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Physics Concept Review Questions for AP Physics Name___________________________

1. List the steps in the scientific method.

2. What are the SI base units for length, mass, and time?

3. Using the data below, construct a graph of the time required to make a trip of 100 km measured at various speeds.

Write the equation, slope, and area for the graph (show all work & units)

4. [pic]

5.

4. What quantity describes the difference between an object’s initial position and the object’s final position?

5. What is the ratio of an object’s displacement to the time interval during which the displacement occurred?

6. Distinguish between the displacement of a traveler who takes a train from New York to Boston and the displacement of a traveler who flies from Boston to New York.

7. Explain how a dog that has moved can have a displacement of zero.

8. Construct a graph of position versus time for the motion of a dog, using the data in the table above. What is the dog’s average velocity? Determine the slope and equation for the graph. Show all work and units.

9. Construct a graph of position versus time of a jogger, using the data in the table above. Explain how the graph indicates that the jogger’s speed is constant.

[pic]

10. How can you determine the instantaneous velocity at a given point on a position versus time graph?

11. A motorized scooter starts from rest and accelerates for 4 s at 2 m/s[pic]. It continues at a constant speed for 6 s. Graph the scooter’s velocity versus time. What is the scooter’s average velocity for the interval 0–4 s?

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12. What is free fall?

13. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of an object in free fall near Earth’s surface?

14. Compare the acceleration of a rock in free fall with the acceleration of another rock in free fall dropped a few moments before.

15. What is the term for the curved, parabolic path that an object follows when thrown, launched, or otherwise projected near the surface of the Earth?

[pic]

16. The figure above shows the path of a ball tossed from a building. Air resistance is ignored.

a. In the figure above, what would happen to the width of the ball’s path if it were launched with a greater velocity?

b. In the figure above, what would happen to the height of the ball’s path if it were launched with a greater velocity?

17. In the figure above, what would happen to the width of the ball’s path if it were launched with a lesser velocity?

18. Describe the graph of the horizontal component of velocity versus time for the motion of the ball shown in the figure above.

19. Describe the graph of the vertical component of velocity versus time for the motion of the ball shown in the figure above. Identify any constants that would appear in the graph.

20. How does the theory of field forces explain how objects could exert forces on each other without touching?

21. How are force vectors represented in force diagrams?

22. The length of the force vector is proportional to what property of a force?

23. Construct a free-body diagram of a car being towed.

24. State Newton’s first law of motion.

25. What happens to an object in motion when it experiences a nonzero net external force?

26. What term is used to describe the vector sum of all the forces acting on an object?

27. In the equation form of Newton’s second law, ΣF = ma, what does ΣF represent?

28. In the equation Fnet = ma, what is the direction of the acceleration?

29. Why does it require much less force to accelerate a low-mass object than it does to accelerate a high-mass object the same amount?

30. Distinguish between mass and weight.

31. Why is air resistance considered a form of friction?

32. How does the coefficient of static friction for two surfaces in contact compare to the coefficient of kinetic friction for the same two surfaces?

33. What formula can be used to calculate work if the force acts at an angle to the displacement?

34. Air exerts a force on a leaf as it falls from a tree to Earth. Is the work done on the leaf positive, negative, or zero?

35. A car travels at a speed of 25 m/s on a flat stretch of road. The driver must maintain pressure on the accelerator to keep the car moving at this speed. Are any forces doing work on the car? Explain your answer.

36. What is the net work done on the car over a distance of 250 m?

37. What form of energy is associated with the position of an object in Earth’s gravitational field?

38. What form of energy is stored in any stretched or compressed object?

39. State, in words, the work-kinetic energy theorem.

40. What quantity is the sum of the kinetic energy and all forms of potential energy in a system?

41. Write an equation that expresses the conservation of mechanical energy in a system where the only forms of mechanical energy are kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.

42. Explain how energy, time, and power are related.

43. As a bullet travels through the air, it slows down due to air resistance. How does the bullet’s momentum change as a result?

44. How can a small force produce a large change in momentum?

45. What is a term for the quantity FΔt, where F is an applied force and Δt is the time interval over which the force is applied?

46. A large moving ball collides with a small stationary ball. Describe how the momentum of each ball changes.

47. State, in words, the law of conservation of momentum for an isolated system.

48. Write, in symbolic form, the equation for the conservation of momentum in a two-body system.

49. Two objects move separately after colliding, and both the total momentum and total kinetic energy remain constant. Identify the type of collision.

