Solutions for all Physical Sciences

Solutions for all

Physical Sciences

Grade 12

Learner's Book

C McLaren F Gray B Nozaic D du Plessis

Solutions for all Physical Sciences Grade 12 Learner's Book ? McLaren, Gray, Nozaic, du Plessis, 2013

? Illustrations and design Macmillan South Africa (Pty) Ltd, 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,

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e-ISBN: 9781431024384 WIP: 4534M000

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Contents

Introduction........................................................................................ v

How to use the Solutions for all Physical Sciences Grade 12 Learner's Book......................................v Topic 0 Skills for practical investigations............................................................................................... 1

Knowledge area: Mechanics (Physics)

Topic 1 Momentum and impulse......................................................................................................... 13 Momentum................................................................................................................................. 15 Newton's second law in terms of momentum....................................................................... 20 Conservation of momentum and elastic and inelastic collisions........................................ 28 Impulse........................................................................................................................................ 41 Extend yourself.......................................................................................................................... 50 Summary..................................................................................................................................... 52

Topic 2 Vertical projectile motion in one dimension (1D).............................................................. 53 Vertical projectile motion represented in words and equations.......................................... 55 Vertical projectile motion represented in graphs................................................................... 70 Extend yourself.......................................................................................................................... 81 Summary..................................................................................................................................... 84

Knowledge area: Matter and materials (Chemistry)

Topic 3 Organic chemistry..................................................................................................................... 85 Organic molecular structures................................................................................................... 86 Structure and physical property relationships.................................................................... 113 Applications of organic chemistry........................................................................................ 121 Types of reactions of organic compounds............................................................................ 128 Plastics and polymers.............................................................................................................. 143 Extend yourself........................................................................................................................ 156 Summary................................................................................................................................... 163

Knowledge area: Mechanics (Physics)

Topic 4 Work, energy and power........................................................................................................ 165 Work........................................................................................................................................... 168 The work-energy theorem...................................................................................................... 178 Conservation of energy........................................................................................................... 183 Power......................................................................................................................................... 192 Extend yourself........................................................................................................................ 204 Summary................................................................................................................................... 208

Knowledge area: Waves, sound and light (Physics)

Topic 5

Doppler effect.......................................................................................................................... 211 Doppler effect with sound and ultrasound.......................................................................... 213 The Doppler effect with light................................................................................................. 219 Extend yourself........................................................................................................................ 222 Summary................................................................................................................................... 224

Knowledge area: Chemical change (Chemistry)

Topic 6

Rate and extent of reaction.................................................................................................... 225 Rates of reaction and factors affecting rate.......................................................................... 227 Measuring rates of reaction.................................................................................................... 233 Extend yourself........................................................................................................................ 242 Summary................................................................................................................................... 247

Topic 7 Topic 8

Chemical equilibrium............................................................................................................ 248 Chemical equilibrium and factors affecting equilibrium................................................... 250 The equilibrium constant........................................................................................................ 267 Application of equilibrium principles ? equilibrium graphs............................................ 274 Extend yourself........................................................................................................................ 278 Summary................................................................................................................................... 282 Acids and bases....................................................................................................................... 283 Acid-base reactions.................................................................................................................. 285 The application of acids and bases........................................................................................ 320 Extend yourself........................................................................................................................ 323 Summary................................................................................................................................... 325

Knowledge area: Electricity and magnetism (Physics)

Topic 9 Topic 10

Electric circuits......................................................................................................................... 326 Internal resistance.................................................................................................................... 332 Extend yourself........................................................................................................................ 346 Summary................................................................................................................................... 349 Electrodynamics...................................................................................................................... 352 Revision of electromagnetic induction................................................................................. 355 Electrical machines: generators and motors........................................................................ 356 Alternating current (AC)......................................................................................................... 380 Extend yourself........................................................................................................................ 389 Summary................................................................................................................................... 392

Knowledge area: Matter and materials (Physics)

Topic 11 Optical phenomena and properties of materials.............................................................. 395 The photoelectric effect........................................................................................................... 398 Atomic emission and absorption spectra............................................................................. 416 Extend yourself........................................................................................................................ 427 Summary................................................................................................................................... 431

Knowledge area: Chemical change (Chemistry)

Topic 12

Electrochemical reactions...................................................................................................... 432 Galvanic and electrolytic cells................................................................................................ 434 Understanding of the processes and redox reactions taking place in cells..................... 444 Standard electrode potentials................................................................................................. 453 Relation of current and potential to rate and equilibrium................................................. 458 Writing of equations representing oxidation and reduction half-reactions and redox reactios.................................................................................................................... 460 Oxidation numbers and application of electrolytic processes........................................... 466 Extend yourself........................................................................................................................ 472 Summary................................................................................................................................... 478

Knowledge area: Chemical systems (Chemistry)

Topic 13

Chemical industry................................................................................................................... 479 Elements in fertilisers.............................................................................................................. 481 The industrial manufacture of fertilisers.............................................................................. 485 The impact of the use of inorganic fertilisers....................................................................... 494 Extend yourself........................................................................................................................ 498 Summary................................................................................................................................... 500

Topic 14

Revision.................................................................................................................................... 501 Answers to calculation based questions............................................................................... 540 Periodic table............................................................................................................................ 547 Data sheets................................................................................................................................ 548 Table of Standard Reduction (Electrode) Potentials........................................................... 549

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