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AP Psychology Unit X: Personality Guided Notes #10 Corresponding Modules: 55-59Spring Semester 2015 Topic: Personality (5-7%) BacilePERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGYPersonality: The Nature of PersonalityPersonality The unique & _________________________________________________________ ways in which people think, feel and behaveNot to be confused with…Character____________________________________________________________________________________________________________TemperamentThe _________________________________________________________ with which each person is bornIrritability, adaptability, etc.Big Issues in PersonalityNature v. NurtureIs personality genetically encoded or learned?Unconscious v. ConsciousDo you know why you do what you do?Fixed v. SituationIs personality stable or does it change from situation to situation?Personality: Psychodynamic Perspective (FREUDIAN)Three primary beliefs…Childhood experiences determine the _________________________________________________________Unconscious mental processes influence everyday behaviorConflict causes ____________________________________________________________________________________Four Major TheoriesPersonality StructureLevels of ConsciousnessDefense Mechanisms DevelopmentTHEORY #1: PERSONALITY STRUCTUREId(fully intact from the moment of birth)Superego(develops during childhood; around the age of 6)Ego(develops during infancy; around the 6th month)4835525-20955000THEORY #2: LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESSConscious MindPreconsciousUnconscious MindTHEORY #3: DEFENSE MECHANISMSThe inevitable conflict between the id & the superego produces anxiety This anxiety is ______________________________________________________________, which uses defense mechanisms (largely unconscious) to better manage it, as well as other unpleasant emotionsTypes of Anxiety(1) Realistic Anxiety____________________________________________________________________(2) Moral Anxiety_____________________________________________________________________(3) Neurotic (Nervous) Anxiety____________________________________________________________________________________________Defense MechanismDefinition/ExplanationExampleDenialDespite being told that their son cheated on the SAT, Mr. and Mrs. Smith refuse to believe that their son is capable of such actionsDisplacementIdentification (Introjection)Incorporating personality characteristics associated with someone else into your own personality in order to deal with a specific situation; forming a real or imaginary alliance (with a person or a group) in order to bolster self-esteem; often seen in insecure individualsProjection“He doesn’t trust me” may be a projection of the actual feeling “I don’t trust him” or “I don’t trust myself”RationalizationReaction FormationRegressionA child, anxious about the first day of school, may regress to the oral comfort of thumb-suckingA teenager who throws a temper-tantrum because her parents won’t buy her a carDefense MechanismDefinition/ExplanationExampleRepression“Motivated forgetting;” failure to remember a traumatic eventSublimationTransforming an unacceptable impulse into a socially acceptable oneTHEORY #4: DEVELOPMENTAL STAGESDevelopmental StageErogenous ZoneMajor ConflictOral Stage (Age: 0-1.5)Anal Stage (Age: 1.5-3)Phallic Stage (Boys) (Age: 3-6)Phallic Stage (Girls) (Age: 3-6)Latency Stage (Age: 7-11)Genital Stage (Age: Puberty on…)Personality: Psychodynamic Perspective (NEO-FREUDIAN)THEORIST #1: CARL JUNGAnalytic PsychologyMajor criticisms of Freud?Believed that Freud went overboard on centering his theories around sexual conflictDisagreed on the nature of the ______________________________________________________________Jung believed that the unconscious mind consisted of two layers…(1) _______________________________________________(2) _______________________________________________Personal UnconsciousHouses material that is ______________________________________________________________________________________ because it has been repressed or forgotten(Essentially the same as Freud’s version of the unconscious)Collective UnconsciousHouses ______________________________________________________________________ inherited from people’s ancestral pastEach person shares the collective unconscious with the entire ______________________________Contains the “whole spiritual heritage of mankind’s evolution, born anew in the brain structure of every individual…”These ancestral memories are referred to as ____________________________Archetypes_____________________________________________________________________________ and thought forms that have universal meaningArchetypal images & ideas frequently show up in dreams and are often manifested in a culture’s use of symbols in art, literature and religionTHEORIST #2: ALFRED ADLERIndividual PsychologyMajor criticisms of Freud?Believed that Freud went overboard on centering his theory around sexual conflictAdler believed that the foremost source of human motivation is a _______________________________________________________________A universal drive to _______________________________, improve oneself and master ______________________________________________Other Major IdeasCompensationThe idea that everyone has to work to overcome ____________________________________________________________; real or imagined, by developing one’s abilitiesInferiority ComplexFixation on feelings of personal inferiority that can lead to ________________________________________________________ paralysisFictional Finalism___________________________________________________________________________________________________, but help you to achieve a sense of satisfaction along the way(Theory of Birth Order)THEORIST #3: KAREN HORNEYOne of the first females in the field…Major criticisms of Freud?Believed that Freud went overboard on centering his theory around sexual conflict; “____________________________________”Horney believed that __________________________________ was one of the most powerful motivating forces______________________________________________________Created when a child is born into the bigger & more powerful world of adults and older childrenBelieved that those with ______________________________________________ would overcome basic anxiety; those that didn’t would develop ____________________________________________________How do children deal with anxiety and insecurity?Coping MechanismsCompliance: _____________________________________________________Withdrawal: _____________________________________________________Aggression: ______________________________________________________EVALUATION OF THE PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHIn support of…Research has demonstrated that…Unconscious forces _____________________________________________________________________________Internal conflict often plays a key role in generating psychological distress________________________________________________________________ can have a powerful impact on adult personalityPeople do use __________________________________________________________ to reduce their experience of unpleasant emotionsCriticisms of…Poor testability______________________________________________________________________________________________________Unrepresentative samplesNarrow & biased samplesInadequate evidence____________________________________________________________________________________________________SexismMany psychodynamic theories are characterized by a sexist bias against womenPessimistic outlook on human nature2064639150495Humanism is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth00Humanism is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growthPersonality: Humanistic PerspectiveMajor Assumptions…People can rise above their ___________________________________________________________________________People are largely conscious, rational beings who are not dominated by unconscious, irrational conflicts________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Self-Actualizing TendencyStriving to fulfill one’s ___________________________________________________ & capabilities THEORIST: CARL ROGERSPerson-Centered PerspectiveThe Self (Self-Concept)A ___________________________________________________________ about one’s own nature, unique qualities and typical behaviorMore-or-less subjective“I’m easygoing”“I’m hardworking”“I’m pretty”Individuals ________________________________________________________________________________; it is NOT bured in their unconscious The Self is divided into 2 major components…The Real Self____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Ideal SelfOne’s perceptions of whom one should be or would like to beCongruence v. incongruence?1067435-13843000Development of the SelfPositive RegardWarmth, affection, love and respect that comes from ______________________________________________________; impacts personality and happinessVital to a person’s abilities to cope with stress and to strive for self-actualizationUnconditional positive regard_____________________________________________________________________________________________Conditional positive regardEVALUATION OF THE HUMANISTIC APPROACHCriticisms of…Poor testabilityIdeas are often too vague, subjective or conjectural___________________________________________________________Unrealistic & na?ve view of human natureIs anyone really this perfect? What about the human capacity for evil?Inadequate evidenceThough empirical research has been done, it is difficult to _______________________________ human experienceSocial influence?175186331115Trait theories are less concerned with the explanation for personality development & changing personality, than they are with describing personality & predicting behavior 00Trait theories are less concerned with the explanation for personality development & changing personality, than they are with describing personality & predicting behavior Personality: Trait PerspectiveTraitA __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________; a characteristic pattern of behaviorTrait theorists believe that personality is best explained in terms of descriptive adjectives and categories comprised of related qualities THEORIST #1: GORDON ALLPORTTrait TheoryCardinal Traits_______________________________________________________________________________________________________Ruling passions and/or obsessionsDesire for moneyCentral Traits_______________________________________________________________________________________________________HonestySecondary Traits_______________________________________________________________________________________________________Certain likes or dislikesTHEORIST #2: RAYMOND CATTELLFactor Analysis ApproachA statistical procedure that identifies clusters of correlated test itemsUsed this method to develop a _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ (16PF)32716515616900Believed that large groups of traits could be reduced to ___________________________________________________________________________based on statistical correlationsLater added 7 for a total of 23 traitsTHEORIST #3: HANS EYSENCKBiological Trait Theory377190018034000Suggested that personality could be evaluated on two polar dimensions…Extraversion v. introversionAre you social and outgoing?Reserved? __________________________________________________Are you predictable? Spontaneous?