PLAN

[pic]

SUBJECT NAME : ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS I

SUBJECT CODE : EC 2205

SEMESTER : III

YEAR : II

STAFF NAME

KALIMUTHU V

AP/ECE DEPT

SUBJECT description

EC 2205 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS I L T P C

3 1 0 4

AIM

The aim of this course is to familiarize the student with the analysis and design of basic

transistor Amplifier circuits and power supplies.

OBJECTIVE

➢ On completion of this course the student will understand

➢ The methods of biasing transistors

➢ Design of simple amplifier circuits

➢ Midband analysis of amplifier circuits using small - signal equivalent circuits to

➢ determine gain input impedance and output impedance

➢ Method of calculating cutoff frequencies and to determine bandwidth

➢ Design of power amplifiers

➢ Analysis and design of power supplies.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Millman J and Halkias .C., Integrated Electronics, TMH, 2007.

2. S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar and A. Vallavaraj, Electronic Devices and Circuits,

2nd Edition, TMH, 2007.

REFERENCES

1. Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 9th

Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2007.

2. David A. Bell, Electronic Devices & Circuits, 4th Ediion, PHI, 2007

3. Floyd, Electronic Devices, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education, 2002.

4. I.J. Nagrath, Electronic Devices and Circuits, PHI, 2007.

5. Anwar A. Khan and Kanchan K. Dey, A First Course on Electronics, PHI, 2006.

6. B.P. Singh and Rekha Singh, Electronic Devices and Integrated Circuits, Pearson

Education, 2006.

7. Rashid M, Microelectronics Circuits, Thomson Learning, 2007.

EC 2205 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS I L T P C

3 1 0 4

UNIT I TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY 12

BJT – Need for biasing – Stability factor - Fixed bias circuit, Load line and quiescent

point. Variation of quiescent point due to FE h variation within manufacturers tolerance -

Stability factors - Different types of biasing circuits - Method of stabilizing the Q point -

Advantage of Self bias (voltage divider bias) over other types of biasing, Bias compensation – Diode, Thermister and Sensistor compensations, Biasing the FET and

MOSFET.

UNIT II MIDBAND ANALYSIS OF SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS 12

CE, CB and CC amplifiers - Method of drawing small-signal equivalent circuit - Midband

analysis of various types of single stage amplifiers to obtain gain, input impedance and

output impedance - Miller’s theorem - Comparison of CB, CE and CC amplifiers and

their uses - Methods of increasing input impedance using Darlington connection and

bootstrapping - CS, CG and CD (FET) amplifiers - Multistage amplifiers.Basic emitter coupled differential amplifier circuit - Bisection theorem. Differential gain –CMRR - Use of constant current circuit to improve CMRR - Derivation of transfer characteristic.

UNIT III FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS 12

General shape of frequency response of amplifiers - Definition of cutoff frequencies and

bandwidth - Low frequency analysis of amplifiers to obtain lower cutoff frequency Hybrid

– π equivalent circuit of BJTs - High frequency analysis of BJT amplifiers to obtain upper cutoff frequency – Gain Bandwidth Product - High frequency equivalent circuit of FETs - High frequency analysis of FET amplifiers - Gain-bandwidth product of FETs - General expression for frequency response of multistage amplifiers - Calculation of overall upper and lower cutoff frequencies of multistage amplifiers - Amplifier rise time and sag and their relation to cutoff frequencies.

UNIT IV LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS 12

Classification of amplifiers, Class A large signal amplifiers, second harmonic distortion,

higher order harmonic distortion, transformer-coupled class A audio power amplifier –

efficiency of Class A amplifiers. Class B amplifier – efficiency - push-pull amplifier - distortion in amplifiers - complementary-symmetry (Class B) push-pull amplifier, Class C,

Class D amplifier – Class S amplifier – MOSFET power amplifier, Thermal stability and

heat sink.

UNIT V RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES 12

Classification of power supplies, Rectifiers - Half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers

with resistive load. Analysis for dc V and ripple voltage with C, L, LC and CLC filters. Voltage multipliers, Voltage regulators - Zener diode regulator, principles of obtaining a

regulated power supply, regulator with current limiting, Over voltage protection, Switched

mode power supply (SMPS), Power control using SCR.

