Chapter 1



Chapter 6 Practice Test– The Proteins and Amino Acids

Chapter Learning Objectives

6.1 Describe why some amino acids are essential, nonessential, or conditionally essential to the human body, and state the outcome should any one of them be lacking from the diet.

6.2 Compare the digestion of protein and transport of amino acids with digestion and transport of lipids in the body.

6.3 Discuss the roles that various proteins and amino acids can play in the body.

6.4 Describe the fate of amino acids consumed with a balanced diet versus a carbohydrate-poor diet.

6.5 Discuss the concept of nitrogen balance and compute the amount of protein needed for a healthy college student.

6.6 Identify the major forms of protein malnutrition, and discuss reasons why consuming too much protein is not recommended.

6.7 Summarize the health advantages and nutritional risks of a vegan diet.

6.8 Develop a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet plan that meets all nutrient requirements for a given individual.

True/False Items

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6.1 T 193 1. Sickle-cell disease is an example of an inherited mistake in the amino acid sequence.

6.3,6.5 F 196 2. For the majority of exercisers, adding excess protein or amino acid supplements to an adequate diet will stimulate muscle building.

6.2 F 197 3. Some foods are so high in acid that they are capable of making the acid in the stomach even stronger.

6.2 F 197 4. Amino acid supplements are easy to digest and can relieve the digestive system from overworking.

6.2 T 199 5. When a person ingests a large dose of any single amino acid, absorption of others of its type may be limited.

6.3 T 203 6. If needed, protein can help to maintain a steady blood glucose level and so serve the glucose need of the brain.

6.5 T 209 7. Most people in the U.S. would find it next to impossible not to meet their protein requirements.

6.6 T 210 8. PEM is the world’s most widespread form of malnutrition.

6.6 T 210-212 9. Starvation always incurs wasting of lean body tissue as well as loss of fat.

Controversy 6 True/False Items

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6.7 T 220 10. Sound nutrition authorities acknowledge that well-chosen vegetarian diets are consistent with good health and can meet nutrient needs.

6.7 F 220-221 11. Vegetarians have significantly higher rates of hypertension than the general population.

6.7 T 221 12. The growth of well-fed vegetarian children is similar to that of their meat-eating peers.

Comprehension-Level Multiple-Choice Items

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6.1 c 190 1. Which of the following is found in protein but not in carbohydrate or fat?

a. carbon

b. hydrogen

c. nitrogen

d. oxygen

6.1 b 190 2. Which of the following accounts for the differences among the various amino acids?

a. the amine group

b. the side chain

c. the acid group

d. a and b

e. b and c

6.1 a 190 3. The body normally makes tyrosine from the essential amino acid:

a. phenylalanine.

b. leucine.

c. valine.

d. lysine.

6.1 a 191 4. A(n) _____ bond is formed between the amine group end of one amino acid and the acid group end of the next amino acid in a protein.

a. peptide

b. amino acid

c. denatured

d. sulfur

6.3 d 192,200 5. Which of the following is a protein catalyst, which acts on other substances to change them chemically?

a. hormone

b. antibody

c. lipoprotein

d. enzyme

6.1 c 193 6. How many amino acids are considered to be essential amino acids?

a. 5

b. 7

c. 9

d. 13

6.1 c 193 7. The sequences of amino acids that make up a protein molecule are specified by:

a. age.

b. sex.

c. heredity.

d. the diet.

6.2 d 196 8. All of the following cause denaturation of proteins except:

a. bases.

b. alcohol.

c. heat.

d. light.

e. salts of heavy metals.

6.1,6.3 d 196 9. For athletes, the path to bigger muscles includes

a. vigorous physical training.

b. well-timed meals.

c. excess protein consumption.

d. a and b

e. b and c

6.2 a 197 10. The role of enzymes in the small intestine in protein digestion is to split proteins into all except:

a. oligopeptides.

b. amino acids.

c. dipeptides.

d. tripeptides.

6.2 b 197 11. The stomach lining is protected from the very strong acid of the stomach by:

a. enzymes.

b. a coat of mucus.

c. saliva.

d. antibodies.

6.2 d 198-199 12. When amino acids are absorbed by the cells of the small intestine:

a. they are absorbed best in large doses of a single amino acid.

b. they are absorbed without preference at all sites on the cells.

c. they must be broken into single amino acids before they can be absorbed.

d. they can be circulated in the bloodstream to other cells and linked together to create new proteins.

