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F.F.P.S. FOUR FRIENDS PUBLIC SCHOOLGilli Kadal Nowshera Srinagar-190011 WEBSITESCHOOL MOBILE APP(IN PLAY STORE TYPE & DOWNLOAD)fourfriendspublicschoolCALL95417 674418th StandardUnit:- 2nd.AssignmentFour FRIENDS PUBLIC SCHOOL GILLI KADAL NOWSHERA, SRINAGARClass: 8th Subject: EnglishASSIGNMENT UNIT IINDTopic: life lesson no.: 02WORKING WITH THE TEXT Q1. What answer did the stars give to the wind?Ans. Since the stars have their own light so they answered in their own way. They told the wind that they have their own light and with this light they shine the others to find their way. They are independent. Life of dependence is no life. Having their own light is the life for them. Q2. What was the moon’s reply to the wind? Ans. The moon replied that its life is nothing without stars because it borrows its light from them and this borrowed light is the cause of its black spots. Due to this, its life is like a widow. Its life is dependent on others and feels lifeless entity and child of the ocean.Q3. What was the ocean’s response? Ans. The Ocean replied that the idea of life is to realize one’s limits and maintain one’s dignity to contain all bitter experiences and take them as pearls and rubies. The life is also a penance or renunciation, as if it (ocean) is the cause of someone’s death it also regrets it by giving them pearls and rain because salty water of it creates pearls and create clouds full of rain.Q4. What was the earth’s reply to the question put forth to her by the wind?Ans. For earth the meaning of life is ‘love’. Earth considers herself the mother of all lives and says that the sympathy of mother is the gift of life. Earth says that it takes water from clouds, rivers, and streams and distributes everything that sprouts from it, so this taking and giving is life for her.Q5. What was the little girl doing when the wind saw her?Ans. The little girl was lighting new lamps with the lamp that was already alight in her hand.Q6. Why was the Wind impressed by the little girl?Ans. The wind was impressed by the girl because she found the real meaning of life from the words that the girl told her. The wind understood that helping those who have a strong desire to live is the real meaning of life.Q7. Why did the wind join the girl?Ans. The wind joined the girl because she was impressed by the answer given by her. Thus the Wind forgot everything and joined her.LANGUAGE WORKI. Choose appropriate tiller for the following: (Kindly consult your text book),(Answers Only):1. He tames because hea) seldom loves themb) is afraid of themc) is fond of them d) hates them.Ans. He is fond of them.2. He is so lazy that hea) always help others.b) is afraid of them.c) can seldom completes his work.d) cannot delay his work.Ans. He can seldom complete his work.3. Whichever way you approach the problema) no one will solve it.b) it will not solve.c) it will not be solve.d) it will not be solved.Ans. It will not be solved.4. The doctor warns him that unless he gives up smokinga) He will be able to recover.b) he will not suffer.c) his health will soon be recovered.d) he will not recover.Ans. He will not recover.II. Write two synonyms of each of the following Words: 1. Abhor………..Hate, Detest2. Betray……….Expose, Reveal 3. Counsel……..Advice, Discuss4. Delight………Please, Satisfy5. Educate……….Amend, Improve6. Fate……………Destiny, Fortune7. Generous……..Benevolent, Big hearted8. Hasty………..Quick, Speedy, Hurried9. Intellectual…….Knowledgeable, Intelligent10. Justice……….Fairness, Impartiality11. Languid………Lazy, weak12. Mend……….Aid, Patch13. Nonsense……..Senseless, Gibberish14. Obstacle……..Difficulty, Problem15. Palatable………Edible, Pleasant16. Queer………….Unusual, Unexpected17. Religious………Sacred, Spiritual18. Sober………….Temperate, Moderate19. Transient………Fleeting, Passing20. Urge…………..Need, Wish GRAMMAR WORKRewrite the following sentences inserting ‘to’ wherever necessary before the infinitive in brackets:1. I have no money (lend) you. Ans: I have no money to lend you.2. We saw the thief (run). Ans. We saw the thief running.3. We heard her (sing). Ans. We heard her singing.4. They watched their team (play). Ans. They watched their team to play.5. He made us (wait) for a long time. Ans. He made us to wait for a long time.6. Let him (work). Ans. Let him to work.7. Need I (come) tomorrow? Ans. Need I to come tomorrow?8. Do you wish make (make) a complaint? Ans. Do you wish to make a complaint?9. A heard a cock (crow) and got up. Ans. He heard a cock crowing and got up.10. How dare you (read) my letter? Ans. How dare you to read my letter?11. It is up to you (increase) your knowledge. Ans. It is up to you to increase your knowledge.12. Bid him (go) there. Ans. Bid him to go there.13. Good bye! I hope (see) you again. Ans. Good bye! I hope to see you again.14. I would like (be) a teacher. Ans. I would like to be a teacher.15. He learnt (swim) when he was ten years old. Ans. He learnt to swim when he was ten years old.16. I’m tired. I want (go) to bed. Ans. I’m tired. I want to go to bed.17. What have you decided (do)? Ans. What have you decided to do?18. We should learn (speak) the truth. Ans. We should learn to speak the truth.19. Where is Sumaya? I need (ask) her something. Ans. Where is Sumaya? I need to ask her something.20. I’m trying (concentrate). Please stop talking. Ans. I’m trying to concentrate. Please stop ic: Porus and his elephantLesson no. : 02 Porus and His Elephant?(Summary)The poem is written by Marry Dobson in the form of a ballad. In this ballad, the poet narrates the story of a king and his elephant. It is a story of king Porus who went to fight against the army of Alexander the Great, in order to defend his nation. King Porus was on his elephant, fighting a fierce battle against his enemies. Suddenly, the king got wounded and fell down. The poet calls the elephant a faithful beast as he played a gallant part in protecting his king against the attack of his enemies. It stood like a wall and took all the arrows on itself and then lifted him against to a safe corner. In the end, the poet says that these animals may seem dumb to us but even they can love and show their feelings by crying and panting. King Porus was saved but his elephant died of its wounds. This story of the animal’s bravery and faithfulness became a legend for the people to remember. The central idea of the poemWritten by Marry Dobson, the poem highlights the exemplary loyalty and faithfulness of an animal towards his master. The poet emphasizes that the animals can also express their emotions by crying and gasping just as human do by expressing themselves in words.Q1.How did the elephant saved the life of Porus?Ans.?The elephant saved the life of Porus by sacrificing his life. He bravely fought against the Greek enemies and received all the wounds and injuries on itself, not allowing them to harm his master anymore.Q2.What does the poet mean by –?“Ah! These dumb things that cry and pant, they too can love, for God made them so”.Ans. The poet explains in these lines that animals are dumb creatures but they too possess emotions like human beings. They love and are being loved. These animals express their love by crying and gasping just as humans do by expressing themselves in words.Q4. What is the rhyme scheme of the poem?Ans. As the poem is a lyrical ballad so the rhyme scheme of the poem is in the form of “abab”, that means the sound of last word of the first line of the four stanza rhymes with the last word of the third line of the stanza and that of second line with the fourth line of the stanza and vice versa.Q5.?The poem reflects the faithfulness of an elephant towards his master. Explain.Ans.?This is a poem in which an elephant gives its life to save the life of its master. While king Porus was fighting on his elephant, it gave him strong support from beneath. When the king got wounded, the elephant stood over him & protected him against every harm. This animal sacrificed his life for his master and became an example of faithfulness.Q6. Tick the correct answer:A .Porus met his enemy on the bank of……..i. The Jhelumii. The Gangesiii. The Nileiv. The Satluj Ans. The Jhelumb.?Alexander in the poem is referred to as…………i. brotherii. friendiii. foeiv. States man Ans. foec. Who was wounded?i. Porusii. Alexanderiii. Bothiv. Neither Ans. Porusd. The wounded Porus is lifted by………..i. soldiers of Alexanderii. his own soldiersiii. the elephantiv. none Ans. the elephante. Who saved Porus?i. his elephantii. his soldiersiii. villagersiv. both Ans. his elephantTopic: Julius CaesarLesson no: 06?Q1.Why did certain party of Romans wish to kill Julius Caesar?Ans. Julius Caesar was a great Roman soldier and leader.? Since he was bold and brave also, so certain parties suspected that he might be offered the