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69469090170 1279525196215TALEDI AREA OFFICELIFE ORIENTATIONGRADE 10CLASS NOTES 201800TALEDI AREA OFFICELIFE ORIENTATIONGRADE 10CLASS NOTES 2018TERM 1WEEK 1-3Chapter 1 : Development of the self in society1. Strategies to develop self-awareness, self-esteem and self-development1.1. ConceptsSelf-awarenessSelf-esteemSelf-developmentHow good you know yourself regarding interests, skills, strengths and weaknesses, likes and dislikes, goals, values and beliefs.How much you like yourself and how confident you are.How you improve yourself by building up your strengths, improve your weaknesses, develop your life skills and become the best person you can be.1.2. Factors that influence self-awareness and self-esteemWhat other people say about youWhat happens in your lifeHow well you cope with challengesHow you respond to successes and failuresHow popular you areThe media – newspapers, magazines, TV, and all social media sources like Facebook, Mxit, etc.1.3. Strategies to build confidence in yourself and othersGood communication skillsAssertive attitudeSay what you want to say clearlyBe positive and respectfulKnow what you wantHave a tall and straight body postureState your viewpoint clearlyBe politeComplete tasks and projects successfully by managing your time effectivelyParticipate in community organisationsMake good decisionsEvaluate the situationGet information about the different optionsConsider the consequences of each decisionChoose the best optionAct on your decision2. Power and gender2.1 Concepts TermExplanationGenderRoles, behaviours, activities and qualities that society sees as suitable for men / women.Gender is learnt, it is not a biological function.SexBiological qualities that define men and women.Female and maleGroupings according to sex.Feminine and masculineGrouping according to gender.Power relationsSharing of power between people in a relationship. You may have a dominant and a submissive partner in a relationship. Dominance is often determined by gender and sex. Men have traditionally more power than women.2.2. Differences between a woman and a manThe most obvious differences between the sexes are biological in nature.Example :WomenMenMenstruateNo menstruationOvaries that produce eggsTesticles that produce spermHave two x chromosomes ( XX )Have one X and one Y chromosome ( XY )Vagina is inside the bodyPenis is outside the bodyGive birthDo not give birthSmaller and lighter with less bone massTaller and heavier with more bone massLess upper body strengthMore upper body strengthMore white blood cellsMore red blood cellsPuberty starts two years before boysPuberty starts two years after girlsFertility lessens after the age of 35Fertile till old ageHigher levels of the hormone oestrogenHigher levels of the hormone testosteroneLess body hairMore body hairSkull is thinner and weakerSkull is thicker and strongerHave to work harder to build muscleBuild muscles easily2.3. Stereotypical views of gender roles and responsibilitiesWomen may earn less than men for certain workMen are promoted to positions of power instead of womenMen are allowed to smoke, drink and have affairs in some societies, while women are not.Male sports teams get more funding and media coverage than women teams.Women have to do more housework than men.Women play a larger role in parenting.Some careers are traditionally seen as just for men.2.4. Influence of gender inequality on relationships and general well-beingSexual abuse and violenceWhen women/girls are involved in relationships where power is not equal, men may decide on the conditions under which sex happens. This may mean forced sex.Includes rape, incest and violent sexual acts.Some men are violent toward women and beat them up.Teenage pregnancyPeer pressureLack of informationPovertyRapeForced to get pregnant to prove fertilitySTIs including HIV/AIDSWomen have no say in the use of protective measuresAge-mixing in a relationship ( sugar daddies / sugar mommies )More than one partnerTransactional sex ( sex that is paid for )RapeChapter 2 : Physical education : Fitness1. Value of participating in exercise programs1.1. Types of fitnessType of fitnessExplanationTypes of exercisesCardiovascular fitnessHave a strong heart and capillary vessels and a large lung capacity .walking dancingcycling aerobicsrunningMuscular strengthStrong muscles and tendons.Weight liftingStep climbingResistance exercisesEnduranceThe ability to exercise for a long time without getting tired.CyclingJoggingswimmingFlexibilityThe ability to move your joints and use your muscles through their full range of motion.StretchingSwimmingYoga1.2. Why regular physical activity ?Reduces stress, worry and depressionHelps you to relaxMakes you feel more confidentHelps you to sleep wellImproves brain functioningWEEK 4-6Chapter 3 : Careers and career choices1. Self-knowledge for career choices1.1. Step 1: Know your interests, abilities, talents and strengths and weaknessesConceptExplanationInterestsWhat you like to spend your time doing. What you want to learn more about.AbilitiesThe things you can do well. The skills you posses. TalentsThe natural abilities you were born with.StrengthsThe things that you are always good at.WeaknessesThe things you struggle with / not good at doing.A PERSONALITY TYPEB PERSONALITY TRAITC CAREER GROUP AND INTERESTREALISTIC NaturalOpenHonestModestShyPerseverancePracticalSteadfastPrefer/like to work with your hands, tools and machinery make or repair articles, look after plants and animals, like outdoor work. Includes services such as cooking, making clothes, cutting hair, repairing and installing office and home equipment, growing, breeding