The Effects of the Introduction of Tuition on College ...
The Effects of the Introduction of Tuition on College Enrollment in Germany: Results from a Natural Experiment
With Special Reference to Students from Low Parental Education Backgrounds by
Anna J. Kroth
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Higher Education) at the University of Michigan 2015
Doctoral Committee: Professor Stephen L. DesJardins, Co-Chair Professor Brian P. McCall, Co-Chair Associate Professor Kai S. Cortina Professor Hans Anand Pant, Humboldt Universit?t zu Berlin, Germany
?Anna Kroth All rights reserved
2015
To my parents ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my dissertation committee, Stephen DesJardins, Brian McCall, Kai Cortina, and Hans Anand Pant for invaluable advising and support. Your advice on both research as well as on my career have been priceless. I would like to thank the faculty and staff of the School of Education at the University of Michigan. All of you have supported me in countless ways during my graduate studies. I also would like to thank Susan Dynarski, Brad Hershbein , Kai Maaz and Brady West for very helpful feedback and the DZHW, in particular Christoph Heine and Heiko Quast for letting me use their data. I am also greatly indebted to my employers at the Institute for Educational Quality Improvement (IQB) at Humboldt University Berlin and the Berlin Social Science Center (WZB) for their support while I was writing my dissertation. Furthermore I would like to thank Ben Beckett, Roisin Cronin, Teresa Go, and Christa Vogelius for irreplaceable editing help. The financial support of the Grant Program for Empirical Educational Research funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research and the College for Interdisciplinary Educational Research is also gratefully acknowledged. A special thanks to my friends and family who supported me in writing, and incented me to strive towards my goal. Finally, I would like express appreciation to my parents. Words cannot express how grateful I am to them for their encouragement, love and support. This dissertation is dedicated to them.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication
ii
Acknowledgements
iii
List of Tables
vii
List of Figures
viii
List of Appendices
ix
Abstract
x
Chapter 1
Introduction
1
Prior research
2
Relevance of research on tuition effects in the European context
3
Theoretical perspectives on the enrollment effects of tuition
5
Research questions
7
Methodology
7
Chapter 2
Higher Education, College Financing and Financial Aid in Germany
11
The System of Higher Education in Germany
11
Structure
11
Enrollment rates and access rules
12
Social disparities in access to higher education
13
The vocational education system
16
College Costs and Financial Aid in Germany
17
College costs
17
Financial aid
17
Student loans.
19
iv
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