6.4 a 199 13. The process of protein turnover includes:

a. eating food sources of amino acids every day to grow new cells and replace worn-out ones.

b. synthesizing intestinal cells, which can live for months.

c. preserving all old amino acids in the body to be re-circulated.

d. excreting old amino acids that are left from cell breakdown.

6.3 d 201 14. Proteins attract water and hold it within blood vessels, preventing it from freely flowing into the spaces between the cells. This is an example of how protein is used for:

a. supporting growth and maintenance.

b. building enzymes, hormones, and other compounds.

c. building antibodies.

d. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.

6.3,6.4 b 203 15. When amino acids are degraded for energy, their amine groups are stripped off and used elsewhere or incorporated by the liver into:

a. bile.

b. urea.

c. glucose.

d. urine.

6.4 e 204 16. If amino acids are oversupplied:

a. the body stores them until they are needed.

b. the body removes and excretes their amine groups.

c. the body converts amino acid residues to glycogen or fat.

d. a and b

e. b and c

6.4 d 204 17. Amino acids are wasted (not used to build protein or nitrogen-containing compounds) whenever there is:

1. not enough energy from carbohydrate and fat.

2. low-quality protein.

3. too much protein.

4. high-quality protein.

a. 1 and 3

b. 2 and 4

c. 1, 3, and 4

d. 1, 2, and 3

6.5 c 204 18. The DRI for protein depends on:

a. height.

b. activity level.

c. body size.

d. sex.

6.4,6.5 d 204-206 19. All of the following are needed for the body to synthesize protein except:

a. adequate carbohydrate and fat.

b. an adequate total amount of protein.

c. all essential amino acids in the proper amounts.

d. amino acid supplements.

6.5 b 206 20. The DRI Committee recommends _____ percent of total calories as the minimum amount of protein.

a. 5

b. 10

c. 15

d. 20

6.5 b 206 21. The DRI for protein for healthy adults is _____ gram(s) per kilogram of body weight.

a. 0.5

b. 0.8

c. 1.0

d. 1.5

6.5 c 206 22. In making recommendations for protein intake, the committee on DRI took into consideration that the protein in a normal diet would be:

a. primarily from animal sources.

b. primarily from plant sources.

c. a combination of animal and plant sources.

d. used with 100% efficiency by everyone.

6.5 a 207 23. Negative nitrogen balance occurs in:

a. a surgery patient.

b. growing children.

c. pregnant women.

d. lactating women.

6.5 a 208 24. The strategy of combining two incomplete plant protein sources so that the amino acids in one food make up for those lacking in the other food is called:

a. mutual supplementation.

b. complementation.

c. simultaneous augmentation.

d. a and b

e. b and c

6.5 b 209 25. Which of the following provides amino acids that are best absorbed by the body?

a. legumes

b. animal proteins

c. grains

d. vegetables

6.5 d 209 26. Of the following foods, which likely contains the most easily digestible protein?

a. oats

b. whole wheat

c. potatoes

d. tuna

6.5 b 209 27. Which of the following cooking methods would you use to increase the digestibility of protein?

a. frying

b. stewing

c. grilling

d. baking

6.6 c 210 28. The calorie-deficiency disease resulting from chronic starvation is known most specifically as:

a. protein-calorie malnutrition.

b. kwashiorkor.

c. marasmus.

d. protein-energy malnutrition.

6.6 d 210-212 29. Which of the following is not a characteristic of children with kwashiorkor?

a. They retain some of their stores of body fat.

b. They accumulate fat in their livers.

c. They develop edema.

d. They look like skin and bones.

6.6 d 212 30. A child with marasmus would exhibit all of the following symptoms except:

a. severe weight loss.

b. dry, thin, and wrinkled skin.

c. apathy.

d. edema.

6.6 a 213 31. Which of the following is not associated with an excess of protein?

a. enlarged livers in humans

b. enlarged kidneys in animals

c. worsening of existing kidney problems

d. high-fat foods that contribute to obesity

6.6 e 214 32. Which of the following groups of the USDA Food Guide contribute(s) an abundance of high-quality protein?

a. vegetable

b. milk

c. meat

d. a and b

e. b and c

6.6 e 214 33. An overemphasis on protein-rich foods can lead to:

a. a low intake of iron.

b. a low intake of folate.

c. a low intake of vitamin C.

d. a and b

e. b and c

6.6 a 214 34. The more animal protein you eat, the higher your intake of _____.

a. vitamin B12

b. vitamin A

c. folate

d. vitamin C

6.6 a 214 35. Which of the following food groups does not provide significant protein?

a. fruits

b. grains

c. vegetables

d. milk, yogurt and cheese

6.6 c 216 36. The heavy use of soy products in place of meat can inhibit _____ absorption.

a. calcium

b. folate

c. iron

d. vitamin C

Application-Level Multiple-Choice Items

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6.1 a 190-191 37. Our body has the need to eat protein-containing foods regularly because:

a. we need essential amino acids that can only be provided by foods.

b. our bodies are not able to make any amino acids for protein structure.

c. the function of protein is to maintain our muscle strength.

d. protein is broken down quickly during digestion and lost from the body.