TUTORIAL = 15 TOTAL : 60 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS

1. Millman J and Halkias .C., Integrated Electronics, TMH, 2007.

2. S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar and A. Vallavaraj, Electronic Devices and Circuits,

2nd Edition, TMH, 2007.

REFERENCES

1. Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 9th

Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2007.

2. David A. Bell, Electronic Devices & Circuits, 4th Ediion, PHI, 2007

3. Floyd, Electronic Devices, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education, 2002.

4. I.J. Nagrath, Electronic Devices and Circuits, PHI, 2007.

5. Anwar A. Khan and Kanchan K. Dey, A First Course on Electronics, PHI, 2006.

6. B.P. Singh and Rekha Singh, Electronic Devices and Integrated Circuits, Pearson

Education, 2006.

7. Rashid M, Microelectronics Circuits, Thomson Learning, 2007.

|HOURS |WEEK NO | | | |A/V |

| | |TOPIC |T/R |PAGE No. |CLASS |

| | | |BOOKS | | |

| |

|UNIT- I TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY |

|1 |I |BJT – Need for biasing – Stability factor |R3, |143-144 | |

| | | |T2 |174-176 | |

|2 | |Fixed bias circuit, Load line and quiescent point. | |146-152 | |

|3 | |Variation of quiescent  point due to hFE |T2 |180 | |

| | |[pic]variation within manufacturers tolerance - | | | |

| | |Stability factors | | | |

|4 | |Different types of biasing circuits - Method of |T2 |181-193 | |

| | |stabilizing the Q point | | | |

|6 |II |Advantage of Self bias (voltage divider bias) over |T2, |193, | |

| | |other types of biasing |R3 |157-164 | |

|7 | |Bias compensation – Diode, Thermister and Sensistor |T2 |193-194 | |

| | |compensations | | | |

|8 | |Biasing the FET and MOSFET |T2 |213-219 |yes |

|9 |III |Tutorial | | | |

|10 | |Tutorial | | | |

|11 | |Tutorial | | | |

|12 | |Revision | | | |

|UNIT II  MIDBAND ANALYSIS OF SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS |

