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The Cognitive AreaDefine the cognitive area (4 marks)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________StrengthsWeaknessesYear 1 core studies Year 2 core studiesMoray (1959) Auditory attentionSimons and Chabris (1999) Visual inattention Moray (1959) Auditory attentionArea:Theme:Background:On a daily basis, our brains are bombarded with information from all of our senses. Attention is the cognitive process that enables us to select some of this information to concentrate on, whilst rejecting (and ignoring) other information.Key term: Selective (or focussed) attention: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Colin Cherry introduced “Cherry’s Cocktail Party Effect”. Cherry suggests if you hear your name in another conversation, your attention will be drawn from whatever you are focusing on and onto the conversation where your name was mentioned. This suggests the possibility to have selective/focussed attention.4114137444867800One way to measure an individual’s selective attention is to use shadowing. This is where one message is fed into one ear, and another into the other. You would shadow the message in one ear ______________You would reject the other ear ______________________Another name for this is a dichotic listening task. According to Cherry (1953), those who ‘shadowed’ a message in one ear, were unaware of the content in the other ear.Moray wanted to investigate this.There are three experiments within the Moray (1959) study. Below are the aims of each studyAim of experiment 1:Moray aimed to test Cherry's findings – do individuals have selective/focused attention?Aim of experiment 2 & 3: Moray aimed to investigate other factors that can affect attention in dichotic listening task.Method of experiment 1, 2 & 3:Laboratory experimentEvaluation:Tape recorder with two amplifiers to allow two outputs – one to each ear through a set of headphonesThe messages were equal levels of loudness, judged by each participantEvaluation:Before each experiment, the participants were given four passages of prose to shadow for practiceEvaluation:All passages throughout the study were recorded by one male speakerEvaluation:Experiment 1:Method:_____________ measures design. This is when…IV = ________________ listening task and recognition taskDV = number of ______________________ in rejected messageSample = undergraduates, research workers, male and female. _________________Evaluation:The sampling technique has not been stated by MorayWhy do you think this is?Procedure:In experiment 1, a short list of simple words was repeatedly presented to _______ of the participants ears (___________). The list was repeated 35 times. Whilst they shadowed (listened to) a _______________ ______________to the other ear. The participant was asked to recall the content of the _________________________________________.About 30 seconds later they were given a recognition test using similar material, yet not presented in the list nor the passage, as a control.Results:The mean number of words recognised (out of 7)Shadowed message (_____________) 4.9Rejected message (_______________) 1.9Similar words from either 2.6Explain what the results mean________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The 30 second delay was unlikely to have caused forgetting, because words from early in the shadowed message were recognised.Conclusion: In a situation where a participant directs his attention to a message in one ear, and rejects a message in the other ear, almost _________________________________________ message is able to penetrate the attention block.Experiment 2:As experiment 1 showed that information would not penetrate the attentional block. Moray wondered if important information would – like a person’s name. This links directly to Cherry’s Cocktail Party Effect.Method:_________________ measures designEvaluation:IV = whether or not instructions were prefixed by participants _____________ DV = the number of affective instructionsSample = undergraduates, research workers, male and female. Total __________Evaluation:Procedure:Experiment 2 was conducted to find out the limits of attentional block. Participants shadowed ten short passages of ____________. They were told that their responses would be recorded and that they should aim to make as little mistakes as possible. The individuals were told to ignore the rejected message. In the rejected message, Moray wanted to know__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Results:In affective condition (instructions __________) ____ out of 39 messages were heardIn non-affective conditions (instructions without name) __ out of 39 messages were heard(3 results were rejected as participants started paying attention to rejected messages).Results were __________________Explain what these results suggest about selective attention______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Conclusions:Subjectively ___________ messages, such as a person's own ____________, can penetrate the block.Experiment 3This follows on from experiment 2, rather than including a name as the important information – Moray wondered if numbers would be remembered. These numbers would not be considered ‘important’. For example, they would not be the individuals date of birth or home address etc.Method:_____________ measures design. This is where…IV 1 = whether digits were inserted into one or two messagesIV 2 = whether participants had to answer questions about the shadowed message at the end of each passage or just _________________DV = the number of digits correctly recalledSample = undergraduates, research workers, male and female. Total ______ (two groups of 14)Procedure:In experiment 3, participants were required to shadow (listened to) one of _______________________________________ messages. In some of the messages digits were added towards the end of the message in either both messages or in one. The position of the numbers in the messages and whether they were relative to each other in the two messages varied. One group was told they’d be asked questions about the content of the shadowed message at the end. The other group as asked to _____________________________ as they could.Results:After statistical analysis, there was no significant difference found between two groups.Conclusion:While perhaps not impossible, it is very ___________ to make 'neutral' material important enough to __________________________________ up in dichotic shadowing.Overall conclusionsBefore the Moray study, according to Cherry (1953), those who ‘shadowed’ (listened to) a message in one ear, were unaware of the content in the other ear.Do Moray’s findings support this?In experiment 1, Moray aimed to test Cherry’s findings – do individuals have selective/focused attention?Did Moray find that we do have selective attention or that we do not?In experiment 2, Moray aimed to investigate if important information (like the participants name) affected their attention in the dichotic listening task.What do Moray’s findings suggest?In experiment 3, Moray aimed to investigate if non-important, neural information (like digits) affected their attention in the dichotic listening task.What do Moray’s findings suggest?Evaluate the study using the prompts on the PowerPoint. Remember, your responses should be detailed. Research methodType of dataEthical considerationsValidityReliabilitySampling biasPractical applicationsEthnocentrismExam questions:Define selective attention [2 marks]Explain what a shadowing task is [2 marks]Describe the sample used in experiment 1 [2 marks]Describe the sample used in experiment 2 and 3 in Moray [4 marks]Outline one limitation of the sample in Moray [2 marks]Outline one control that was used in the study [2 marks]Give two examples of quantitative data collected in Moray [4 marks]Outline two conclusions that can be drawn from the study into dichotic listening conducted [4 marks]Outline one useful application that could be applied from the findings in Moray [3]Describe one strength and one weakness of the research method used in Moray [6 marks]Explain how study links to the area it falls under [3 marks]Explain how study links to the theme [3 marks] ................
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