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Gentry, Charles E. Crisis Intervention in Child Abuse and Neglect. The User Manual Series. Westover Consultants, Inc., Washington, DC. National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (DHHS/OHDS), Washington, DC. 1994-00-00

78p.

HHS-105-89-1730 Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information, 330 C Street, NW, Washington, DC 20447; phone: 800-394-3366. Guides - Non-Classroom (055) MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. *Child Abuse; *Child Neglect; Child Welfare; *Crisis Intervention; Evaluation Methods; Family Involvement; *Family Programs; Intervention; Models; Needs Assessment; *Teamwork

ABSTRACT

Intended for child welfare caseworkers and others working with children and families in crisis, this guide presents principles and techniques of crisis intervention with child abuse or neglect cases. After an overview of the manual, the first section considers a definition of crisis, the elements and phases of crises, and the psychological effects of crises. In the next section, the goals and steps of crisis intervention are introduced using a nine-step model and discussion of crisis teams. The third section provides suggestions for total family involvement in the assessment of the precipitating circumstances and of future risk to the children. The following two sections consider specific treatment approaches (such as the community systems, cognitive-behavioral, or family treatment approaches) and techniques (such as the use of humor and setting limits) as well as special family situations (such as marital conflict, substance abuse, and poverty). The next section offers suggestions for termination and follow-up. The last two sections address the professional supports needed by the crisis intervention worker and five family-centered crisis response models. A summary, glossary of terms, footnote references, and a selected bibliography complete the manual. (Contains 125 references.) (DB)

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National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect

Crisis Intervention in Child Abuse and Neglect

The User Manual Series

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Administration for Children and Families

Administration on Children, Youth and Families

National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect

U.S. PARTMENT OF EDUCATION (Dace of 0 hone! Research and Improvement

EDU TIONAI. RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)

his document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization oronatinp

0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality

Pomts of vmvi Or oprmons stated m this dOCir

ment do not necessanty represent official

17)

OERI position or policy

ro

Crisis Intervention in Child Abuse and Neglect

Charles E. Gentry

1994

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families

Administration on Children, Youth and Families National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect

3

This manual, and other manuals in the series, are available from: The Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information P.O. Box 1182 Washington, DC 20013

This manual was developed and produced by Westover Consultants, Inc., Washington, DC, under Contract No. HHS-105-89-1730.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ATTRIBUTION

vii

PREFACE

ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xi

OVERVIEW OF THE MANUAL 1

UNDERSTANDING CRISIS

3

Introduction

3

Definition of Crisis

3

Elements of Crises

3

Stress-Producing Situations

3

Difficulties in Coping

4

Parents with Chronic Coping Problems

4

Timing of Intervention

6

The Phases of Crisis

6

Client Feelings During Crisis

8

Psychological Effects of Crisis

8

Disorganized Thinking

8

Preoccupation with Insignificant Activities

9

Expression of Hostility and Emotional Distancing

9

Impulsiveness

9

Dependence

9

Threat to Identity

9

Summary

10

CRISIS INTERVENTION GOALS AND STEPS

11

Introduction

11

The Scope and Goals of Crisis Intervention

11

Six Goals of Crisis Treatment

11

A Nine-Step Crisis Intervention Model

12

5

iii

Crisis Intervention Teams

13

Investigation

13

Psychological First Aid

14

Rehabilitative Crisis Intervention

14

Overview of Teams Related to CPS

14

Specialized, Multidisciplinary Teams

15

Crisis as an Opportunity to Initiate Change

15

Crisis Intervention as a Planned Response

16

Presence Until Stress Is Reduced

17

Summary

17

CRISIS INTERVENTION ASSESSMENT

19

Introduction

19

Total Family Involvement

19

Assessment

20

Making the Initial Contact

20

Identifying the Precipitating Event

20

Observing Family Interactions and Conditions

21

Determining Family Needs

21

Assessing Risk

22

Screening Instruments

23

Assessment of Other Special Issues

24

Suicide Potential

24

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

25

Sex Offenders' Ability To Change

25

When Assessment Indicates a Lack of Safety for Children

25

Summary

26

CRISIS INTERVENTION TREATMENT APPROACHES

AND TECHNIQUES

27

Introduction

27

Eclectic Knowledge Base

27

Ability to Focus Self and Clients

27

Approaches

28

6

iv

A "Community Systems" and "Use of Community Resources" Approach

28

Multiple Impact or Multimodal Approach

29

Cognitive Behavioral Approach

30

Task-Centered Approach

30

The Family Treatment Approach

31

The Eclectic Team Approach

31

Techniques

32

Use of Humor

32

Generalization

32

Self-Disclosure and Storytelling

32

Setting Limits

32

Instilling Hope

33

Working Through Resistance

33

Summary

36

UNDERSTANDING SPECIAL FAMILY SITUATIONS

37

Introduction

37

Marital Conflict

37

Step-parenting Conflict

37

Unprepared for Parenthood

38

Substance Abuse

38

Spouse Abuse

39

Mental Illness

40

Dual Diagnoses

41

Poverty

41

Summary

41

TERMINATION AND FOLLOW-UP SERVICES

43

Introduction

43

Establish Limits From the Beginning

43

Teach Problem-Solving

43

Encourage Independence

43

Review Progress

43

7

v

Establish a Plan for Follow-up

44

Evaluate Outcomes

44

THE CRISIS INTERVENTION WORKER

45

Introduction

45

Vulnerability and Safety

45

Psychological State and Feelings

46

Preventing Burn-out

46

Supervision

47

Training Requirements

48

Summary

48

FAMILY-CENTERED CRISIS RESPONSE MODELS

49

Introduction

49

Homebuilders

49

Families, Inc.

50

Intensive Family Services (IFS)

51

The Family Crisis Program

52

The Interagency Sexual Abuse Council

52

Summary

53

SUMMARY

54

When Crisis Occurs

54

Anticipating Crises and Planning Proactively

54

NOTES

56

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

64

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

66

OTHER RESOURCES

68

8

vi

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