crown of king, which they did wish to be made as king. So they made a plan to kill him.Q2. Why did Calpurnia beg Caesar not to go to the Capitol?Ans. Calpurnia, the wife of Caesar, did not want Caesar to go to the Capitol, because she had had a most frightening dream, in which Caesar’s statue, which stood in marketplace, had poured forth blood, and the Roman people came smiling to wash their hands in it. And in another dream, someone saw a lion in the marketplace and graves opened and gave up their dead. There was the noise of the battle in the air and cries of men and horses in pain. She explained him that these terrible things were warnings and anything could happen.Q3. What two reasons did Anthony give to show that Caesar was not ambitious?Ans. At the Caesar’s funeral, Mark Anthony gives two reasons to the Roman people to prove that Caser was not ambitious. First, that Caesar was always kind and generous to the poor and always felt great love and pity for them.Second, that he was three times offered kingly crown at the games and all time he refused.This shows that he was not ambitious.Q4. Why was Brutus’ decision to march from Sardis to Philippi wrong?Ans. Brutus’s decision to march from Sardis to Philippi was wrong because Octavius and Anthony had the advantage of a good defence position as well as a fresh and rested army.Q5. Why has Brutus been called ‘the noblest Roman of the all’?Ans. Brutus was ‘the noblest Roman of them all’ because he was the only on with honest thoughts for the good of the people. He was a brave and honourable man. He did not act in the envy of the people.LANGUAGE WORK1. Match the words on the left with the words on the right to form common collocations.Ans. Column AColumn B1. Work Important2. Wide Open3. Well. Aware4. Great. Success5. Vitally EthicGrammar work:State which of the following sentences are compound and which are complex. Then divide each sentence into respective clauses:1. God made the country and manmade the town.God made the country (coordinate clause) and manmade the town (coordinate clause). (Compound sentence) 2. He tried hard but he did not succeed.He tried hard (coordinate clause) but could not succeed (coordinate clause)3. I’m the child of the ocean and this is my lot.I’m the child of the ocean (coordinate clause) and this is my lot (coordinate clause). (Compound sentence) 4. He tames animals because he is fond of them. He tames animals (coordinate clause) because he is fond of them (subordinate clause). (Complex sentence)5. Though i have not seen Nora since she was a small baby, we were soon friends.Though i have not seen Nora (subordinate clause) since she was a small baby, we were soon friends (coordinate clause) (complex sentence)6. About half of the humanity relies on the freshwater that accumulates in mountainous regions like the Himalayas.About half of the humanity relies on the freshwater (coordinate clause) that accumulates in mountainous regions like the Himalayas (coordinate clause). (Complex sentence)7. These things are beyond all understanding and i do fear them.These things are beyond all (coordinate clause) understanding and i do fear them (coordinate clause). (Compound sentence)8. When the sun shines immediately after the rainfall, it looks very pleasant. When the sun shines immediately after the rainfall, (subordinate clause) it looks very pleasant (coordinate clause). (Complex sentence)9. Unless Rustum is killed, our armies can never hope to see the victory.Unless Rustum is killed (subordinate clause), our armies can never hope to see the victory (coordinate clause) (complex sentence)10. He was so poor that he and his wife had to remain hungry for days together. He was so poor (subordinate clause) that he and his wife had to remain hungry for days together (coordinate clause)(complex sentence).Complete the following sentences by supplying a suitable clause.1. God made the country and man made the town.2. He tried hard but he did not succeed.3. I’m the child of the ocean and this is my lot.4. He tames animals because he is fond of them.5. Though i have not seen Nora since she was a small baby, we were soon friends.6. About half of the humanity relies on the freshwater that accumulates in mountainous regions like the Himalayas.7. These things are beyond all understanding and i do fear them.8. When the sun shines immediately after the rainfall, it looks very pleasant. 9. Unless Rustum is killed, our armies can never hope to see the victory.10. He was so poor that he and his wife had to remain hungry for days ic: wrinklesLesson no: 7Thinking about the poem:Q1. How many wrinkles does the poet find on mother’s face?Ans. If we read the poem carefully, we will see that the poet has used the word “wrinkle” four times and “wrinkles” two times. So we can say that the poet has found four wrinkles on the mother’s face. Since the poet has written the last wrinkle as suppression, so there may be five wrinkles on the mothers face.Q2. What does the first wrinkle represent?Ans. The first wrinkle represents the marriage of his mother, when her father got her married and she was separated from her birth home to another’s home where she had to live her entire life with an unknown person.Q3. What do the second and the third wrinkle represent?Ans. Second wrinkle represents the time when the child was not born and was in the womb of the mother growing there by sucking every drop of blood in the form of mother’s food.The third wrinkle represents the time when he sucked the attractiveness of her face by sucking her milk from her breasts.Q4.What is the poet seeking under the wrinkles of the mother?Ans. Under the wrinkle of the mother, the poet is seeking a young aged girl who is fond of playing hopscotch and the game of pebbles.Q5. What are the activities the poet’s mother used to do when she was a girl?Ans. When the poet’s mother was a girl, she used to celebrate Raade Festival and immerse Raade seedlings in River Tawi. She used to bath during the Navratras and was fond of playing hopscotch and the game of pebbles.Q6. How does the end?Ans. The poem ends with poet saying that he will bring colours of Raade, colourful stripes for his mother’s dupatta and colourful pebbles for his mother so that his mother would look like a girl as she was in young age. He wishes to bring the happiness and pleasures of her young age so that she would be happy as she used to be in her young age.LANGUAGE WORKWrite the meaning of the following phrases or expression as used in the poem:Ans.1. From the backyard: to separate someone from his/her birthplace or quietly.2. On your blood: to feed on the digested food, to make the host of someone.3. Nourished myself: to grow or develop own self4. Took me away: to take someone away from the close one or separate someone from dear one.5. Taking courage: being courageous6. Under the skin: beneath or below age, or feel or see something7. From across the river: to a long distance, with hard IC: ACHILLIESLESSON NO: 2Thinking about the text questions:Q1. How was the Rose-Beetle Man dressed?Ans. Rose-Beetle Man was dressed in a wide hat on head, shirt and a startling blue satin cravat around his neck. He had worn a coat with bulged pockets, patched trousers and a pair of leather shoes with upturned toes.Q2. How do we know that the Rose-Beetle Man cared well for his pets?Ans. He had kept his pets in a sack. When he undid his sack half a dozen tortoise came out tumbling. He had polished their shells with oil and decorated their front legs with little red bows. This shows that he cared well for his pets.Q. 3. What made the narrator select one particular tortoise from among the other animals?Ans. When the Rose-Beetle Man undid a small sack, half a dozen tortoises tumbled out of it. One among them took the narrator‘s fancy. It was small with a shell size of a teacup. Its eyes were bright and its walk was alert. This made the narrator select it from among the other animals.Q. 4. How did Achilles enjoy eating strawberries?Ans. Achilles liked the wild strawberries the most. He easily swallows the small-sized strawberries but when he was given the big one, he would grab it to a quiet spot among the flower beds to eat it at the leisure time. He was very fond of wild strawberries.Q. 5. How were Roger and Achilles rivals?Ans. Roger, the pet dog of the narrator became a rival of Achilles for both had to compete for getting more and more grapes.Q. 6. Why did Achilles find Roger irritating?Ans. Achilles was very fond of grapes, when he ate grapes, the juice would run his chin, and Roger would lie watching him his mouth dripping saliva. Roger would creep up to Achilles and lick him vigorously to get the grape juice which irritated Achilles.Q. 7. How did Roger feel at Achilles’ funeral?Ans. Roger felt happy at Achilles’ death that is why he was