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Module 1MatterAnything that has mass and takes up spaceScientific notation1.591 x (10)-20accuracyAn indication of how close a measurement is to the true valueprecisionAn indication of the scale on the measuring device that was usedmeniscusThe curved surface of a liquid, typically in a glass containerDerived unitA unit formed by the multiplication and/or division of other unitsslugEnglish unit for massmassA measure of the amount of matter in an objectgramThe metric unit of massModule 2workThe force applied to an object times the distance that the object ravels parallel to that forceenergyThe ability to do workThe First Law of ThermodynamicsEnergy cannot be created or destroyed – it can only change formhypothesisAn educated guess that attempts to explain observationstheoryA hypothesis that has been confirmed by experimental dataScientific LawA description of the natural world that has been confirmed by an enormous amount of dataJouleThe metric unit for energyCelsiusA temperature scale defined so that water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degreescalorie4.184 Joules1 food calorie1,000 chemical caloriesSpecific heatThe amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree CelsiusModule 3Continuous Theory of MatterThe idea that substances are composed of long, unbroken blobs of matterDiscontinuous Theory of MatterThe idea that substances are composed of tiny, individual particles like grains of sandThe Law of Mass ConservationMatter cannot be created or destroyed – it can only change formsquantitativeExpression in terms of quantity or amountdecompositionThe process by which a substance is broken down into its constituent elements112The number of elementselementAny substance that cannot be decomposed into less massive substancesmetalloidsAn element intermediate in properties between typical metals and non-metalscompoundsSubstances that can be decomposed into elements by chemical meansThe Law of Definite ProportionsThe proportion of elements in any compound is always the sameDimensionless quantityA quantity with no unitsThe Law of Multiple ProportionsIf 2 elements combine to form different compounds, the ratio of masses of the 2nd element that react with a fixed mass of the 1st element will be a simple, whole ratioisotopesAtoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutronsmoleculesMore than one atom bound together to form a compoundChemical symbolThe abbreviation for an elementChemical formulaA notation that indicates the number of type of each element in a compoundIonic compoundA compound formed by ionsCovalent compoundA compound formed by atoms that share electronsdistilledLiquid made pure by heating until it is a gas and then cooling it as a liquid againElementsAluminumAlArgonArArsenicAsBariumBaBismuthBiBoronBBromineBrCadmiumCdCalciumCaCarbonCChlorineClChromiumCrCopperCuFluorineFFranciumFrColdAuHeliumHeHydrogenHIodineIIronFeKryptonKrLeadPbLithiumLiMagnesiumMgMercuryHgNeonNeNickelNiOxygenOPhosphorusPPlatinumPtPlutoniumPuPotassiumKRadiumRaRadonRnSiliconSiSilverAgSodiumNaSulfurSThalliumTlTitaniumTiTungstenWXenonXeZincZnZirconiumZrModule 4Pure substanceA substance that contains only 1 element or compoundMixtureA substance that contains different elements or compoundsHeterogeneous mixtureA mixture with a composition that it different depending on what part of the sample you are observingHomogeneous mixtureA mixture with a composition that is always the same no matter what part of the sample you are observingChemical changeA change that affects the type of molecules or atoms in a substancePhysical changeA change in which the atoms or molecules in a substance stay the samePhase changeWhen a substance changes form from a solid to liquid, liquid to gas, etc.Kinetic Theory of MatterMolecules and atoms are in constant motion, and the higher the temperature the greater their speedHomonuclear diatomicsElements composed of individual molecules, not individual atomsElements that are homonuclear diatomicsNitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine and hydrogenReactantsThe substances found on the left side of a chemical equationModule 5Decomposition reactionsA reaction that changes a compound into its constituent elementsFormation reactionA reaction that starts with 2 or more elements and produces 1 compoundComplete combustion reactionA reaction in which O2 is added to a compound containing carbon and hydrogen, producing CO2 and H2OIncomplete combustionA reaction in which O2 is added to a compound containing carbon and hydrogenAtomic massA number that tells how heavy an atom isMoleA group of atoms or molecules that number 6.02 x 1023Module 6StoichiometryThe process by which the amount of one substance in a chemical reaction is related to the amount of another substance in a chemical reactionGay-Lussac’s LawThe stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation relate the volumes of gases in the equation as well as the number of moles of substances in the equationMolecular formulaA chemical formula that provides the number of each type of atom in a moleculeEmpirical formulaA chemical formula that tells you a simple, whole number ratio for the atoms in a moleculeMolar massThe mass of one mole in a given compoundModule 7ElectronsNegatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atomProtonPositively charged particle in the nucleus of the atomNeutronNeutral particle in the nucleus of an atomAtomic numberTells how many protons are in an atomMass numberThe total number of neutrons and protons in an atomIsotopic enrichmentThe process by which the abundance of one isotope in an element is increasedRutherford or Planetary model of the atomPhotons“Particles” of lightParticle/Wave Duality TheoryThe theory that light sometimes behaves as a particle and sometimes behaves as a waveAmplitudeA measure of the height of the creasts or the depths of the troughs on a waveBohr Model of the AtomQuantum Mechanical ModelVisible spectrumThe range of light wavelengths that are visible to the human eyePhysical constantA measurable quantity in nature that does not changeFrequencyThe number of wave crests (or troughs) that pass a given point each secondHertzHzElectromagnetic spectrumThe total range of wavelengths of light that come from the sunElectromagnetic radiationAnother tem for light including all wavelengths – visible and non-visibleSpectrometerA device that analyzes light emitted or absorbed by a substanceGround stateThe lowest possible energy state for a given substanceElectron configurationA notation that lists the number of electrons that occupy each orbital in an atomModule 8InertNot chemically reactiveNoble gasesHelium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Radon, XenonValence electronsThe electrons that exist farthest from an atom’s nucleusOctet ruleMost atoms strive to attain 8 valence electronsLewis StructuresA schematic representation of the valence electrons in an atom or moleculeIonizationThe process by which an atom turns into an ion by gaining or losing electronsIonization potentialThe amount of energy needed in order to take an electron away from an atomPeriodic propertyA characteristic of atoms that varies regularly across the periodic chartElectronegativityA measure o how strongly an atom attracts extra electrons to itselfAtomic radiusThe average radius of an atomDouble bondA total of 4 electrons shared between atoms ................
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