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War and Diplomacy1600s- Today Itzel MartinezLuis GaribayRebecca PlascensiaJackie Ballesteros6th- APUSHMrs. Seebur1600sMost wars throughout the 1600s were mainly territorial disputes over North American land fought by settlers and Indians. At this time North America was yet to be considered a nation.1700sFrench and Indian War:While England and France fought for control over the North American territory, a treaty was signed declaring peace but not a clear understanding over who controlled North America. The outbreak of the Stono Rebellion would be the beginning of the French and Indian War in 1756. The first battle fought during this war was Fort Necessity in which the French victory upset the colonies and blamed George Washington who later resigned. It wasn’t until William Penn became commander that the British began to win. The French refused to lose until the signing of the Treaty of Paris. As a result of this war British rule was evident in the colonies and both Indians and settlers were upset over the new laws that were imposed. The passing of the Sugar Act of 1763, The Stamp Act, Tea Act, and Quartering Act were what led to rising tensions within the colonists and British rule. American Revolution:After years of unanswered letters and futile attempts to get representation in parliament the colonist had started to give up hope. Then in 1755 the Battle of Lexington and Concord was fought between a group of farmers and British troops. The farmers victory gave hope to the colonists reconciliation with the British. The publishing of Common Sense: by Thomas Paine urged colonist to stand up and fight against the unwanted British rule and within that time the Declaration of Independence began to be drafted by Thomas Jefferson. Throughout this war the colonists had many advantages from the knowledge of the land to guerilla tactics. An advantage British troops had over the colonists were the Loyalists who supported the British rule over seeking independence. The signing of the Declaration of Independence, and Treaty of Paris gave the United States the liberty they had been searching for, and to lead the newborn country, colonies chose George Washington as the first President. The passing of the Neutrality Act declared the United States neutral during the war fought over seas between France and Britain which soon led to threats and the XYZ affair. 1800sWar of 1812:During the early 1800s the idea of Manifest Destiny was alive and running throughout the United States. Throughout the war of 1812 the creation of the Federalist Party, Nationalism, Monroe Doctorine, and Indian Removal Act, emphasized the change in the country that was bound to happen.Mexican-American War:The Mexican American war was mainly fought over the land “given” to the United States (also known as Texas) and how the situation was handled over who got what land and what the border between the two countries would be.Civil war:Conflicts between the United States citizens had arose due to the fact that the country was spreading westward and the issue of slavery was more present that ever. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed which voided the Missouri Compromise. This caused many conflicts with the United States people. As soon as Abraham Lincoln became president,South Carolina succeeded from the country and later 11 southern states followed which made Jefferson Davis president of the confederate states. The southern states had the confidence that they would eventually win the war because of many battles that they had gained victory. It wasn't until the battles of Antietam and Gettysburg that the confederacy realized that turning point on this war. During this time the union had taken over the Mississippi River and divided the confederate states. Lincoln then later passed the Emancipation Proclamation setting free the slaves in the confederate states, but at the same time this was happening, foreign counties refused to help them because of their pro-slavery views. On April 1865, General Lee surrendered to General Grant and the war was officially over. As an effect of this war many laws against black discrimination were passed. Blacks and whites had to compete for jobs on farms. Lincoln tried to convince what had once been the Union to not be harsh on the southern states. He was assassinated in 1865 and with it, it took the only chance the south enters had to rejoin the country under loose conditions. War with Native Americans:Because of the belief of manifest destiny, American citizens began to expand the country westward invading the natives homes. In an effort to defend what was theirs, Native Americans went through many battles with the United States such as Sand Creek Massacre, Fatterman Massacre and the battle of Little Bighorn. The government offered land to the leaders of tribes in order for them to keep on moving west. Twenty five years later, they would be granted ownership of the land and citizenship of the United States. Spanish-American War:The United States tried helping Cuba gain their independence from Spain but but not everyone was convinced. Many journalist used yellow journalism to influence the population and congress to support the fighting for Cuba. On February 18, 1898 the USS Maine was blow up in Havana Harbor by what people though was an attack from Spain. After this insistent President McKinley pressured congress and declared war on Spain on April 25, 1989. The United States promised freedom to the Cubans ones they won the war against the Spanish. The American army was commanded by general William R. Sharter, who was part of the Rough Riders organized by Theodore Roosevelt. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1898 marking the end of the war. Within the signing of the treaty the United States gained responsibility over the Philippines after buying it for 20 million dollars from the Spanish and became known as an imperialistic country. Cuba gamed its independence from Spain but they refused to grant the Philippines their independence. On February 4, 1899 insurrection began under Emiliano Aguinaldo. Filipinos formed guerrillas to protect their rights and gain their independence. In 1901 all efforts of independence failed once Aguinaldo was captured, in the end America gained very little.Terms:Common Sense: pamphlet written by Thomas Paine used to inspire the idea of independence in the United StatesNationalism: the feeling of pride for one’s country\Manifest Destiny: the idea that God wants the white male/ colonist to move west and expand. Yellow Journalism: a crude and exaggerated form of published work used to create a certain image in the public’s eye.1901-1950Between 1901 and 1950 the United States was involved in two major wars which were World War I and