waging his tail at his funeral.Q 8. The family wandered about the olive-groves, shouting “Achilles … Strawberries, Achilles …” at length, we found him.a) How had Achilles escaped?Ans. Achilles was habitual to walk through the whole garden. One day, the garden gate was left opened and Achilles got an opportunity to escape from the garden.b).?Explain why the family shouted “strawberries” during their search.Ans. Achilles was very fond of strawberries, so to find him any way they should make him greedy for his favourite fruit so that they could easily find him.c) Where did the family finally find Achilles? What had happened to him?Ans. Finally, the family found Achilles in the well, the wall of which had long since disintegrated. He had fallen into the well and was quite dead.Q. 9. There are many instances of humour in the story. Pick out any two of them.Ans. The story has many humorous instances. Eating of grapes by Achilles and running of juice from his mouth is humorous. Searching down the path of sunbathing person and sleeping on a belly is a humorous instance in the story.LANGUAGE WORKMake anagrams using the following words with the help of the clues given in the table below: Word Anagram MeaningLooped Poodle an intelligent breed of dog.Schoolmaster The Classroom where lessons are taught.Listen Silent ?making no sound. Married Admirer? fan.Rabies Serbia country in Southeast Europe.Real fun Funeral performed after someone’s death.Retain Retina? part of the human eye.Charm March movement of soldiers.GRAMMAR WORK(i) Some of the following sentences are incorrect. Correct them.1) We get a lot of English home works.?Ans. We got a lot of homework.2) I’ve got some sands in my shoe.Ans. I’ve got some sand in my shoe. 3) Did you hear the news about Sara??Ans. Did you hear news about Sara?4) We need more chairs in this room.?Ans. We need more chairs in this room.5) Can I have some more pasta?Ans. Can I have some more pasta?6) He carried my luggage to the taxi.Ans. He carried my luggage to the taxi.(ii) Insert ‘a’ or ‘an’ wherever necessary.1. Why are you taking an umbrella? It isn’t raining.2. I had soup and a bread roll for lunch.3. It was a good idea to have a party.4. She’s looking for a job in Jammu.5. I often go to her for an advice.(iii) Fill in the gaps with a noun from the words given using a/an/the wherever necessary.Chair, Suitcase, Fly, Rice, Furniture, day, weather, accidents, luggage.1. There’s a fly in my soup.2. I have to some furniture for my new house.3. I haven’t got much luggage with me. Just this bag4. It’s a sunny day today.5. There weren’t any accidents on the roads yesterday.(iv) Which of the underlined words in the parts of these sentences is correct?1. Hurry up? We haven‘t got many / a lot of time.Ans. a lot of2. I don‘t eat much/many chocolates. Ans. many3. I didn‘t take much / many photographs. Ans. many4. I don‘t listen too much / many classical music.Ans. much SUBJECT: English GRAMMARTopic: Dialogue writing A dialogue means conversation between two or more people. In fiction, dialogue is a verbal exchange between two or more characters. If only one person talks then it is a monologue.Dialogues are an effective tool of communication. They are a very important form of composition.The conversation may be informal or formal, depending upon the following factors:Points to be remembered while writing DialogueAs a part of writing skills, students will be expected to fill in the blanks and complete the dialogue. Guidelines for writing dialogues1.?? ?The students need to read the preceding and the following dialogues.2.?? ?They must understand the topic being discussed.3.?? ?Tense of the dialogue should be used according to the situation.4.?? ?It should appear to be natural.5.?? ?The words used should be to the point so that they convey the idea clearly.Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 aPreposition TOPIC: Prepositions:A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation with some other word in the sentence.He works hard in the hope of standing first.We met at night.The book is on the table.We stay at home during the holidays.I will be there by ten O’ clock.It has rained for three hours.He pointed to the tree.In the above sentences, the italicised words in, at, on, by, for and to are prepositions. The nouns that come after them are called their objects. Thus, ‘hope’ is the object of ‘in’; home is the object of at: holidays is the object of ‘during’. ‘Ten is the object of ‘by’; hours is the object of for’ and tree is the object of to.The Prepositions generally serve three important purposes:(a) Indication of Time (b) Indication of Place(c) As a part of the VerbThe Preposition(A) Indicating TimeTime is indicated mainly by at. on, in. during, by and for.1. At(i) At is used for a point in time :We shall meet at 6 O’clock.He came at midnight.Similarly, at dawn, at sunset, at the end, at the beginning etc.(ii) At is used before festivals :We have a holiday at Diwali.Similarly, at Holi, at Christmas, at New Year etc.2. On(i) On is used for a particular day, whether it is a date (e.g. 5 June, Feb. 14th), aday (e.g. Monday, or a special day)(ii) On is used for a particular part of such days as described above.I will come on the night of 10th July.We will meet on Friday afternoon.3. In(i) In is used before a period of time : in the winter, in July, in the year 2005, in the morning, in the evening.I first met him in 2005.Cricket is played in India in winter.(ii) In is also used to show the total length of time taken to complete an activity or operation.This train will get you from Delhi to Chandigarh in four hours.4. DuringWhen an action or a situation continues for some time, during is used before that specified period.We enjoyed ourselves during the vacation.People work during the day.5. By(i) By is used to denote the ultimate point by which something was or is to be completed.I have to complete the work by Monday.The applications should reach by 14 February.(ii) By is used with day and night where it means during.He travelled by day and slept by night.6. ForFor is used before a time phrase to denote that so much time has passed during which an action or a situation continued.I have not seen him for two years.We waited for an hour but he didn’t turn up.Important Points: (i) The prepositions at, on and in are not used if the noun giving time has an adjective with it.He met me last Sunday.We will come again next Diwali.We go for a walk every morning.I will be twenty next June.(ii) Yesterday, today and tomorrow do not take a preposition.I will come again tomorrow.You met me yesterday.He is arriving today. (B) Indicating Place1. Residence (Countries, towns etc.)(i) When the reference is general, use inMany people live in cities/villages/suburbs/deserts/countries/townsButHe lives at the seaside.He lives on an island.Note. 1. Village, suburb, desert, country and town are imagined as closed entities and hence the preposition in (i.e., inside).On the other hand seaside means near the sea and hence the preposition at ; Island is imagined as something open and so the preposition on.2. Residence (Houses etc.)(i) For the general reference use in: I live in a small house.She lives in a bungalow.(ii) For a house with a name or address use at:Mrs Gandhi lives at 10 Janpath.(iii) For the names of streets and roads use in: He lives in Mayur Vihar.I live in Sector-14.3. Place of Work (i) If it is a building, use in: His father works in a bank.ButIn case the place of work is not a building use on: Ram works on a farm.(ii) If the name of the place of work is given, use at:He works at the Public Library.(iii) For a particular department, use in: He is a teacher in the Department of English. Air pollution Air pollution is a type of environmental pollution that affects the air and is usually caused by smoke or other harmful gases, mainly oxides of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen. Air pollution is one of the major problems in these days. The fossil fuel, firewood, and other thing that we burn produce oxides of carbons which got released into the environment. Earlier there happens to be large number of trees which can easily filter the air we breathe in. But with the increase in the demand for land, the people started cutting down of trees which caused deforestation. This ultimately reduced the filtering capacity of the tree.Moreover, during the last few decades, the number of fossil fuel burning vehicle increased rapidly which increased the number of pollutants in the air.Burning of fossil fuel and firewood, CFCs and smoke released from factories are the major causes of air pollution.The air pollution has many bad effects on the health of people. It is a cause of many skin and respiratory disorder in human beings. Air pollution causes asthma, bronchitis, and many other diseases.To sum it up, we can say that the air we breathe is getting more and more polluted day by day. Above, all many initiatives like plant trees, use of eco- friendly fuel are promoted worldwide. Write an application to the principal of your school requesting for arranging the winter tutorial classes during the winter vacation.The Principal Four Friends Public SchoolGilli kadal Nowshera, Srinagar.Respected Mam,Subject: Requesting for arranging extra classes for class VIII.This is to bring to your kind notice that due to the upcoming board exams we the students of class VIII need extra classes. We request you to arrange extra classes during the winter breaks so that we can study well and clear out doubts as soon as possible from our teachers.Thanking you.Yours obediently.