Structure in the Schools - Kean University
[Pages:5]Structure in the Schools
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
Organizational Structure
Every organized activity from making of pots to the placing a man on the moon ? gives rise to two fundamental and opposing requirements:
The division of labor into various tasks to be performed
The coordination of these tasks to accomplish the activity.
The structure of the organization can be defined simply as the sum total of the ways in which it divides its labor into distinct tasks and then achieves coordination among them.
Henry Mintzberg The Structuring of the Organization
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Weberian Model of Bureaucracy
Division of Labor and Specialization Impersonal orientation Rules and Regulations Career Orientation Efficiency
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Criticisms of Weber's Model
Not attentive to dysfunctional features of the model
Functions and Dysfunctions of Rules Neglects the informal organization
System of interpersonal relations that forms spontaneously within all formal organizations
Main components of the informal organization are social structure and normative orientation
Informal structures in Schools Neglects potential internal contradictions Feminists say the model has a gender bias
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Elements of the Formal and Informal Organization
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Theory into Practice
Give three examples of rules in your school that are useful. Why are they helpful?
Identify three rules that cause more problems than they solve. Why do they hinder?
What guidelines would you use to establish school rules when you are a principal?
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Formal Structures in Schools
Highly developed bureaucracy Subordinates have less technical
expertise than superiors Professionals often more competent
than superiors
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Types of Rational Organizations in the School Setting
? Organizational Characteristics
Hierarchy of authority
? Organizational Patterns
Bureaucratic
Rules for incumbents
Procedural specifications
Impersonality
Technical competence
Professional
Specialization
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Weberian Structure in Schools
Bureaucratic authority at the expense of professional consideration
Authority based on position in the hierarchy
Professional structure delegates decision making to professionals
Chaotic structures low bureaucratization and professionalization
Administrators make unilateral decisions and teachers are expected to comply without question
Need to balance centralization and specialization
Bureaucratic structures compliment technical competence and specialization of teachers
Professional structure is loose fluid and informal
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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School Structures
Enabling Hierarchy helps rather than hinders with a system of rules and regulations that guide problem solving rather than punish
Hindering structure is a hierarchy that impedes with a system of rules and regulations that are coercive. Goal is disciplined compliance
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Basic Organizational Coordinating Mechanisms
Mintzberg
Mutual adjustment Direct supervision Standardization of work Standardization of outputs Standardization of worker skills
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Key Parts of the Organization
Operating Core Strategic Apex Middle Line Technostructure Support Staff
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Five Basic Parts of an Organization
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Coordinating Mechanisms
Simple structure Machine bureaucracy Professional bureaucracy Simple bureaucracy Political Organization
Professional act in the best interest of their clients where bureaucrats act in the best interest of the organization
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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Loose Coupling
Weick (1976) ? weak or infrequent ties between interdependent elements.
In schools there is little control over how well the work is done
Elementary school more tightly structured than secondary schools
Schools have both tight and loose structural connections
Bureaucratic domain is tightly linked and cohesive
Professional sphere is more loosely connected
NCLB served to tighten coupling
Ed Glickman, Ed.D. EL5502
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