6.1 c 190-191 38. The recycling system for amino acids in the body is used to:

a. primarily provide fuel for the cells to preserve glucose for emergencies.

b. convert nonessential amino acids into essential amino acids if needed by the body.

c. provide the cells with materials to build body proteins.

d. add protein to muscles when there is a shortage of energy from foods.

6.1 b 194-195 39. The genetic coding or expression that determines our DNA messaging for cells is:

a. identical in all people to ensure that cells are developed properly.

b. available in all cells but is idle in some cells and active in others.

c. not influenced by any changes in nutrient intake.

d. easily changed if a disease develops in the body.

6.2 e 196 40. Why should eggs be cooked, rather than eaten raw?

a. Raw egg proteins bind the mineral iron.

b. Raw egg proteins speed up protein digestion.

c. Raw egg proteins bind the B vitamin biotin.

d. b and c

e. a and c

6.1,6.2 a 196 41. Why is milk used as a first-aid remedy for someone who has swallowed a heavy-metal poison?

a. The poison acts on the protein in the milk rather than on the protein of the gastrointestinal tract.

b. Milk will cause the person to vomit and expel the poison.

c. Milk will provide calcium which serves to render the poison harmless.

d. a and b

e. b and c

6.2 e 197 42. Your friend states that she avoids acid foods like tomatoes and orange juice because they give her an acid stomach. How would you respond to this statement?

a. Highly acidic foods do increase the acidity of the stomach.

b. No food is acidic enough to make the stomach acid stronger.

c. The stomach is supposed to be acidic to do its job.

d. a and b

e. b and c

6.2 d 197-199 43. A person who lost a large amount of weight during an illness has been advised by a health food store employee that he should add amino acid supplements to his diet to help in weight gain. What would you tell this person?

a. amino acid supplements are an excellent way to quickly provide energy to muscles for rebuilding

b. taking amino acid supplements will help keep the digestive system from overworking while he is recovering from illness

c. he should not be adding any extra protein to his diet because he needs carbohydrate for recovery

d. if he needs additional protein for recovery it should be as whole protein because the digestive system can handle that form better

6.2 c 199 44. When comparing the digestion and absorption of proteins with fats it is important to know that:

a. proteins are broken down into individual amino acids and absorbed by all intestinal cells at an equal rate.

b. larger peptide molecules must be completely broken down into amino acids to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestine.

c. cells in the small intestine preferentially absorb different types of amino acids, which causes competition by amino acids at the absorption sites.

d. amino acids need a carrier in the bloodstream because they do not transport very well alone.

6.3 c 199 45. The process of protein turnover involves:

a. the conversion of protein to glucose for energy in half of the protein we eat.

b. the loss of amino acids by excretion through the kidneys when cells die.

c. the use of amino acids that have been conserved from breakdown of old cells.

d. the annual replacement of old cells with new protein that has entered the body in food.

6.3 b 200 46. The roles of enzymes formed by body proteins are important when foods are eaten because:

a. each enzyme is responsible for numerous different chemical reactions.

b. an enzyme acts as a catalyst to speed up a reaction without being altered itself.

c. enzymes signal certain organs to respond to a change in conditions in the body.

d. some enzymes can become chemical messengers in the nervous system.

6.3 c 201 47. A child suffering from protein deficiency has edema. This is an example of protein’s role in:

a. supporting growth and maintenance.

b. building enzymes and hormones.

c. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.

d. maintaining acid-base balance.

6.3 d 202 48. Certain proteins act as buffers in the blood. In this role they are responsible for:

a. providing immunity from foreign substances that invade the body.

b. making sure that sodium is transported outside the cells.

c. ensuring that too much fluid in the cells doesn’t cause edema.

d. picking up and releasing hydrogens in the blood to balance its pH.

6.3 a 202 49. Proteins use the process of active transport to move substances in or out of the cell by:

a. opening passages in the membrane and escorting substances through the cell.

b. attaching to minerals to carry them throughout the bloodstream.

c. decreasing the water content in cells to get rid of excess acid or base levels.

d. sending antibodies to cells to carry excess proteins out to where they are needed.