________________________Class: VIII FOUR FRIENDS PUBLIC SCHOOLGILLIKADAL NOWSHERA SRINAGARunit 2nd assessmentCLASS: 8TH SUBJECT: mathematicsDo yourself:1. Chapter: Data Handling2. Chapter: Understanding Quadrilaterals3. Chapter: Practical Geometry4. Chapter: Factorization (first 2 exercises)Four friends public schoolGillikadal nowshera ,srinagarClass: 8thAssignment: unit 2ndSubject: scienceTopic: soundChapter: 5Choose the correct answer.Sound can travel through?(a) Gases only(b) Solids only(c) Liquids only(d) Solids, liquids and gasesAns. (d) Solids, liquids and gases2. Which of the following is likely to have a minimum frequency?(a) Baby girl(b) Baby boy(c) A man(d) A womanAns.(c) A man3. State whether the following statements are true or false:(a) Sound cannot travel in vacuum. True(b) The number of oscillations per second of a vibrating object is called its time period. False(c) If the amplitude of vibration is large, sound is feeble. False(d) For human ears, the audible range is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. True(e) The lower the frequency of vibration, the higher is the pitch. False(f) Unwanted or unpleasant sound is termed as music. False(g) Noise pollution may cause partial hearing impairment.True4. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.(a) Time taken by an object to complete one oscillation is calledtime period(b) Loudness is determined by the amplitude of vibration.(c) The unit of frequency ishertz(d) Unwanted sound is callednoise(e) The shrillness of a sound is determined by thefrequencyof vibration.5. A pendulum oscillates 40 times in 4 seconds. Find its time period and frequencyAns.The number of oscillations per second of the vibrating body is known as the frequency of oscillation.Frequency =?Total number of oscillationsTotal time taken=?50/5= 10 HzTime period is the time taken to complete one oscillation. It is also the inverse of frequency.Time period =?1/ Oscillating frequency=?1/10= 0.1 s∴frequency= 10 HzTime period = 0.1 s6. The sound from a mosquito is produced when it vibrates its wings at an average rate of 500 vibrations per second. What is the time period of the vibration?Ans.Time period is defined as the time taken to complete one oscillation. It is also the inverse of frequency.Time period =?1Oscillation frequencyOscillation frequency = 500 HzTime period =?1/500?= 0.002 s7. Identify the part which vibrates to produce sound in the following instruments.(a) Dholak(b) Sitar(c) FluteAns.a) Dholak- It consists of a head which is a stretched membrane. Vibrations are set into these stretched strings when the head is beaten gently, these vibrations produce sound and thus Dholak produces sound.b) Sitar – It is a musical instrument. Stretched strings are part of it. Vibrations are produced when the string is plucked when played. These vibrations produce sound, thus sitar produces sound.c) Flute – It’s an instrument which has holes in it. It is a hollow pipe. The air inside the pipe is set into vibration when air is blown over its mouth and this produces a pleasant sound.8. What is the difference between noise and music? Can music become noise sometimes?Ans.Music is sound which is pleasant to hear. Sounds from flutes, pianos and violins are pleasant to hear.Noise is sounds which are unpleasant to hear.Sounds which are unpleasant to hear are:(a) Sounds from bus horns and truck horns.(b) Electrical generator sounds.(c) Gunshot sounds.(d) Jackhammer soundsYes, sometimes when the music is played at high volumes, it becomes noise.9. List sources of noise pollution in your surroundings.Ans.Noise pollution sources are:(a) Bus and car horns.(b) Firecrackers and loudspeakers.(c) High volumes in televisions and transistors.(d) Mixers at homee) Sirens from factories10. Explain in what way noise pollution is harmful to human.Ans.A number of health issues are associated with noise pollution. They are as follows(a) Stress(b) Headache(c) Hearing loss(d) Insomnia(e) Hypertension11. Your parents are going to buy a house. They have been offered one on the roadside and another three lanes away from the roadside. Which house would you suggest your parents should buy? Explain your answer.Ans.It is better to buy the house which is three lanes away from the roadside as there will be less noise as compared to the one on the main road. The noises can be caused by vehicles. As the distance between the source and the listener increases, the intensity of noise decreases. So it’s better to buy the house which is three lanes away.12. Sketch larynx and explain its function in your own words.Ans.When we swallow something, the larynx moves.? There are two vocal cords inside the larynx. The air passes through a small gap which is present in between them. The lungs force the air into the gap when we speak and this vibrates the vocal cord, due to which sound is produced.13. Lightning and thunder take place in the sky at the same time and at the same distance from us. Lightning is seen earlier and thunder is heard later. Can you explain why?Ans. Speed of the light is more than the speed of sound. Thus, lightning is seen first which is accompanied by thunder ic: Coal and petroleumChapter: 2What are the advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels?Ans.The advantages of using CNG and LPG as fuels are as followsCNG and LPG burn G and LPG give a lot of heat energy when G and LPG can be transported easily through G and LPG are clean fuels and they do not release smoke when burnt.2. Name the petroleum product used for surfacing of roads.Ans. Bitumen is used for surfacing of roads.3. Describe how coal is formed from dead vegetation. What is this process called?Ans. Dense forests got buried under the soil due to natural processes, millions of years ago. More and more soil got deposited over them and they got compressed more. This led them to get exposed to very high temperature and pressure. They slowly got converted into coal under these extreme conditions. The whole process of formation of coal from dead vegetation is known as carbonization.?4. Fill in the blanks.(a) Fossil fuels arecoal, petroleum and natural gas(b) Process of separation of different constituents from petroleum is calledrefining.(c) Least polluting fuel for a vehicle is compressed natural gas (CNG).5. State whether the following statements are true or false:(a) Fossil fuels can be made in the laboratory.False(b) CNG is more polluting fuel than petrol.False(c) Coke is the almost pure form of carbon.True(d) Coal tar is a mixture of various substances.True(e) Kerosene is not a fossil fuel.False6. Explain why fossil fuels are exhaustible natural resources.Ans.The process of formation of fossil fuels requires millions of years. Dead vegetation and animals that get buried deep inside the earth require high temperature and pressure for the formation of fossil fuels, which cannot be done in the laboratory. Thus, fossils are limited. Therefore, the use of fossil fuels at a rapid rate will lead to their exhaustion.7. Describe the characteristics and uses of coke.Ans. Characteristics:i) Coke is tough.ii) Coke is porous.iii) Coke is black in colour.Uses:i) In the manufacture of steel.ii) In the extraction of metals (as a reducing agent).8. Explain the process of the formation of petroleum.Ans. Dead organisms that got buried in the sea millions of years ago got covered with layers of sand and clay. Due to lack of air, high temperature and high pressure, these dead organisms got transformed into petroleum and natural gas.9. The following table shows the total power shortage in India from 1993–1999. Show the data in the form of a graph. Plot shortage percentage for the years on the Y-axis and the year on the X-axis.S.No.YearShortage (%)1.19937.72.19947.53.19958.24.19967.15.19977.76.19989.17.199911.2Ans.10. What are exhaustible natural resources? Give examples.Ans. Exhaustible resources are those resources of energy, which will deplete and exhaust after a few hundred years. These are limited. Examples: Coal, petroleum