|13 |IV |CE, CB and CC amplifiers - Method of drawing |T2 |248-252 |yes |

| | |small-signal equivalent circuit | | | |

|14 | |Midband analysis of various types of single stage |T2 |279-284 | |

| | |amplifiers to obtain gain, input impedance and output | | | |

| | |impedance | | | |

|15 | |Miller’s theorem |R3 |520 | |

|16 | |Comparison of CB, CE and CC amplifiers and their uses |T2 |279-284 | |

|17 |V |Methods of increasing input impedance using |R3 |550-558 | |

| | |Darlington connection and bootstrapping | | | |

|18 | |CS, CG and CD (FET) amplifiers |T2 |313-320 | |

|19 | |Multistage amplifiers |T2 |349-352 | |

|20 | | | | | |

|21 | |Basic emitter coupled differential amplifier circuit -|T2 |326-329 | |

| | |Bisection theorem | | | |

|22 |VI |Differential gain – CMRR - Use of constant current |T2 |329-335 | |

| | |circuit to improve CMRR | | | |

|23 | | | | | |

|24 | |Derivation of transfer characteristic | |335-337 | |

|25 | |Tutorial | | | |

|26 | |Tutorial | | | |

|27 |VII |Tutorial | | | |

|28 | |Revision | | | |

| |

|UNIT III FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS |

|29 |VIII |General shape of frequency response of amplifiers - |T2 |389-391 | |

| | |Definition of cutoff frequencies and bandwidth | | | |

|30 | |Low frequency analysis of amplifiers to obtain lower |T2 |397-401 | |

| | |cutoff frequency | | | |

|31 | |Hybrid [pic] -π equivalent circuit of BJTs |T2 |398 | |

|32 | |High frequency analysis of BJT amplifiers to obtain |T2 |403-409 | |

| | |upper cutoff frequency – Gain Bandwidth Product | | | |

|33 |IX |High frequency equivalent circuit of FETs - High |T2 |412-417 |yes |

| | |frequency analysis of FET amplifiers Gain-bandwidth | | | |

| | |product of FETs | | | |

|34 | | | | | |

|35 | |General expression for frequency response of |T2 |417-419 | |

| | |multistage amplifiers -  Calculation of overall upper | | | |

| | |and lower cutoff frequencies of multistage amplifiers | | | |

|36 | | | | | |

|37 | |Amplifier rise time and sag and their relation to |R3 | | |

| | |cutoff frequencies. | | | |

|38 | |Tutorial | | | |

|39 |X |Tutorial | | | |

|40 | |Tutorial | | | |

|41 | |Revision I | | | |

|42 | |Revision II | | | |

| |

|UNIT IV LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS |

|43 |XI |Classification of amplifiers, Class A large signal |T2 |427-429 | |

| | |amplifiers | | | |

|44 | |second harmonic distortion, higher order harmonic |T2 |429-432 | |

| | |distortion | | | |

|45 | | | | | |

|46 | |transformer-coupled class A audio power amplifier – |T2 |432-435 | |

| | |efficiency of Class A amplifiers | | | |

|47 |XII |Class B amplifier – efficiency - push-pull amplifier |T2 |436-439 | |

|48 | | | | | |

|49 | |distortion in amplifiers - complementary-symmetry |T2 |439-441 | |

| | |(Class B) push-pull amplifier | |442-443 | |

|50 | |Class C, Class D amplifier – Class S amplifier |T2 |443-445 | |

|51 |XIII |MOSFET power amplifier |T2 |445-446 |yes |

|52 | |Thermal stability and heat sink. |T2 |446-449 | |

|53 | | | | | |

|54 |XIV |Revision I | | | |

|55 | |Revision II | | | |

|UNIT V    RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES |

|56 |XV |Classification of power supplies, Rectifiers - |T2 |617-618 | |

| | |Half-wave. | |619-621 | |

|57 | |Full-wave and bridge rectifiers with resistive load. |T2 |623-628 | |

|58 | |Analysis for [pic]and ripple voltage with C, L, LC and|T2 |628-635 | |

| | |CLC filters | | | |

|59 | | | | | |

|60 |XVI |Voltage multipliers, Voltage regulators - Zener diode |T2 |638-640 | |

| | |regulator | | | |

|61 | |principles of obtaining a regulated power supply |T2 | | |

|62 | |regulator with current limiting, Over voltage |T2 | | |

| | |protection, | | | |

|63 |XVII |Switched mode power supply (SMPS), |T2 |654-659 |yes |

|64 | | | | | |

|65 | |Power control using SCR |T2 |230-235 | |

|66 | |Revision | | | |

Note:

T2. S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar and A. Vallavaraj, Electronic Devices and Circuits,

2nd Edition, TMH, 2007.

R3. Floyd, Electronic Devices, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education, 2002.

QUESTION BANK

UNIT I

TRANSISTOR BIAS STABILITY

PART A (2 Marks)

1. Why do we choose q point at the center of the loadline?

2. Name the two techniques used in the stability of the q point ,explain.

3. Why is the operating point selected at the Centre of the active region?

4. List out the different types of biasing.

5. What do you meant by thermal runway?

6.Why is the transistor called a current controlled device?

7. Define current amplification factor?

8. What are the requirements for biasing circuits?

9. When does a transistor act as a switch?

10. What is biasing?

11. What is operating point?

12. What is stability factor?

13. What is d.c load line?

14. What are the advantages of fixed bias circuit?

15. Explain about the various regions in a transistor?

16. Explain about the characteristics of a transistor?

17. What is the necessary of the coupling capacitor?

18. What is reverse saturation current?

19. Calculate the value of feedback resistor (Rs) required to self bias an N-channel

JFET with IDSS = 40 mA, Vp = -10 v and VGSQ = -5V

20. Draw the fixed bias single stage transistor circuit.

PART B

1. Explain the need for biasing , Stability factor and Fixed bias circuit (16)

2. Explain in detail different types of biasing circuits (16)

3. Explain the advantage of self bias (voltage divider bias) over other types of biasing.(16)

4. Explain the various types of bias compensation techniques. (16)

5. i) Explain biasing of FET (8)

ii) Explain biasing of MOSFET (8)

6. (1) Explain the fixed bias method and derive an expression for the

stability factor.(8)

(2) Discuss the operation of thermistor compensation. (8)

7. Explain the circuit which uses a diode to compensate for changes in

VBE and in ICO.(16)

UNIT II

MIDBAND ANALYSIS OF SMALL SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

PART A (2 Marks)

