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Name:___________________________________Period:______Final Exam Review- English 1. Subjects and Predicates 2. Capitalization 3. Fragments and Run-ons 4. Independent vs. Dependent clauses5. Phrase vs. clause 6. Commas Items in a series Items in address and date Salutations for letters Before conjunctions Separate a direct address Appositives 7. Semicolons Definition Compound sentences Combining independent clauses 8. Quotation marks Dialogue Direct quotes Commas and periods Question marks and exclamation points 9. Sentence FormsSimple Compound Complex Compound-complex 1. Subjects and Predicates The subject tells whom or what the sentence is about. (Noun)EXAMPLEIn English class, the highlight of the day was the discussion of Davy Crockett.The predicate of a sentence tells something about the subject. (Verb)EXAMPLEThe class read several tall tales about this adventurous frontiersman. SIMPLE SUBJECT/ PREDICATE- the main noun or verb of the sentence COMPLETE SUBJECT/PREDICATE- all of the words used to describe the noun or verb YOU TRY: Label each sentence with a simple/complete subject/predicate 1. Roald Amundsen led the first successful expedition to the South Pole in 1911.2. The well-seasoned Amundsen was nearly forty years old at the time.3. Much earlier in life, Amundsen had planned for a career in medicine.4. By age twenty-five, the adventurous young man had changed his goal to a life at sea.2. Capitalization Capitalize:-the first word in every sentence.-the first word in both the salutation and the closing of a letter.-the pronoun I.-the names of persons and animals. -geographical names.-names of organizations, teams, institutions, and government bodies.-the names of historical events and periods, special events, calendar items, and holidays.-the names of nationalities, races, and peoples.-the names of businesses and the brand names of business products.-the names of ships, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft.-the names of religions and their followers, holy days and celebrations, sacred writings, and specific deities.-the names of planets, stars, constellations, and other heavenly bodies.-proper adjectives.( A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun.)-the title of a person when the title comes before a name.-a word showing a family relationship when the word is used before or in place of a person’s name.-the first and last words and all important words in titles and subtitles.Do not capitalize the names of school subjects, except course names followed by numerals and names of language classes.YOU TRY: 1. Sophomores at lincoln high school take world history II.2. Mount whitney is one of the highest mountains in north america.3. the author of the book A tale of Two cities is charles dickens.4. I saw an exhibit of paintings by the mexican artist josé orozco.5. Then, aunt clara began to sing the song “silver threads among the gold.”3. Fragments and Run-ons A sentence is a word or word group that contains a subject and a verb and that expresses a complete thought.A sentence fragment is a group of words that looks like a sentence but that does not contain both a subject and a verb or does not express a complete thought.A run-on is more than one sentence put together without a conjunction or a semicolon. SENTENCELori will be giving a speech about whales SENTENCE FRAGMENTGiving a speech about whales.RUN-ON Lori will be giving a speech about whales Susan will be talking about dogs. YOU TRY: Indicate whether each example is a fragment, run-on or sentence. ______1. Water supports the gigantic body of the whale the whale is a very big mammal. ______2. Unable to survive on land.______3. A beached whale’s lungs may be crushed.______4. Prevented by its tremendous weight4. Independent vs. Dependent clausesAn independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence.A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence.INDEPENDENT CLAUSEIf you need me, I will help you.SUBORDINATE CLAUSEIf you need me, I will help you.YOU TRY: Indicate whether each example is an independent or dependent clause. ______1. When Jeremy called last night, I was not at home.______2. I know the woman who owns that store.______3. John is the boy who is on the swim team.______4. It is hot today; please water the garden.5. Phrase vs. clause A clause is a word group that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence.A clause that expresses a complete thought is called an independent clause. A clause that does not make sense by itself is called a subordinate clause.NOT A CLAUSEI enjoy writing in purple ink. [This word group is not a clause because it does not contain both a verb and its subject.]INDEPENDENT CLAUSEI write when I am angry or confused.SUBORDINATE CLAUSEI write when I am angry or confused.A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASEin a boatPARTICIPIAL PHRASErowing swiftlyINFINITIVE PHRASEto swim dailyVERB PHRASEwill have goneYOU TRY: On the line provided indicate if the example is a phrase or clause. ______1. over the rainbow______2. I usually do not feel the same anger.______3. with chocolate frosting______4. what would have happened if I had actually said those things aloud!6. Commas Separate words/phrases/clauses in a series Separate two or more adjectives that come before a noun Use before conjunctions (and, but, or, for, yet, so, nor)Separate nonessential information (interrupters) Set off words used in direct address Use after certain introductory words/phrases/clauses Separate items in dates and addresses Use after salutations and closings in a letter YOU TRY: 1. Kurt have you seen the Big Dipper? 2. The Big Dipper a group of seven stars is in Great Bear.3. Halley’s comet won’t be back until 2062 I believe4. I think support comfort and cushioning are three important things.5. Our track team buys only one brand but it’s not easy to get all sizes.6. My brother always wants the latest greatest style of shoe.7. Cory wrote, “Dear Mrs. Reszke I am writing to volunteer for math tutoring.”8. Charlene’s uncle will graduate from law school on May 17 2009.7. Semicolons Use between two complete sentences (independent clauses) if they are not joined by a conjunctionUse before a conjunction to join independent clauses that contain commas YOU TRY: 1. Hector’s mother is a painter she told him about Grandma Moses.2. First, I delivered papers, then I practiced soccer.3. I saw Ms. Norris and Ms. Carson, the chaperones, but, as I said, I did not see the principal.4. Dan, I know you are tired, but the laundry is waiting.5. Phillip, Homer, and Carla wrote poetry, Luis wrote a play.6. There are international airports in Miami, Florida, Chicago, Illinois, and New York City.8. Quotation marks Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation —a person’s exact words.A direct quotation generally begins with a capital letter.When an expression identifying the speaker interrupts a quoted sentence, the second part of the quotation begins with a lowercase letter.A direct quotation can be set off from the rest of the sentence by one or more commas or by a question mark or an exclamation point, but not by a period.A comma or a period should be placed inside the closing quotation marks.A question mark or an exclamation point should be placed inside the closing quotation marks when the quotation itself is a question or an exclamation. Otherwise, it should be placed outside.When you write dialogue (a conversation), begin a new paragraph every time the speaker changes.When a quotation consists of several sentences, put quotation marks only at the beginning and the end of the whole quotation.Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation.Use quotation marks to enclose the titles of short works such as short stories, poems, songs, episodes of television series, essays, articles, and chapters and other parts of books.YOU TRY: Add quotation marks, capital letters, punctuation, and end marks where they are needed in the following sentences.1. Carlton asked his aunt what’s your secret recipe for oatmeal bread?2. Try reading your essay aloud, Dennis said the teacher.3. I enjoy reading Places To Go, Things To Do in the Sunday newspaper.4. Ouch Thea exclaimed as she pulled a splinter from her finger.5. Melanie said, Last night my dad told me, Laughter is the best medicine.6. Did she say dance with the prince one of the sisters asked.9. Sentence FormsA simple sentence contains one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clauses.A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause.YOU TRY: Identify the following sentences as simple, compound, complex or compound-complex. ______1. When we planned our holiday party, we planned a small one, and we invited only a few friends.______2. Since I was five years old, I have read in bed at night.______3. Iris and Phil took a train to Chicago.______4. Some students ate in the cafeteria, but others went outside in the sunshine. ................
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