etc.11. What are inexhaustible natural resources? Give examples.Ans. Inexhaustible resources are those resources of energy, which will not deplete and exhaust in future. These are unlimited. Examples: Air, water and sunlight.12. Why is natural gas called a clean fuel?Ans. It is called clean fuel because it burns completely and produces 50% less CO2 gas than coal on burning.13. What are the uses of coal?Ans. Uses of coal:It is used as a fuel in homes and industry.It is used as a fuel at thermal power plants for generating electricity.It is used to make coal gas which is an important industrial fuel.It is used to make coke.It is used as a source of organic chemicals.Chapter: 04Topic: reproduction in animals1. Explain the importance of reproduction in organisms.Ans. Importance of reproduction in organisms are as followsReproduction is termed to be a biological process in which organisms give birth to their off springs.It helps in maintaining the continuity of a particular race and helps in increasing the population of the species.Reproduction is meant for the survival of all living things.2. Describe the process of fertilization in human beings.Ans. Fertilization is defined as the process in which there is a fusion of male gamete and female gamete.The male gametes or sperms are released from the male reproductive organ called the penisThe sperms released to enter the female body through the vagina.From the vagina, sperms travel through the fallopian tubes where they meet the eggs.From there on, the process of fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube.The male gamete cell (sperm) and female gamete cell (egg) fuse together to form a zygote.The zygote divides rapidly to form a group of cells called morula, which becomes the embryo after approximately five days. The foetus is present for about eight weeks after the fertilization.3. Choose the most appropriate answer.(a)Internal fertilization occurs(i) In female body.(ii) Outside female body.(iii) In male body.(iv)Outside male body.Ans.In female body(b) A tadpole develops into an adult frog by the process of(i) Fertilisation(ii) Metamorphosis(iii) Embedding(iv) BuddingAns. Metamorphosis(c) The number of nuclei present in a zygote is(i) None(ii) One(iii) Two(iv) FourAns.Two4. Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).(a) Oviparous animals give birth to young ones.False(b) Each sperm is a single cell.True(c) External fertilization takes place in frog.True(d) A new human individual develops from a cell called gamete.False(e) Egg laid after fertilisation is made up of a single cell.True(f) Amoeba reproduces by budding.False(g) Fertilisation is necessary even in asexual reproduction.False(h) Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction. True(i) A zygote is formed as a result of fertilisation.True(j) An embryo is made up of a single cell.False5. Give two differences between a zygote and a foetus.Ans. Zygote:It is the earliest stage of developmentIt is formed by the fusion of male and female gametesIt is a single cellThe zygote divides several times to form an embryoThe zygote normally lasts a week and then develop into its next stage.FoetusIt is the last developmental stage of an organismThe stage of the embryo that shows all the main recognizable body parts of a mature organism.The foetus stage occurs after the embryo stage.Foetus mainly undergoes internal development.6. Define asexual reproduction. Describe two methods of asexual reproduction in animals.Ans. In this type of reproduction, the offspring arises from a single organism without the fusion of male and female gametes. It never changes the number of chromosomes.Binary fission in amoebaIt is a kind of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides into two halves.It is a unicellular organism that has a cell membrane, cell wall and cytoplasm.The division of the cell can take place on any plane.In this process, the nucleus of the amoeba first divides to form two daughter nuclei by the process called Karyokinesis.Finally, the division of the body into two halves having a nucleus respectively takes place.Budding in hydraOrganisms such as hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in the process of budding.The first step is the formation of buds, and it develops as a small outgrowth on the parent’s body.As the bud enlarges, it receives the characteristics of the parent organism.Once it is developed, it may be detached from the parent body and develop into a new individual.In some rare cases, the buds may not be detached forming interconnected buds.There are also methods like fragmentation, multiple fission etc.7. In which female reproductive organ does the embryo get embedded?Ans. In the female reproductive organ, the embryo gets attached to the uterus.Once it gets attached, there occurs the formation of body parts like legs, hands, eyes etc.The embryo is then called a foetus.8. What is metamorphosis? Give examples.Ans. It is defined as the process in which an animal’s body structure abruptly changes through cell growth and differentiation.It is a biological process.Examples of this kind are frog and insects.The life cycle of a frog:The tadpole emerging from the egg will have gills, tail etc.They can swim easily in water.It undergoes abrupt changes and develops into a mature frog.9. Differentiate between internal fertilisation and external fertilisation.Ans.Fertilization, in general,?is defined as the fusion of a male and a female gamete.Internal fertilizationIt occurs inside the female body.There are high chances of survival of the offspring.Internal fertilization protects the fertilized egg or embryo from harsh environments.Examples are cow, humans, dogs, monkeys etc.External fertilizationIt occurs outside the female body.There are low chances of survival of the offspring.Most aquatic animals use this type of fertilization and the advantage of external fertilization is that it produces a large number of offspring due to external hazards.Examples are fish, frog, organisms etc.Four friends public schoolGillikadal nowshera, SrinagarAssignment: unit 2ndSUBJECT: s.stClass: 8thSection-a (History)CHAPTER NO.4TOPIC: RULING THE COUNTRYSIDELet’s recallQ1. Match the following:RyotVillage (2)MahalPeasant (1)NijCultivation on riot’s lands (4)RyotiCultivation on planter’s own land (3)Q2. Fill in the blanks:(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw?Indigo?as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth-century Britain because of the?expansion of cotton production.(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of?synthetic dyes.(d) The Champaran movement was against?indigo planters.Let’s Discuss:Q3. Describe the main features of the Permanent Settlement.Ans. The Permanent Settlement System was a land revenue system introduced in 1793 by East India Company. Rajas and taluqdars were recognized as Zamindars to collect rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the Company. The main features of the Permanent Settlement system are:a. The amount paid by the Zamindars to the company was fixed permanentlyb. The Rajas were made the Zamindarsc. Zamindars lost their right over the lands whenever they fail to make payments to the companyd. Exorbitant prices of land which Zamindars had to pay to the company (which they failed.)Q4. How was the Mahalwari system different from the Permanent Settlement?Ans. Differences between Mahalwari System and Permanent Settlement are given below:Mahalwari SystemPermanent SettlementHolt Mackenzie devised it, and it came into effect in 1822Permanent Settlement was brought by Lord Cornwallis in 1793The epicentre of the system was a villageThere was no such epicentreVillages were called ‘Mahal’–The estimated revenue of each plot within a village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village (Mahal) had to payThe revenue was fixed that each Zamindar had to pay to the companyThe revenue was to be revised periodicallyRevenue was fixedThe charge to collect the revenue was on the village headmanThe charge to collect the revenue was on the village Zamindar (rajas/taluqdars)Q5. Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.Ans. The new Munro system of fixing revenue posed two problems:a. The revenue demand was fixed way too high for peasants to payb. Peasants were unable to pay the rent which culminated into villages getting deserted.Q6. Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?Ans. The ryots were reluctant to grow indigo for the below-given reasons:a. They were paid very low-prices for itb. The ryots never saw any profit accruing from the indigo plantationc. Ryots were asked to grow indigo on the fertile parts of their land by the planters, which they were apprehensive about7. What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal?Ans. The collapse of indigo production in Bengal was caused by the following circumstances:a. Ryots’ denied producing the indigo anymoreb. Protests started taking place by the peasants/ ryots supported by the Zamindars.c. Following the protests, the Indigo Commission was constituted by the government which accepted the faults of the planters and asked the planters to stop the cultivation.d. Planters eventually moved out of the cityChapter no : 04Topic: tribals,dikus and the vision of golden ageLet’s recallQ1. Fill in the blanks.(a) The British described the tribal people as?wild and savage.(b) The method of sowing seeds in jhum cultivation is known as?broadcasting.(c) The tribal chiefs got?land?titles in central India under the British land settlements.(d) Tribals went to work in the?tea plantations?of Assam and the?coal mines?in Bihar.Q2. State whether true or false:(a) Jhum cultivators plough the land and sow seeds. False(b) Cocoons were bought from the Santhals and sold by the traders at five times the purchase price. True(c) Birsa urged his followers to purify themselves, give up drinking liquor and stop believing in witchcraft and sorcery. True(d) The British wanted to preserve the tribal way of life. FalseLet’s discussQ3. What problems did shifting cultivators face under British rule?Ans. British always had problems with shifting cultivators, as they were always moving for pasture lands. The British wanted the shifting cultivators to become peasant cultivators. The British thought it was easier to control and administer peasant cultivators than shifting cultivators. Hence, shifting cultivators faced problems when the company planned the land revenue system.Q4. How did the powers of tribal chiefs change under colonial rule?Ans. Under British rule, the functions and powers of the tribal chiefs changed considerably. They were allowed to keep their land titles over a cluster of villages and rent outlands, but they lost much of their administrative power and were forced to follow laws made by the British officials in India. They also had to pay tribute to the British, and discipline the tribal groups on behalf of the British. They lost the authority that they had earlier enjoyed among their people and were unable to fulfil their traditional functions.Q5. What accounts for the anger of the tribal’s against the dikus?Ans. Tribal’s were not happy with dikus who were considered as ‘outsiders’ by them. Tribals wanted to be shifting cultivators and not be peasant cultivators. The dikus were settling in at the tribal’s lands, wanting the latter to sell their lands or rent their lands at very high-interest rates. This made the tribal’s unhappy. Also, the tribal chiefs lost their administrative powers under British rule. Later, the tribal’s were evacuated from their lands, and they had to look for other livelihood options.Q6. What was Birsa’s vision of a golden age? Why do you think such a vision appealed to the people of the region?Ans. Birsa’s vision of golden age was to have their land free of dikus. He considered that age to be the ‘age of truth’. According to Birsa, in the golden age, the tribal sirdars will be able to rule among themselves and no one will be there to dictate terms to them. His golden age vision was to have an age with no vices like liquor, witchcraft, sorcery and uncleanliness. He did not want any role of outsider participants like missionaries, Hindu landlords, moneylenders, traders and Europeans.CHAPTER NO: 10T0PIC: INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCELet’s recallQ1. Name three problems that the newly independent nation of India faced.Ans. When India became independent in August 1947; it faced a series of very great challenges:(a) 8 million refugees had come into the country from what was now Pakistan. Homes and jobs had to be found for these people.(b) The problem of the princely states, almost 500 of them, each ruled by a Maharaja or a Nawab, each of whom had to be persuaded to join the new nation.(c) Challenges faced by the refugees and the princely states had to be addressed immediately.Q2. What was the role of the Planning Commission?Ans. In 1950, the government set up a Planning Commission to help design and execute suitable policies for economic development. The commission has to design the roles played by the private players and the government in a system which was to be called a mixed economy system.Q3. Fill in the blanks:(a) Subjects that were placed on the Union List were?taxes,?defence?and?foreign affairs.(b) Subjects on the Concurrent List were?forest?and?agriculture.(c) Economic planning by which both the state and the private sector played a role in developing what was called a?mixed economy?model.(d) The death of?Potti Sriramulu?sparked off such violent protests, that the government was forced to give in to the demand for the linguistic state of Andhra.4. State whether true or false:(a) At independence, the majority of Indians lived in villages. True(b) The Constituent Assembly was made up of members of the Congress party. False(c) In the first national election, only men were allowed to vote. False(d)The second Five Year Plan focussed on the development of heavy industry. TrueLets discussQ5. What did Dr Ambedkar mean when he said that “In politics, we will have equality, and in social and economic life we will have inequality”?Ans. B.R Ambedkar believed that political democracy should be followed by economic and social democracy. When he said the above-given words, he meant to eradicate the inequality in the social and economic spheres of life. He wanted no discrimination between rich and poor or upper-caste or lower-caste. According to him, only when the democracy touches all the spheres of people’ lives, only then we can call it a true democracy.Q6. After Independence, why was there a reluctance to divide the country on linguistic lines?Ans. Both Prime Minister Nehru and Deputy Prime Minister Vallabhbhai Patel were against the creation of linguistic states. After the Partition, Nehru said, “Disruptions tendencies had come to the fore”; to check them, the nation had to be strong and united. India had already been divided on the basis of religion: despite the wishes and efforts of Mahatma Gandhi, freedom had come not to one nation but to two.Q7. Give one reason why English continued to be used in India after Independence.Ans. Many Congress members believed that the English language should leave India with the British rulers. According to them, Hindi should English’s place. However, those who did not speak Hindi were of a different opinion. Speaking in the Assembly, T.T. Krishnamachari conveyed “a warning on behalf of people of the South”, some of whom threatened to separate from India if Hindi was imposed on them. A compromise was finally arrived at: namely, that while Hindi would be the “official language” of India, English would be used in the courts, the services and communications between one state and another.Q8. How was the economic development of India visualised in the early decades after Independence?Ans. There is a free press, as well as an independent judiciary. The fact that the people of India speak different languages or practice different faiths has not come in the way of national unity. Some parts of India and some groups of Indians have benefited a great deal from economic development. They live in large houses and dine in expensive restaurants, send their children to expensive private schools and take expensive foreign holidays. At the same time, many others continue to live below the poverty line. Housed in urban slums or living in remote villages on lands that yield little, they cannot afford to send their children to school.SECTION b (geography)CHAPTER NO.2TOPIC: LAND, SOIL, WATER, NATURAL VEGETATION & WILD LIFE RESOURCESExercisesQ1. Answer the following questions.(i) Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation?Ans:?The two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation are Temperature and Rainfall, wherein rainfall influences the rate of weathering and humus formation.(ii) Write any two reasons for land degradation today.Ans:?The overuse of chemical fertilizers and deforestation are the two main reasons for land degradation. The growing population and their ever-growing demand has led to large scale destruction of forest cover and arable land and has created a fear of losing this natural resource.(iii)Why land is considered an important resource?Ans:?Land is considered an important resource because it can be put to use for various purposes like agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads and setting up of industries.