1. What is an amplifier?

2. How are amplifiers classified according to the input?

3. How are amplifiers classified according to the transistor configuration?

4. What is the different analysis available to analyze a transistor?

5. How can a DC equivalent circuit of an amplifier be obtained?

6. How can a AC equivalent circuit of a amplifier be obtained?

7. What is small signal amplifier?

8. Draw the small signal equivalent model or h-parameter model of a transistor.

9. What are the advantages of h-parameter equivalent circuit?

10. Tabulate the h-parameters for all the 3 configurations.

11. What are the steps involved in midband analysis of single stage amplifiers?

12. What is the need to go for simplified hybrid model?

13.What are the techniques available to improve the input impedances?

14. Define CMRR

15. State Miller’s theorem.

16. What is the coupling schemes used in multistage amplifiers?

PART B ( 16 Marks)

1. Explain the AC and DC Analysis of Common Emitter amplifier . (16)

2. Explain the AC and DC Analysis Common Base Amplifier. (16)

3. Explain the AC and DC Analysis Common collector Amplifier. (16)

4. Draw the circuit of a common source FET amplifier & explain its operation? (16)

5. Briefly explain the operation of a Darlington emitter follower and also derive an expression

for its performance measures? (16)

6. What is a differential amplifier? Explain its working in common mode operation. Obtain its

AC equivalent circuit & drive the expression for voltage gain? (16)

7. Draw the circuit diagram of a differential amplifier. Explain the operation in difference mode

and common mode? (16)

8. What are the methods to improve the CMRR of differential amplifier?

Detail any two of them. (16)

9. i) Explain with circuit diagram the boot strapped Darlington emitter follower. (8)

ii) Draw the circuit diagram of self-bias circuit using CE configuration and explain how it

stabilizes operating point. (8)

10.Draw the small signal hybrid model of CE amplifier and derive the expression for its

AI.AV,RI and RO. (16)

UNIT III

FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF AMPLIFIERS

PART A (2 Marks)

1. Draw the general shape of the Frequency response of amplifiers.

2. Define bandwidth.

3. Draw the hybrid _ equivalent circuit of BJTs.

4. Define base spreading resistance (rbb’).

5. Define rise time

6. Give the relationship between rise time and bandwidth.

7. What are high frequency effects?

8. What is the difference in bandwidth between single stage and multistage amplifiers?

9. Give the expressions for gain bandwidth product for voltage and current.

10. What do you mean by amplifier rise time?

11. What results in a sag?

PARTB( 16 Marks)

1. Derive the expression for the CE short circuit current gain of transistor at high frequency (16)

2. i)What is the effect of Cb’e on the input circuit of a BJT amplifier at High frequencies? (8)

ii)Derive the equation for gm which gives the relation between gm, Ic and temperature. (8)

3. Draw the high frequency hybrid –_ model for a transistor in the CE configuration and explain

the significance of each component. Define alpha cut off frequency. (16)

4. Draw the high frequency equivalent circuit of FET amplifier and derive all the parameters

related to its frequency response. (16)

5. Using hybrid _ model for CE amplifier derive the expression for its short circuit

current gain. (16)

6.i) Define the frequency response of multistage amplifier and derive its upper and lower cut-off

frequencies. (8)

ii) How does Rise and Sag time related to cut-off frequencies and prove the same. (8)

7.Discuss the low frequency response and the high frequency response of

an amplifier. (16)

1. Explain the operation of high frequency common source FET amplifier with neat diagram. Derive the expression for (i) voltage gain (ii) input admittance (iii) input capacitance (iv) output admittance. (16)

UNIT IV

LARGE SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS

PART A (2 Marks)

1. Define Large signal amplifier.

2. What are applications of power amplifier?

3. What are the features of large signal amplifiers?

4. What are the classification of large signal amplifiers?

5. What is class A amplifier?

6. What is class A amplifier?

7. What is class C amplifier?

8. What is class AB amplifier?

9. What is the construction of a class D amplifier?

10. What are the classification of Class A amplifier?

11. What are the advantages of directly coupled class A amplifier?

12. What are the advantages of transformer coupled class A amplifier?

13. What is frequency distortion?

14. Define heat sink.

15. What is theoretical maximum conversion efficiency of class A power amplifier.

16. What is distortion in power amplifiers.

PART B

1. With neat circuit diagram explain the working principle of complementary symmetry class-B amplifier and (16)

2. Explain and obtain the efficiency of transformer – coupled class A power amplifier.

3.Prove that the maximum efficiency of Push Pull class B amplifier is 78.5%. (16)