and caring for animals or plants, construction and maintenance of roads, pipelines, buildings, etc., operation of heavy vehicles and machinery like bull-dozers, fork-lifts, trucks and buses, manufacture, repair or service machinery or electrical tools, engineering such as building bridges, designing aircraft, surveying or writing computer programs.INVESTIGATIVECarefulCriticalInquisitiveIndependentSystematicModestPreciseReservedPrefer to work on their own in a research environment, to investigate and discover new facts, conduct experiments and observe with scientific equipment to find solutions, analytical and mental activities aimed at problem solving and application of knowledge ARTISTICComplicatedConfusedSensitiveExpressiveImpracticalImpulsiveIndependentIntuitiveEnjoy to work in an artistic environment which includes writing stories or plays, acting on stage, applied arts of which language is the main component (TV presenter, writing articles, translating a story), visual arts (sketching, drawing, photography, designing furniture, buildings, clothes) and popular entertainment (DJ, playing in a band, singer).SOCIALConvincingCo-operativeFriendlyHelpfulKindSociableTactfulUnderstandingWork and communicate with people, help and take care of others, teach them, rendering personal and household services (e.g. housekeeping, cleaning services, serving people in restaurants, aircraft and trains), law enforcement and the protection of persons and property..ENTERPRISINGAdventurousAmbitiousDemands attentionDomineeringEnergeticOptimisticSelf-confidentPopularPreference for activities through which they can influence, persuade, motivate or guide people to achieve a common goal e.g. promotions, management, sales, including politics CONVENTIONAL ConscientiousCarefulConservativeCapableObedientOrderlyPersistentCollectednessPrefer routine and pre-determined instructions. Rather do tasks and problems which require the systematic processing of information using office machines and working in a controlled environment. Includes jobs of clerical and secretarial nature, paying and receiving money, operation of office machines, storing, dispatching and receiving goods 1.2. Step 2 : Know more about jobs, occupations, careers and career fieldsConceptExplanationJobIf you have a job, you are employed and get paid. You may need some basic training.OccupationThis the work that you do and requires special education, training or a skill.CareerAn occupation that you have for the larger part of your life. It gives you opportunities to progress.Career fieldA grouping of occupations that are common regarding skills, knowledge and work setting CAREER GROUPAND PERSONALITY TYPEEXAMPLES OF CAREERSREALISTICBaker, Bus driver, Carpenter, Bricklayer, Draughtsman, Electrician, Spray painter, Welder, Fireman, Motor mechanic, Plumber, Miner, Farmer, Tiler (wall and floor), Miner, Filling station attendant INVESTIGATIVEIT specialist, Pharmacist, Technologist, Agriculturist, Engineer, Airline pilot, Geologist, Dentist, Mathematician, Medical doctor, Chemist, Veterinary surgeon, Optometrist, Surveyor, Social scientist, Statistician, Psychologist, Criminologist, Biologist AESTHETIC/ARTISTICPhotographer, Singer, Musician, Actor, Interior designer, Fashion designer, Architect, Artist, Writer, Editor, Cartoonist, Journalist, Sculptor, Poet, Composer, Choreographer SOCIALHairdresser, Librarian, Training officer, Teacher, Coach, Historian, Social worker, Occupational therapist, Radio/TV announcer, Speech therapist, Counselor (Marriage, Trauma, HIV, Career), Psychologist, Diplomat, Clergyman, Law enforcement and protection (Security, Soldier, Policeman), Nurse, First aid, Flight attendant ENTERPRISINGEstate agent, Manager (marketing, sales, personnel, hotel) Sales rep, Buyer, Building contractor, Attorney, Magistrate, Speculator, Insurance agent CONVENTIONALUsher, Postman, Waiter, Receptionist, Typist, Clerk, Bookkeeper, Cashier, Library assistant, Accountant, Computer operator, Transport manager, Stock controller, Proof reader, Stock controller( Focus, Maskew, Miller and Longman, page 43 )1.3 Step 3 : Know the requirements of the National Curriculum Statement ( NCS )To qualify for a? National Senior Certificate, candidates should offer a minimum of 7 subjects as follows:Two official languages, at least one at Home Language levelMathematical Literacy or MathematicsLife OrientationMinimum of 3 subjects from the NCS approved subjectsA candidate may not offer more than 4 languages in the package of 7There are additional subjects that are recognized for the National Curriculum Statements. These are as follows:? Equine Studies, Nautical Science, Maritime Economics, Modern Greek (from 2009), Sports and Exercise Science (from 2010). Only one of these can be offered as part of the 7 subject programme. They may be offered in addition to the 7 subject package.In all subjects, a portfolio of evidence will contribute 25% and final examination 75%. Practical /performance assessment components may contribute up to a further 25%, making the final examination in such cases worth 50%.Life Orientation will be assessed through a combination of a portfolio of evidence and prescribed subject specific practical assessment i.e. no external examination.Pass requirementsIn order to qualify for a?National Senior Certificate, a learner must achieve:A minimum rating of 3 i.e.? 40% or more, in 3 subjects. One of the 3 subjects must be an official language at Home Language level.A minimum rating of 2 i.e. 30% or more, in 3 other?subjects.Note:It is compulsory for a learner to pass an official language at home language level i.e. at 40% or above.If a learner offers more than the minimum