(iv) Name any two steps that the government has taken to conserve plants and animals.Ans:?Two major steps taken by Government to protect and conserve plants, animals and natural vegetation are:National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves are made to protect our natural vegetation and wildlife.Awareness programmes like social forestry and tree plantation- ‘Vanamahotsava’ are organised to conserve forests, which are a valuable natural resource.(v)?Suggest three ways to conserve water.Ans:?Three main ways to conserve water are:a. Increasing forest?cover and other vegetation to slow the surface runoff.b. Replenishing underground water through rainwater harvesting.c. Reducing the loss of water in irrigation and shifting to less water-intensive methods of agriculture.Q2. Tick the correct answer.(i) Which one of the following is NOT a factor of soil formation?(a) Time(b) Soil texture(c) Organic matter(ii)?Which one of the following methods is most appropriate to check soil erosion on steep slopes?(a) Shelterbelts(b) Mulching(c) Terrace cultivation(iii) Which one of the following is NOT in favour of the conservation of nature?(a) Switch off the bulb when not in use(b) Close the tap immediately after using(c) Dispose poly packs after shoppingQ3. Match the following:Column AColumn BLand useprevent soil erosion (3)Humusnarrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere (4)Rock Damsproductive use of land (1)Biosphereorganic matter deposited on top soil(2)Q4:?State whether the given statement is true or false. If true, give the reasons.(i) Ganga –Brahmaputra plain of India is an overpopulated region.True: River valley and plains offer suitable land for agriculture. Hence, they are densely populated.(ii)?Water availability per person in India is declining.True:?Increasing population, increasing urbanization, the rising standards of living and the rising demands for food and cash crops are leading to shortages in the supply of freshwater. The shortages are either due to drying up of water sources or water pollution.(iii)?Rows of trees planted in the coastal areas to check the wind movement are called intercropping.False:?Rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement and protect soil cover. These are called as shelterbelts.(iv) Human interference and changes of climate can maintain the ecosystemFalse:??Climate change and human interferences can cause the loss of natural habitats, and hence destroy the ecosystemCHAPTER NO -3TOPIC: MINERAL & POWER RESOURCESQ1. Answer the following questions.(i)?Name any three common minerals used by you every day?Ans:?Salt, petroleum and gold are the common minerals that are used by humans on a regular basis.(ii)?What is an ore? Where are the ores of metallic minerals generally located?Ans:?Ores are the rocks which are mined to extract minerals from them. Minerals occur in different types of rocks. Some are found in igneous rocks, some in metamorphic rocks, while others occur in sedimentary rocks. The ores of metallic minerals are found in igneous and metamorphic rock formations that form large plateaus.(iii)?Name two regions rich in natural gas resources?Ans:?The United Kingdom and the Netherlands are the major producers of natural gas. Natural gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is brought to the surface. It is used as a domestic and industrial fuel.(iv)?Which sources of energy would you suggest for (a) rural areas (b) coastal areas (c) Arid regions?Ans:(a) In rural areas – coal, solar energy, bio-gas and firewood can be used as sources of energy.(b) In coastal areas – wind power, petroleum and tidal power can be used.(c) In arid areas- geothermal powers and solar energy are the most suitable sources of energy to be used.(v)?Give five ways in which you can save energy at home.Ans.:Switching off the lights, TV and electric fans, when they are not in use.Closing the tap properly, so that it does not dripUsing pressure cooker for cookingWalking or using bicycles for short distance commutes.Minimizing the use of refrigerators, air conditioners and lifts.Q2. Tick the correct answer.(i) Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of minerals?(a) They are created by natural processes. (b) They have a definite chemical composition.(c) They are inexhaustible. (d) Their distribution is uneven.(ii) Which one of the following is a leading producer of copper in the world?(a) Bolivia (b) Ghana(c) Zimbabwe (d) Chile(iii) Which one of the following practices will NOT conserve LPG in your kitchen?(a) Cooking food in an open pan, kept on low flame. (b) Soaking the dal for some time before cooking it.(c) Cooking food in a pressure cooker. (d) Keeping the vegetables chopped before lighting the gas for Cooking.Q3. Give reasons.(i) Environmental aspects must be carefully looked into before building huge dams.Ans:?Construction of a huge dam creates large scale destruction of natural vegetation and wildlife in those areas, which get submerged. This is not good for the ecosystem. Hence, environmental aspects must be carefully looked into, before building huge dams.(ii) Most industries are concentrated around coal mines.Ans:?Coal is an important source of energy and hence most of the industries are located around coal mines.(iii) Petroleum is referred to as “black gold”.Ans:?Petroleum is a thick black liquid and is a valuable resource for various industries. Hence, it is also known as “Black Gold”.(iv) Quarrying can become a major environmental concern.Ans:?Quarrying creates many problems. Fine dust particles spread in the air around a quarrying site. Dust particles from quarry can cause respiratory problems. Quarrying also destroys natural vegetation and thus the home of many wild animals.Q4. Distinguish between the following.(i) Conventional and non conventional sources of energy:Ans:?Conventional sources of energy are those which have been in common use for a long time. Firewood and fossil fuels are the two main conventional energy sources. Whereas, Non-Conventional sources of energy are alternative forms of energy used in modern times. The use of renewable energy sources like organic waste, tide and wind energy come under non-conventional energy sources.(ii) Biogas and natural gas:Ans:?The gaseous fuel formed from the conversion of organic waste such as dead plant, animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste is called biogas. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide and produces a huge amount of organic manure each year. Whereas, natural gas is extracted with petroleum deposits when crude oil is brought to the surface.(iii) Ferrous and nonferrous minerals:Ans:?Ferrous minerals contain iron such as iron ore, manganese and chromites. On the other hand, nonferrous minerals do not contain iron like gold, silver, copper or lead.(iv) Metallic and Non-metallic minerals:Ans:?Metallic minerals contain metal in raw form. Bauxite and manganese are some examples of metallic minerals.?While metals such as limestone, mica and gypsum do not contain?minerals and are called as Non-metallic mineralsSection-c (civics)Chapter No: 03Why Do We Need a Parliament?Q1.Why do you think the nationalist movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote?Ans. The national movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote because of the following reasons:Every responsible citizen should participate in the government.Law-making and decision-making should also be shared by the adults of the country.Q2.In this 2004, map of Parliamentary constituencies alongside, roughly identify the constituencies in your Erstwhile State. What is the name of the MP from your constituency? How many MPs does your erstwhile state have? Why are certain constituencies coloured green while others are coloured blue?Ans. The name of the MP from my constituency, Srinagar is Dr. Farooq Abdullah of NC. There are six MPs in m erstwhile state. Certain constituencies are coloured green while others are coloured blue because they are reserved constituencies for ST and SC respectively.Q3.You has read in Chapter 1 that the ‘Parliamentary form of government’ that exists in India has three tiers. This includes the Parliament (Central Government) and the various State Legislatures (state governments).Fill in the following table with information on the various representatives from your area:Ans. The answer will vary for each state. One example is:State Government (Uttar Pradesh)Central Government?Which political party/parties is/are currently in power?Samajwadi PartyBJP Led NDAWho (name) is the current representative from your area?Laxmi Kant VajpayeeRajenderAggarwal (Meerut)?Which political parties currently form the Opposition?BahujanSamajwadi PartyCongressWhen elections were last held?In 2012In 2014When will the next elections be held?In should be 2017In 2019?How many women representatives are there from your state?Find yourselfFind yourselfChapter No: 04Topic: Understanding LawsExerciseQ1. Write in