Pre-IB World History



Pre-IB World History

Chapter 27

Imperialism

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I. Forces Driving Imperialism

a. The Industrial Revolution created a need for countries to acquire new sources of raw materials and new markets for their goods

b. National pride was directly tied to the size of a nation’s empire

c. Racism – the belief that one race is superior to others

d. Social Darwinism – those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior to others

e. Missionaries wanted to convert other peoples to Christianity – they also wanted to “civilize” or “Westernize” peoples of other lands

f. Factors that allowed Europeans to conquer Africans:

1. The Maxim gun – the first automatic machine gun

2. Railroads, cables, and steamships allowed for close communications within a colony and between the colony and the controlling nation

3. The perfection of the drug quinine protected Europeans from malaria

4. Diverse cultures and languages discouraged unity among the continent

5. Wars over resources and borders also prevented unity among the continent

II. The Division of Africa

a. 1880 – French expand from West African Coast to the Sudan

b. 1886-1887 – discovery of gold and diamonds in South Africa

c. The Berlin Conference:

1. Europe feared war due to the competition over Africa

2. 14 European countries meet to lay down the rules for the division of Africa

3. No consideration of how linguistic or ethnic groups were distributed

4. by 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia were free from European control

d. Africans do not buy European goods, but Europe still needs raw materials from Africa

e. Belgian Congo contained a wealth of copper and tin

f. New cash-crop plantations of peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber

III. Clash over South Africa

a. Africans, Dutch , and British clash over land and resources

b. Zulu chief Shaka builds a centralized state around 1816

c. British invade and defeat Zulus in 1887

d. Dutch settle in South Africa in 1652 to establish weigh station and begin farming

e. Dutch are called Boers = farmers; Boers are also called Afrikaners

f. British take over in 1800’s and clash w/Boers over slaves and land

g. The Boer War (The South African War)

1. Boers try to keep outsiders out of S. Africa after the discovery of diamonds and gold

2. Attempted rebellion against Boers fails, Boers blame British and take up arms in 1889

3. 1st modern “total war” – Boers use guerilla tactics against the British

4. British burn farms and imprison women and children in disease ridden concentration camps

5. Black South Africans fought in the war as well = soldiers, scouts, guards, drivers, workers

6. Many were captured by the British and 14,000 died in the concentration camps

7. British Win in 1910; Boer Republics are joined into the Union of South Africa

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Boer War—Boer Commander De Wet makes nightly attack on English camp of Tweefontein.

IV. New Imperialism

a. Europeans demand more economic, social, and political control over peoples

b. Four forms of control: colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism (Study pg. 780)

c. Indirect control (British and US):

1. Relied on local rulers to handle the daily management of the colony

2. Legislative council = colonial officials, merchants and professionals

3. Assumed that the councils would train local leaders and the colony would eventually govern itself I.e. Australia and Canada

4. US use this method in Philippines

d. Direct control (France and most other European nations)

1. Viewed Africans as unable to govern themselves

2. Paternalism – provide for peoples needs but not giving them rights

3. Assimilation – local people would adopt French culture

4. French abandoned assimilation for “association” = recognition of African institutions but regarded them as inferior

5. Study p. 780

6. Complete DBQ p. 785

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V. African Resistance

a. Ethiopia is the only successful resistance

b. Menelik II played European nations against each other while he stockpiled modern weapons

c. Signs treaty with Italy but discovers differences in the wording of the treaty

d. Menelik II defeats Italians in 1896 at the Battle of Adowa

VI. Legacy of Colonial Rule

a. Negative effects:

1. Many deaths due to European diseases

2. Famines occur because cash crops replace subsistence farms

3. Traditional authority figures were replaced

4. Division of the continent into unnatural boundaries

b. Positive effects

1. Reduced local warfare

2. Humanitarian efforts led to reduced mortality rates and increased literacy rates

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VII. Crimean War (1853)

a. Russia wants a warm weather port and access to the Mediterranean Sea

b. Go to war with the Ottomans

c. British and French join Ottomans because they do not want Russia to gain more Ottoman lands

d. Russia is defeated, but…

e. Ottomans continue to lose lands to Slavs who rebelled in the Balkans with Russian assistance

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Corporal Philip Smith winning Victorian Cross during Crimean War assault in Redan, Sebastopol (1855).

VIII. The Great Game

a. Britain and Russia struggled over India

b. British keep Russia out and sign treaty with Afghanistan promising not to extend its Indian borders

c. Russia signs non-aggression treaty with Afghanistan which it honored until 1979 when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan

IX. The Suez Canal

a. Man-made waterway cutting through the isthmus of the Suez

b. Connects the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

c. Built w/ French money

d. Egypt could not even pay its interest debt on the canal

e. British insist overseeing financial control over canal

f. British occupy Egypt in 1882

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X. Britain Imperialism in India

a. Complete Workbook for Chapter 27 Section 4

XI. Imperialism in Southeast Asia

a. Pacific Rim – the islands bordering the Pacific Ocean = strategic location along the sea route to China

b. Complete Workbook for Chapter 27 Section 5 – Questions 1, 2, and 3 only

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XII. US Imperialism in the Pacific Islands

a. Most Americans not in favor of imperialism

b. Some felt US should fulfill destiny to be a world power

c. Business interests wanted new markets for US goods

d. Spanish American War

1. US acquires Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam

2. President McKinley wants to “educate, uplift, and Christianize” the Filipinos

3. Emilio Aguinaldo leads rebellion against the US in 1899

4. US defeats Philippine nationalists in 1902

5. US promises to prepare them for self-rule – builds infrastructure

6. Growing cash crops leads to food shortages

e. Hawaii

1. 1790’s – Hawaii is a port on the way to China

2. 1820’s – sugar trade changes Hawaii’s economy

3. Mid 19th Century – US sugar plantations account for 75% of Hawaii’s wealth

4. McKinley Tariff Act (1890) eliminates all tariffs on imported sugar = Hawaiian sugar no longer cheaper than sugar produced elsewhere

5. US business leaders push for annexation of Hawaii

6. Queen Liliuokalani takes throne in 1893 increases her power at the expense of the wealthy planters – they remove her from power

7. Samuel B. Dole named president of new republic, asks US to annex Hawaii, President Cleveland is reluctant

8. 1898 – Hawaii is annexed by the US

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