4. i) Compare class A, class B and class C power amplifier based on their performance

characteristics (8)

ii) Explain the significance of heat sinks for thermal stability. (8)

5. What is the difference between a voltage amplifier and a power amplifier? (16)

6. Differentiate Class S from Class D amplifier and derive the efficiency of

Class D amplifier. (16)

7. (i) Explain the operation of the transformer coupled class A audio power amplifier.(12)

(ii) Explain the terms conversion efficiency and maximum value of efficiency used in

audio power amplifiers.(4)

8. Explain the operation of the class-B push pull power amplifier with neat

diagram and list its advantages.

UNIT V

RECTIFIERS AND POWER SUPPLIES

PART A (2 Marks)

1. Compare the halfwave and fullwave rectifiers

2. What are the advantages of SMPS

3. Differentiate between voltage multipliers and voltage regulator

4. What is the need for voltage regulators

5. What is the need for over voltage protection

6. What is PIV rating of full wave bridge rectifier

7. What is line regulation

8. Derive form factor and peak factor

9. Draw the circuit diagram of LC filter

10. Define TUF

11. Define voltage regulation

12. What is meant by ripple factor

13. Write the advantages of linear voltage regulator

PART B

1. Explain the circuit of voltage regulator and also discuss the short circuit

protection mechanism.

2. Explain the power control method using SCR.(8)

3. Design zener regulator for following specification Vin=8v to 12v; Vo=10v,

RL=10kO. Assume that zener diode is ideal. (8)

4. Explain how zener diode acts as a regulator (6)

5. Draw the ripple factor for FWR with capacitor filter.

6. Draw and explain the working principles of a SMPS circuit with its output waveforms. (16)

7. Derive the expression for output voltage , average output ,PIV ,efficiency and TUF for full wave and bridge rectifier.

8. Derive the expression for output voltage , average output ,PIV ,efficiency and TUF for half wave and bridge rectifier.

9. Explain the operation of Voltage multiplier.

ASSIGNMENT TOPICS

ASSIGNMENT-1

1. Explain the AC and DC Analysis of Common Emitter amplifier with emitter

Feed back resistance and by pass capacitance.

(1)Basic Common Emitter amplifier explanation with diagram

(2)Ac and dc analysis with equivalent circuits

(3)Ac and dc analysis with emitter feed back resistance

(4)Ac and dc analysis with by pass capacitance

(5)All the parameters in the analysis are to be given with a relation.

2. Determine Vce and Ic in the Voltage divider Biased Transistor circuit of fig 1

ASSIGNMENT-II

1) Discuss the working of a basic emitter coupled differential amplifier circuit

2) Compare CB, CE and CC amplifiers.

3) Draw the small signal hybrid model of CE amplifier and derive the expression for its

AI.AV,RI and RO.

4) What are the methods to improve the CMRR of differential amplifier?

Detail any two of them. (16)

ASSIGNMENT-III

(1) How does Rise and Sag time related to cut-off frequencies and prove the same

(2) Derive the expression for the CE short circuit current gain of transistor at high frequency

(3) Explain the operation of high frequency common source FET amplifier with neat diagram. Derive the expression for (i) voltage gain (ii) input admittance (iii) input capacitance (iv) output admittance.

(4) . Using hybrid _ model for CE amplifier derive the expression for its short circuit

current gain

ASSIGNMENT-IV

(1). Explain the operation of the transformer coupled class A audio power amplifier.

(2). Explain the terms conversion efficiency and maximum value of efficiency used in

audio power amplifiers.

(3). Explain the operation of the class-B push pull power amplifier with neat

diagram and list its advantages

(4). Compare class A, class B and class C power amplifier based on their performance

characteristics

ASSIGNMENT-V

(1). Design zener regulator for following specification Vin=8v to 12v; Vo=10v,

RL=10kO. Assume that zener diode is ideal.

(2) Derive the expression for output voltage , average output ,PIV ,efficiency and TUF

for half wave and bridge rectifier.

(3) Explain the power control method using SCR

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