6.4 e 203-204 50. An athlete consumes large amounts of meat in an effort to build extra muscle tissue. This practice does not work because:

a. the body has no place to store extra amino acids.

b. the body will dismantle its tissue proteins in this situation.

c. the body converts amino acid residues to fuel or stores them as fat.

d. a and b

e. a and c

6.4 c 203-204 51. In times of energy shortage from carbohydrates or fats in foods, the body uses protein in what way?

a. it decreases the breakdown of food proteins for energy and uses stored glycogen

b. it stores amino acids in the cells to be used later for energy

c. it removes the nitrogen portion and burns the remaining fragments for energy

d. it converts it to fat to provide more concentrated energy

6.4 b 204 52. A young man has said to you that he is eating much more protein in his diet than the recommendation but he feels he needs the extra amount just in case he wants to build more muscle mass in the near future. How would you respond to him?

a. it should be fine because the cells will store the extra amino acids for future use

b. if he has excess calories in his diet, he may gain fat weight from converted protein

c. the extra protein will be used for fuel instead of the carbohydrate

d. the body won’t digest the extra protein and it will be eliminated in feces

6.5 a 206 53. Which of the following statements is/are true?

a. Athletes need slightly more protein than other healthy adults.

b. Athletes should consume protein supplements to build muscle.

c. Dieters should take protein supplements to spare body protein.

d. a and b

e. b and c

6.5 b 206 54. Which of the following would have the highest protein DRI per unit of body weight?

a. a 28-year-old pregnant woman

b. a 6-year-old child

c. a 40-year-old male

d. a 34-year-old woman

6.5 c 206 55. What is the DRI for protein for a 40-year-old male who is 6'4" tall and weighs 180 pounds?

a. 34 grams

b. 49 grams

c. 65 grams

d. 144 grams

6.5 b 206 56. A young man who is a sedentary college student needs how much protein if he weighs 175 pounds?

a. 46 grams/day

b. 64 grams/day

c. 86 grams/day

d. 140 grams/day

6.5 a 206 57. A 135-pound woman needs how much protein?

a. 49 grams/day

b. 56 grams/day

c. 86 grams/day

d. 110 grams/day

6.5 a 207 58. A boy 10 years old is going through a growth spurt. Because he needs to build new muscle tissue, what should his nitrogen status be?

a. positive nitrogen balance

b. negative nitrogen balance

c. nitrogen equilibrium

d. nitrogen deficiency

6.4,6.5 d 208 59. Cells will do all of the following to create their own working proteins from available amino acids except:

a. synthesize nonessential amino acids that are missing for the protein that is being made.

b. obtain amino acids that are available in the cell’s amino acid pool.

c. slow down protein synthesis until enough of the limiting amino acid is available again.

d. hold partially completed proteins until the diet provides the missing amino acids.

6.5,6.8 b 209 60. An adolescent girl has decided to adhere to a vegetarian diet and has selected a tossed green salad, whole-wheat crackers, and apple juice for lunch. What would you advise her about her complementary protein sources?

a. she has made good choices of complementary protein foods

b. adding garbanzo beans to her salad would provide the protein combination she needs

c. she has to include milk or cheese with her meal or there will not be enough protein

d. she should not be following a vegetarian diet because it is not nutritionally adequate

6.5 a 209 61. Examples of complementary protein combinations include all of the following except:

a. pasta with tomato sauce.

b. rice and black-eyed peas.

c. whole-wheat cereal with almonds.

d. peanut butter and jelly on whole-wheat bread.

6.6 c 210-211 62. What change in body function will occur in a child with marasmus?

a. metabolism will speed up and burn calories more rapidly

b. muscles will not develop but bones will grow, resulting in a tall, thin stature

c. the digestive tract develops dysentery, which results in diarrhea and mineral loss

d. the body will be able to repair itself if a very-high-fat diet is given as therapy

6.6 a 211-212 63. A 3-year-old child from a homeless family has been brought into the health clinic with a swollen belly, fluid buildup around her ankles, brittle hair, and irritability. Her mother has been feeding her mostly bread and dry cereal over the past several months. Providers suspect that she may have which form of PEM?

a. kwashiorkor

b. marasmus

c. dysentery

d. osteoporosis

6.6 c 213-214 64. What is one of the risks of consuming a diet high in protein?

