WWI



WWI

I. Alliances

A. The Triple Entente…aka Allied Forces (Allies)

1. Britain

2. France

3. Russia

4. United States (not until 1917)

B. The Triple Alliance…aka Central Powers

1. Germany

2. Austria-Hungary

3. Italy (Initially)…Later replaced by Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire

II. Fronts

A. Western Front

1. Participants: Germany vs. France, Britain, and Belgium

2. 475 mile front

3. Initiated by the German’s Schlieffen Plan in which that attempted to surround Paris and conquer France

4. Battle of Verdun – lasted 6 months…680,000 casualties

B. Eastern Front

1. Participants: Russia vs. Germany, Austria and Hungary

2. Russia lacked modern technology and weapons

a. Ex: Russian soldiers w/o weapons were instructed to follow behind those that did and pick up the weapons of their fallen comrades

3. As soon as Lenin takes control as a result of the Russian Revolution Russia pulls out of WWI

a. Cost them 25% of their land and population

C. Balkan Front

1. Allies originally intended to conquer Constantinople and attack Ottomans…didn’t work and the Allies retreat

III. New weapons of the War

A. Machine Gun

1. Modern Industry replaced the single-fire rifle

2. British machine guns fired 8 rounds per second, at a distance of 2,900 yards

B. Artillery

1. Bullets fired with greater power and distance

2. 24 million shells were used in the battle of Verdun

C. Other weapons of this industrial age

1. 75 different types of poison gas bombs

2. flame throwers

3. tanks

4. airplanes

D. Casualties of modern weaponry

1. sending masses of men towards the enemy no longer worked, at first many tried these conventional tactics anyway…the result was a slaughter

2. Forced armies to develop trench warfare (war of attrition)

3. Britain suffered 57,470 casualties on the FIRST DAY of the Battle of Somme

4. Total losses of WWI exceeded 10 million

IV. 1917

A. Russia pulled out of the War due to the Russian Revolution, however U.S. entered b/c of the sinking of the Lusitania and the Zimmerman Note

B. Allies win the war a year after U.S. joins

V. Aftermath of the War

A. Peace of Justice

1. President Wilson advocated for a just peace for the Central Powers

B. Peace of Vengeance

1. The other Allies had different ideas (Britain and France)

a. Advocated for territory and wanted to severely punish Germany for their actions

b. The United States didn’t have as much invested into the war as the Europeans…so European Allies got their way

VI. Treaty of Versailles

A. Aimed at punishing Germany

1. Return all conquered lands

2. Keep a demilitarized zone between France and Germany

3. Pay reparations of 32 Billion Dollars!!

4. Agree to war guilt clause

B. The new Europe

1. Treaties similar to the Treaty of Versailles were signed with other Central Powers

2. Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia lost territory

3. Many new countries were created (nationalism won out)

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