Contents

Contents

Preface

iv

Acknowledgements

vi

Introducing science

1

BIOLOGY

l Chapter 1 The characteristics of living things

20

l Chapter 2 Major organ systems

29

l Chapter 3 Cells

45

l Chapter 4 Microorganisms

57

l Chapter 5 Living things in their environment

66

l Chapter 6 People and the planet

90

l Chapter 7 Classification and variation

105

CHEMISTRY

l Chapter 8 The states of matter

122

l Chapter 9 Properties of matter and materials

132

l Chapter 10 Acids and alkalis

145

l Chapter 11 Rocks and soil

157

l Chapter 12 Finding the age of the Earth

180

PHYSICS

l Chapter 13 Measurements

192

l Chapter 14 Forces and motion

200

l Chapter 15 Energy

215

l Chapter 16 Energy transfers

224

l Chapter 17 The Earth and beyond

237

Index

248

Preface

To the student

Science is the study of everything in the universe and scientists go about their studies in a very special way. They use the scientific method, which is about making a scientific enquiry or investigation. It helps scientists build up knowledge ? scientific knowledge ? about how things are and how things happen.

Science, then, has two parts. One part is about making a scientific enquiry and this process involves having ideas, making observations and carrying out investigations. The other part is the huge collection of scientific facts ? from the colour of a butterfly on a tree or the shape of a galaxy in space to what happens when we breathe and how a volcano can suddenly blow its top! In this book, we are going to look at how you can make scientific enquiries too, and how you can also learn about the many facts that scientists have discovered.

Checkpoint Science covers the requirements of your examinations in a way that I hope will help you understand how observations, investigations and ideas have led to the scientific facts we use today. The questions are set to help you extract information from what you read and see, and to help you think more deeply about each chapter in the book. Some questions are set so you can discuss your ideas with others and sometimes develop a point of view on different scientific issues. This should help you in the future when new scientific issues, which are as yet unknown, affect your life.

The scientific activities of thinking up ideas to test and carrying out investigations are enjoyed so much by many people that they take up a career in science. Perhaps Checkpoint Science 1 might help you to take the first step towards a career in science too.

To the teacher

Checkpoint Science 1 has been developed from Checkpoint Biology, Checkpoint Chemistry and Checkpoint Physics to cover the requirements of the University of Cambridge International Examinations Checkpoint tests and other equivalent junior secondary science courses. It also has three further aims:

MM to help students become more scientifically literate by encouraging them to examine the information in the text and illustrations in order to answer questions about it in a variety of ways

MM to encourage students to talk together about what they have read MM to present science as a human activity by considering the

development of scientific ideas from the earliest times to the present day.

iv

Preface

The Student's book begins with a chapter called Introducing science where the separate sciences of biology, chemistry and physics are presented in the context of the work of present day scientists. Items of general laboratory apparatus, including the Bunsen burner and spirit burner, are introduced before the requirements for scientific enquiry are set out for stage 7 of the Cambridge Secondary 1 Science Curriculum. This is followed by a feature on the history of the development of scientific enquiry, and then the students are set tasks that are involved in carrying out investigations. The chapter ends by looking at safety in the laboratory.

The chapters that follow are arranged in sections with Chapters 1?7 addressing the learning requirements for biology stage 7, Chapters 8?12 addressing the learning requirements for chemistry stage 7 and Chapters 13?17 addressing the learning requirements for physics stage 7 of the Cambridge Secondary 1 Science Curriculum.

The Student's book is supported by a Teacher's resource book that provides answers to all the questions in the Student's book ? those in the body of the chapter and those that occur as end of chapter questions. Each chapter is supported by a chapter in the Teacher's resource book which features a summary, chapter notes providing additional information and suggestions, a curriculum framework reference table, practical activities (some of which can be used for assessing science enquiry skills), homework activities, a `lesson ideas' section integrating the practical activities and homework activities, and an end of chapter test which has been prepared in the style of Checkpoint tests. Peter D Riley May 2011

v

Biology

Chapter 1 The characteristics of living things

20

Chapter 2 Major organ systems

29

Chapter 3 Cells

45

Chapter 4 Microorganisms

57

Chapter 5 Living things in their environment

66

Chapter 6 People and the planet

90

Chapter 7 Classification and variation

105

1 The characteristics of living things

VV Comparing living things with those that have never lived VV Signs of life and animals VV Signs of life and plants VV Eating and feeding VV Respiration VV Movement VV Irritability VV Growth and reproduction VV Excretion VV Testing for carbon dioxide

Biology is the study of living things. In this chapter, we are going to look at the features or characteristics that something must have for us to identify it as a living thing.

Living and never lived

You can make two groups of things ? living things and things that have never lived. The klipspringers in Figure 1.1 are living things, but the rock they are standing on has never lived.

1 How is a living thing different from something that has never lived?

For discussion

If you grouped things into living things and things that have never lived, where would you place a block of wood?

Figure 1.1 Klipspringers live in parts of the African savannah. They spend the hottest part of the day resting among rocks.

20

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