a. a high-protein diet from food sources increases the loss of calcium from the body in urine

b. a high-protein diet can cause kidney disease

c. a high-protein diet can raise homocysteine levels in the blood

d. high intakes of vegetable proteins can increase the risk of heart disease

6.6,6.7 b 216 65. Your friend is a vegetarian who consumes large quantities of soy products in the place of meat. From a nutrition perspective, your friend is at risk of developing _____ deficiency.

a. vitamin C

b. iron

c. folate

d. calcium

Controversy 6 Multiple-Choice Items

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6.7 b 220 66. Your mother is considering changing her diet to include only non-meat proteins to reduce her risk of developing heart disease or cancer. What evidence is available to support her decision?

a. vegetarian diets contain greater amounts of heart-protective omega-3 fatty acids

b. plant-based diets are usually lower in saturated fat and higher in fiber, which reduces risk of heart disease

c. substituting soy for meat proteins has resulted in a large decrease in heart disease risk

d. colon cancer appears less frequently in people eating plant-based diets

6.7 d 220-221 67. Which of the following is a health benefit of a vegetarian diet?

a. eating small amounts of soy protein can contribute to a major decline in LDL cholesterol

b. even though vegetarians may eat cheese, sour cream, and butter in their diets, their blood lipids do not reflect it

c. vegetarians have a lower rate of colon and rectal cancer than fish eaters

d. vegetarians tend to have lower blood pressure than nonvegetarians

6.7 e 220-221 68. Compared to meat eaters, vegetarians tend to have:

a. higher death rates from heart disease.

b. healthier body weights.

c. lower blood pressure.

d. a and b

e. b and c

6.7,6.8 b 221 69. A woman who is on a vegan diet has become pregnant. What would be a health concern for her?

a. she will need to increase intake of soy products and seaweed to receive adequate B12

b. she may have difficulty gaining adequate weight during her pregnancy

c. she may have too high an iron intake because of the high iron levels in plant foods

d. her diet will most likely be deficient in omega-6 fatty acids

6.7 a 221-222 70. Which statement is true of a vegan diet?

a. very young children and the elderly may not consume enough plant sources of protein to build and maintain bone and muscle tissue

b. a woman on a vegan diet will have excellent stores of nutrients needed for pregnancy

c. well-fed vegan children are the same height and weight as meat-eating children

d. vegan children’s daily protein requirement is less than meat-eating children’s

6.8 d 222 71. Poorly-planned vegetarian diets typically lack all of the following except:

a. calcium.

b. vitamin B12.

c. zinc.

d. folate.

6.8 b 222-225 72. When planning a vegetarian diet, the following recommendation should be adhered to:

a. select foods made from textured vegetable protein as an excellent substitute for meat items.

b. fruits and vegetables high in iron and calcium should be emphasized.

c. select whole-grain breads and cereals to obtain easily absorbed iron.

d. all soy milks are a good source of calcium and should be included.

6.8 d 223 73. Children adhering to a vegan diet need to include which of the following foods to ensure adequate growth and bone development?

a. whole grains for zinc

b. walnuts for omega-3 fatty acids

c. yogurt for calcium

d. a and b

e. a and c

6.8 c 223 74. The best way for a vegetarian to ensure adequate absorption of iron in the diet is to:

a. include leafy greens because the iron they contain is absorbed readily.

b. avoid dried fruits because they interfere with iron absorption.

c. include vitamin C-rich foods because they enhance absorption of iron.

d. consume 3 times the amount of iron recommended for meat eaters.

6.8 e 224 75. To ensure adequate intakes of vitamin B12, vitamin D, and calcium, vegans need to:

a. select fortified foods.

b. use complete meal supplements.

c. use supplements daily.

d. a and b

e. a and c

Essay Items

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6.2, 6.3 199, 205 1. Why would you advise someone to not take amino acid supplements?

6.3 201-202 2. Explain how proteins help to regulate the quantity of fluids in the compartments of the body to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.

6.4 203-204 3. Describe what happens when amino acids are oversupplied in the diet.

6.2, 6.5 209 4. Describe factors that influence the digestibility of protein.

6.6 210-212 5. Describe and differentiate between the causes and symptoms of marasmus and kwashiorkor.

6.6 213-214 6. Discuss the risks associated with overconsumption of protein.

6.5,6.8 214-6,222 7. Describe the advantages and limitations of consuming legumes as meat alternates.

6.7 220 8. Why do vegetarians have lower blood pressure than nonvegetarians?

6.7 220-221 9. Describe the relationship between vegetarian diets and risks of colon cancer.

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