World War II, it also experienced a lot of change in foreign policy. Before WWI the U.S. implemented the Platt Amendment in 1901, it stated that the U.S. may get involved in Cuba with troops to restore order and to provide protection from super powers like Germany. The U.S. did this because Cuba was so close to the U.S. underbelly. Also during Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency the Panama Canal was finally starting construction in 1904; the canal was used by the Navy and the shipping industry to get across the Atlantic to the Pacific in a shorter amount of time. World War I finally got underway in 1914 and it was the start of a new type of warfare with new weapons, tanks, and mustard gas. As World War I unfolded and World War II bound to happen weapons became more lethal, and war became more catastrophic. Before the Great War the U.S. was in a state of isolationism, but eventually it got involved in the war. The war was actually good for the economy since new weapons were in production. WWI finally ended in 1918 with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles; as a result of the war the League of Nations was formed in 1919. The leagues main goal was to maintain world peace, to prevent another world war.Finally after the war was over the U.S. economy was booming for Eleven years until 1929 when the Stock Market crashed. Eventually the crash led to the Great Depression, which created poverty throughout the country. The depression impacted American lives greatly both economically and socially, this would soon cause the U.S. to go into a state of isolationism again because Americans couldn’t afford to get into another war. Eventually that’s exactly what happened in 1939 when World War II erupted, in the early stages of the war the U.S. declared its neutrality during the war; but by the time Germany took control of most the Eastern Theatre, the U.S. had to get involved by helping Great Britain prevent Germany from invading. The U.S. also got involved in the Western front due to the Japanese bombing at Pearl Harbor in 1941. On the home front this caused the government to send all Japanese Americans living on the west coast to ten internment camps; this was done in suspicion of Japanese American spies. Even though the U.S. didn’t want to get involved in another war it actually helped the economy get out of the depression through the mass production of weapons. The United States was able to do this by women working in factories producing the weapons while men were fighting the war. Finally in 1945 the U.S. was finally able to end the war in the Pacific by dropping two Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Soon after the war’s end in 1945 the Truman Doctrine was signed in 1947 which said that the U.S. must support capitalism and fight communism. The U.S. did this through the policy of containment; this was accomplished by the formation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in 1949. This defended Western Europe against Soviet attack.Another effect of World War II was the establishment of the United Nations in 1945. The U.N. was a replacement for the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries. The Marshall Plan also went into effect; this was a European recovery plan that pumped $12 million into European countries. Key Terms Platt Amendment- agreement between Cuba and the U.S. that the U.S. might intervene with troops to restore order and to provide mutual protection. Cuba was forced to sign this because a super power like Germany might secure dangerous lodgment under America’s soft underbelly.Theodore Roosevelt- 26th president (1901-1904) he was considered a war hero in the Spanish American War, and started the Rough Riders. He also wanted the establishment of the Panama Canal.Panama Canal- constructed in 1904 completed in 1914. Faster way to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean, was used by the U.S. Navy and cargo ships. Isolationism- Isolating one’s country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into any alliances, trade, and international agreementsTreaty of Versailles- Treaty that ended WWI in 1919 required Germany to accept responsibilities for causing all the loss and damage during the war.League of Nations- Result of the Paris Peace Conference, its main goal was to maintain world peace in order to prevent another world war.Stock Market crash- 1929 caused the 10 year Great DepressionGreat Depression- Result of the 1929 Stock Market Crash started in 1930 and lasted until the late 1930’s or mid 1940’sPearl Harbor- Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7th 1941 because the U.S. cut their oil supply off.Interment Camps- Japanese Americans put into these camps as a result of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The government thought there may be Japanese American spies. Atomic Bomb- Ended the war in the Pacific, with 2 bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in 1945.Truman Doctrine- 1947 stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling to communism by the Soviets.Capitalism- Economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange. (Companies allowed to compete) also known as free munism- Socialist movement that creates a classless, moneyless, and stateless social order. The government controls everything.NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization; signed in 1949, its members state to agree mutual defense in response to an attack on any external party.United Nations- International organization implemented to maintain world peace, and stop wars between countries.Marshall Plan- European recovery program after WWII1951- PresentKorean War:Korea suffered a bloody disturbance from the Cold War in 1950. When Japan collapsed in 1945, Soviet troops had accepted the Japanese surrender north of the 38th parallel on the Korean peninsula. On June 25, 1950 a large North Korean army marched directly over the 38th parallel forcing South Korean troops to retreat further South. As a solution the American army is expanded massively through drafts. This war although won solved no disputes within Korea. As the Cold War continued a threat for a war with Vietnam lingered. Aid to Vietnam:As an aid to fight communism the United States used 80% of the taxes collected to send help to Vietnam. Throughout the Vietnam war the loss was clear but resistance was strong until the Soviets threat with a satellite known as Sputnik. Bay of Pigs:In an attempt to overthrow communist leader Fidel Castro the failed plan to send Cuban exiles to fight a war was inevitable. As the plans were revealed and mistakes were made by the CIA with the use of old photographs, the Bay of Pigs was classified as a national disaster. ................
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