(__________________________________________________)Are you EXTREMELY stable, unstable, introverted or extraverted? THEORIST #4: ROBERT MCCRAE377190061785500Today’s traits researchers believe that Eysenck’s personality dimensions are too narrow and Cattell’s 16PF are too largeThe Big-Five (Five-Factor Model)Suggests that most personality traits are derived from_________________________________________________________________________OCEANCANOEEVALUATION OF THE TRAIT APPROACHCriticisms of…Personality traits will not always be expressed in the sameway ___________________________________________________________________Trait-Situation Interaction (Walter Mischel)The assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressedAs a result, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________On the other hand…Trait theorists argue that behaviors from a situation may be different, but _________________________________________________ remain the same2314956-97790The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interaction of traits and situations00The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interaction of traits and situationsPersonality: Social-Cognitive PerspectiveTHEORIST #1: ALBERT BANDURASocial-Cognitive TheoryReciprocal DeterminismThe idea that _____________________________________________________________________ (cognition), external environmental events and ___________________________________________________ all influence one anotherThe environment determines behavior; however, behavior also _______________________________________________________________Self-EfficacyAn __________________________________________________________ of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstanceHigh levels v. low levels of self-efficacy?THEORIST #2: JULIAN ROTTERExpectancy TheoryPersonal ControlThe extent to which people ____________________________________________________________________________________________; impacts personality developmentExternal Locus of Control334327519748500The perception that chance or forces ________________________________________________________________ determine his or her fateInternal Locus of ControlThe perception that onecontrols his or her own fateTHEORIST #3: WALTER MISCHELThe Person-Situation Controversy Asserted that people makes responses that they think will lead to reinforcement given the situationat handPredicts that people will often behave differently in ______________________________________________________…Sparked a major debate regarding:___________________________________________________________________________The relative importance of the ________________________________ as opposed to the _______________________________ in determining behaviorEVALUATION OF THE SOCIAL-COGNITIVE APPROACHIn support of…Theories are firmly rooted in _________________________________________________________________ (as opposed to clinical intuition)_____________________________________________________ are important in shaping behaviorCriticisms of…_________________________________________________ nature of radical behaviorismIn regards to the denial of free will & the importance of cognitive processesDilution of the behavioral approachBehavioral theories aren’t behavioral anymore?Personality: Assessment StrategiesMETHOD #1: INTERVIEWSAn assessment in which the client is able to answer questions, either in a structured or unstructured fashionUsed by…________________________________________________________________________________Advantages____________________________________________________DisadvantagesDistortion of the truth, misremembering, etc.The Halo EffectThe tendency to form a _____________________________________________________________ impression of someone at the first meeting; impacts interpretation of all __________________________________________ meetingsReliability?METHOD #2: PROJECTIVE TESTSAssessments that provide _____________________________________________________ designed to trigger the _________________________________ of one’s inner dynamics (unconscious thoughts…)Used by…________________________________________AdvantagesProvide a _____________________________________________ for digging deeper into a client’s recollections, concerns & anxieties (Are there any?)Disadvantages_________________________________________________________No standard __________________________________________; low reliability and validityTypes of TestsRorschach Inkblot Test (1921)10 inkblots (5 in black, 5 in colored ink)Subjects are asked to _____________________________________________________Thematic Apperception Test, TAT (1935)_________________________________________________________Subjects are asked to tell a storySentence Completion Test“I wish my mother…”Draw-a-Person TestHouse-Tree-Person TestMETHOD #3: PERSONALITY INVENTORIES A personality assessment that consists of statements requiring a specific, standardized response from the person taking the testUsed by…_________________________________________________Advantages_________________________________________; everyone gets the same list of questions________________________________________________________________Include validity scalesGenerally more ____________________________ than projective testsDisadvantages________________________________________________________________Issues?Types of TestsThe Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)Based on: Raymond Cattell’s work________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (NEO-PI)Based on: Robert McCrae’s workMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Based on: Carl Jung’s workRelies on _________________________________________________________________Sensing/intuition______________________________________________Introversion/Extraversion______________________________________________Keirsey-Temperament SorterMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)Assesses “______________________________” personality tendencies; widely used in clinical settingsConsists of 567 statements such as…“I am often tense”“I believe that I am being plotted against”Includes _____________________________________________________________________METHOD #4: BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTA personality assessment that examines ____________________________________________________________________Used by…__________________________________________________________________________________________________________AdvantagesAllows for the examination of behavior in everyday circumstances Disadvantages__________________________________________________________________________________No control over external environmentTypes of TestsDirect ObservationObservation of client engaged in ordinary day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural settingRating ScaleAn assessment in which a _____________________________________________________ is assigned to a specific behavior that is listed on the scaleFrequency CountAn assessment in which the ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ................
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