your own words what you understand by the term the ‘rule of law’. In your response include a fictitious or real example of a violation of the rule of law.Ans:?The rule of law is a provision of the Indian Constitution that states that all people in independent India are equal before the law. Every law is equal for every citizen in the country. Neither the President nor any other high official is above the law. The punishment for any crime committed will be the same for every person, irrespective of post or power. For example if a Clerk is punished for corruption, the same punishment needs to be given to a higher Official or Minister for committing the same crime of corruption.Q2. State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.Ans:?Two reasons why historians refute to claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India are:The colonial law was arbitraryThe Indian Nationalists played a prominent role in the development of the legal sphere in British IndiaQ3. Re-read the storyboard on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words the different ways in which women’s groups worked to make this happen.Ans:?The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 was passed with an aim to protect women against any kind of violence, be it physical or verbal. Various women’s groups worked to make this happen by reporting multiple cases of domestic violence to the various forums. A group of lawyers, law students and activists worked together for drafting the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection Bill). Other than this, various Women organisations, National Commission for Women made submissions to the Parliamentary Standing Committee. All these actions taken by women, together made the Government pass the bill against domestic violence.Q4. Write in your own words what you understand by the following sentence on page 44-45: They also began fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were forced to obey, to the law as including ideas of justice.Ans:?India before independence was forced to follow the rules set by the British Government. These set of rules were arbitrary and not were not authorised by the Indian nationalists. Hence the freedom struggle against the Britishers also aimed at making a set of rules that were fair and just for all and were not just imposed on the Indians to follow. The Indian Nationalists began to fight for their rights and wanted a set of rules that were equal for allChapter No: 10Topic: Law & Social JusticeQ1.Talk to two workers (For example, construction workers, farm workers, factory workers, workers at any shop) to find out if they are receiving the minimum wages laid down by law.Ans:?Construction workers-They are receiving below the minimum wages laid down by law.Factory workers-They are too receiving below the minimum wages.Q2. What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India?Ans:?The advantages to foreign companies in setting up their production in India are as follows:Foreign companies come to India because of the cheap labour. Wages that the companies pay to workers in foreign countries are far higher than what they have to pay to workers in India.Low wages and longer hours of work.Minimum additional expenses, such as for housing facilities for workers. Thus, companies can save costs and earn higher profits.Cost cutting can also be done by other more dangerous means like lowering working conditions, including lower safety measures.Q3. Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice? Discuss.Ans:?The victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got some monetary compensation, but not justice. It was caused due to gross neglect of safety measures by the factory management. The government represented the people to claim compensation for affected ones. The government demanded 3 billion dollar as a compensation, of which the company compensated only 470 million dollars. Today, after so much tears shed due to the tragedy, there are still people seeking justice. So many victims still fail to avail safe drinking water, healthcare facilities and jobs. Many people, who were maimed for life, have no use for the compensation money. Hence, it can be said that the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy did not get justice.4. What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?Ans:?Law enforcement means the implementation of law. Government is responsible for enforcement. Enforcement is important when the law seeks to protect the people belonging to the weaker section from those who are strong and powerful. Enforcement is important to ensure that every worker gets fair wages. When workers are poor or powerless, the fear of losing future earnings or facing reprisals forces them to accept low wages. Employers use this as a tool to pay workers less than the fair wage. In such cases, it is crucial that the laws are enforced.Q5.How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.Ans:?Laws can ensure that markets work in a fair manner. The frequently upgraded minimum wages law ensures that workers are not exploited and over-worked by companies that hire them. Also, a law keeping checks on the quality of production makes sure that sub-standard goods do not enter the market.Q6. Imagine yourself to be a worker working in a chemical factory, which has received orders from the government to move to a different site 100 kms away from the present location. Write about how your life would change? Read out your responses in the classroom.Ans. It would cause displacement for the entire family, health care, education and availability of basic necessities would be the prime objectives in the new localityQ7. Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read about in this unit.Ans:?The government plays the following roles:Providing public facilities like healthcare, sanitation and water supply and ensure that these are not overtaken by the private enterprises.Enforcing law against child labour.Fixing minimum wages for workers and revising it from time to time.Enforcing laws regarding safety at the workplace.Enforcing laws regarding the safety of environment.Protecting the interests of consumers against overpricing and standard products.Punishing organisations that do not follow policies to protect the environment against pollution.Q8. What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to (a) air; (b) water and (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce pollution? Can you suggest some other measures?Ans:?The various sources of environment pollution in our area are as follows:(a) Smoke from factories and vehicles run by petrol or diesel are the main reasons behind air pollution.(b) The main cause of water pollution is chemical fertilizers and garbage from factories, farms and houses.(c) Soil is polluted by the pesticides and fertilisers that are used to grow crops or by garbage dumped by human or by factory waste.Steps taken to reduce pollution are:Various laws have been enforced to keep a check on the environment pollution.Promotion of CNG vehicles to reduce air pollution.Strict actions against companies who violate environmental laws.No rules or laws can help make our environment clean and free of pollution, until and unless every individual of the society takes the responsibility on his part to keep their environment clean. Only voluntary actions can make our environment pollution free.Q9. How was environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.Ans:?The environment was treated as a ‘free’ entity and any industry or individual could pollute the environment without any restrictions. There were very few laws to protect and conserve the environment in India. Government also paid no attention to safeguarding the environment.Now, there has been a change in perception. Government has introduced various laws to protect and conserve the environment such as Swachh Bahrat Abhiyan. The courts have given out a number of judgments, upholding the right to a healthy environment as intrinsic to the fundamental right to life. Various laws and procedures to check pollution and clean rivers have been formed. The government can also impose a fine on those who pollute our precious environment.Q10.What do you think the famous cartoonist R.K. Laxman is trying to convey in this cartoon? How does it relate to the 2016 law that you read about on page123?2326005392430Ans. (a) According to me from the picture the cartoon is trying to display the problem of child labour.(b)In 2006 there is an amendment in the constitution, a law has been formed known as the ‘Child labour and Prevention Act’. This law bans working of children in the factories, houses, shops etc. Who are below14 years of age? ................
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