50. Two objects stick together and move with the same velocity after colliding. Identify the type of collision.

51. After colliding, objects are deformed and lose some kinetic energy. Identify the type of collision.

52. What provides the centripetal force for a ball whirled on a string?

53. Is there an outward force in circular motion? Explain.

54. What provides the centripetal force for the moon’s orbit around Earth?

55. Compare the gravitational force the sun exerts on Earth to the gravitational force Earth exerts on the sun.

56. A stretched or compressed spring stores ____________________ potential energy.

57. Simple harmonic motion is vibration about an equilibrium position in which a(n) ____________________ force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium.

58. In the equation for Hooke’s Law, F[pic] = –kx, the term k represents the ____________________ of a spring.

59. The velocity of the bob on a swinging pendulum reaches a maximum when the bob is in the ____________________ position.

60. At what position of an oscillating mass-spring system does the kinetic energy of the mass reach a maximum?

61. In an oscillating mass-spring system, the restoring force is a result of the force exerted by the spring. What causes the restoring force in a swinging pendulum?

62. How is the relationship between period and frequency represented as an equation?

63. Electromagnetic waves can move through empty space, but mechanical waves require a ____________________ through which to travel.

64. Suppose longitudinal waves are generated in a long spring. Describe the motion of a particle within the spring.

65. Describe the motion of a particle in a rope through which a transverse wave is passing.

66. What is the difference between a pulse wave and a periodic wave?

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67. In the waveform shown above, which feature of a wave does letter D represent?

68. In the transverse waveform shown above, the feature designated by letter B corresponds to a(n) ____________________ in a longitudinal wave.

69. What feature of a wave increases when the source of vibration increases in energy?

70. Why is it possible for two waves passing through a medium to occupy the same space at the same time?

71. When two waves meet, they combine according to the ____________________ principle.

72. A student observes two pulses on a rope wave meet and temporarily form a wave with a greater amplitude than either of the two waves alone. The student has observed an example of ____________________ interference.

73. A standing wave is created in a certain string. Certain points on the string do not appear to be vibrating, but instead seem to be standing still. These points are called ____________________.

74. The region of a sound wave in which air molecules are pushed closer together is called a(n) ____________________.

75. Unlike a transverse wave on a rope, sound travels as a(n) ____________________ wave.

76. Each trough of a sine wave used to represent a sound wave corresponds to a(n) _______________ of the sound wave.

77. The ____________________ of a musical sound determines its pitch.

78. In general, does sound travel faster in a gas or in a solid? Explain.

79. How is the speed of sound in air affected when the temperature increases?

80. Compare the pitch of a sound source moving toward a stationary observer with the pitch of the sound the observer hears. Explain how this phenomenon occurs.

81. Explain in terms of human hearing why the loudness scale in decibels differs from the scale of sound intensity.

82. When does refraction occur?

83. An object that has a negative electric charge has an abundance of atomic particles called ____________________.

84. When an object loses electrons, it acquires a(n) ____________________ electric charge.

85. Materials, such as glass, in which electric charges do not move freely, are called electrical ____________________.

86. How does the electric force between two charged objects change when the distance between the two objects is doubled? Explain.

87. What is electric force?

88. How are gravitational and electric force alike?

89. How are gravitational force and electric force different?

90. Draw the lines of force representing the electric field surrounding two objects that have equal magnitude charges of opposite polarity.

91. In the figure shown at left, why do only half of the lines originating from the positive charge terminate on the negative charge?

92. Is the charge shown in the figure at right positive or negative? How about the figure on the right side?

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93. The space around a charged object contains an electric ____________________.

94. What is electrical potential energy?

95. Electrical potential energy is a result of what interaction?

96. What is the source of the energy produced by a battery?

97. What is electric current?

98. Identify the types of elements in the schematic diagram above and the number of each type.

99. Current does not flow through the circuit shown in the schematic diagram above. Explain why this is so.

100. Which bulb or bulbs will have a current in the schematic diagram shown above?

101. What type of circuit has an incomplete path for the flow of charge?

102. How does the equivalent resistance of a series circuit compare to the resistance values of the individual resistances in the circuit?

103. How does the equivalent resistance of a parallel circuit compare to the resistance values of the individual resistances in the circuit?

104. You have seven resistors available, and all of the resistors have a value of 100.0 Ω. How would you connect these seven resistors to produce an equivalent resistance of 70.0 Ω?

105. Calculate the torque produced by a 75-N perpendicular force at the end of a .20m long wrench.

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