number of 7 subjects, passes in the additional subjects will be taken into account when determining whether a learner has met the minimum requirements.In order to qualify for entry into?further study at the Higher Certificate?level, a learner must:Pass the NSCMeet the language requirement for further study at a South African institution, namely, one of the two official languages offered by learner must be either English or Afrikaans. To meet the language criterion to qualify for entry to study at a tertiary education institution, the learner must pass either English or Afrikaans at least at the 1st additional level i.e. at 30% or more.In order to qualify for entry into?further study at the Diploma level, a learner must:Pass the NSC?as follows:One official language at home language level at 40%3 other subjects at 40%2 subjects at 30%Meet the language requirement for further study at a South African institution, namely, one of the two official languages offered by learner must be either English or Afrikaans. To meet the language criterion to qualify for entry to study at a tertiary education institution, the learner must pass either English or Afrikaans at least at the 1st additional level i.e. at 30% or more.?The key difference between qualifying for entry to diploma study rather than higher certificate study is that the learner must achieve 40% or more in 4 subjects (incl. the official language at home language level) rather than just 3 subjects.In order to qualify for entry into?further study at the Bachelor Degree?level, a learner must:Pass the NSC?as follows:One official language at home language level at 40% or more4 subjects from the?designated?list of subjects at 50% or more2 subjects at a minimum of 30%Meet the language requirement for further study at a South African institution, namely, one of the two official languages offered by learner must be either English or Afrikaans. To meet the language criterion to qualify for entry to study at a tertiary education institution, the learner must pass either English or Afrikaans at least at the 1st additional level i.e. at 30% or more.?The list of designated subjects which will be in place for 3 years from 2008 is as follows:AccountingAgricultural SciencesBusiness StudiesDramatic ArtsEconomicsEngineering Graphics and DesignGeographyHistoryConsumer StudiesInformation TechnologyLanguages (one language of learning and teaching at a higher education institution and two other recognised language subjects)Life SciencesMathematicsMathematical LiteracyMusicPhysical SciencesReligion StudiesVisual ArtsNote:?In respect of music, it is only the National Senior Certificate Music course that is considered a designated subject.? At this stage no other music courses are considered designated. They are recognised as NSC subjects but are not considered to be ‘designated’ for the purpose of qualification for degree studies.Non-designated subjects may contribute towards the Admission Points Score (APS) and may be recognised as an institution or faculty specific entry requirement.? Learners must check their results against specific institutional requirements for the course of study they wish to follow.Very important to note:?Specific institutional and programme needs may have a specific language requirement, a specific level of performance in Life Orientation or require appropriate combinations of recognised National Senior Certificate subjects and levels of achievement. Learners must check their results against specific institutional requirements for the course of study they wish to follow.2. Life domains2.1. BeingBeing means who you are.Physical beingPsychological beingSpiritual beingHealthNutritionExerciseHygieneClothingPhysical appearanceMental healthThinkingFeelingsSelf-awarenessSelf-controlValues Morals( rules on how to act and behave )Spiritual/religious beliefs2.2. BecomingWhat you do to achieve your goals, hopes and wishes. Becoming who you want to be.Practical becomingLeisure becomingGrowth becomingThe everyday actions you take to live :Going to schoolChoresPaid workVolunteer workLooking after your health and social needs.Activities that promote relaxation and lessen stress :Physical exercisePlaying gamesVisiting friends and familyUsing the social mediaSpending time on hobbiesGoing on holidaysWatching TV, reading a bookActivities to promote, improve or keep up your knowledge and skills :StudyingAttending workshopsReadingLearningAsking questions2.3. Community belongingFitting in with your physical environment and being respected and accepted by your social environment or by the people around you.Physical belongingSocial belongingCommunity belongingYour link with your physical environment :HomeSchoolWorkplaceNeighbourhoodcommunityYour link with your social environment :FamilyFriendsTeachersCo-workersNeighbourhoodcommunityYour access to resources and services available to community members : Clinics and health servicesSocial servicesEmploymentEducationRecreational, sport and community activities3. Socio-economic factors in study and career choices3.1. Finances and affordabilityFinancial assistanceExplanationBursaryAn amount of money given to a needy student to help pay for tertiary studies. You do not pay back a bursary, but may be required to work for the company who awarded you the bursary.Student loanMoney is borrowed from a financial institution and need to be paid back with interest.ScholarshipSome companies, businesses and organisations award a once-off monetary grant if a student performs well in sport / studies.Learnership Allows you to earn while you learn. You study the theory at college and practise what you have learnt in a real job.3.2. AccessibilityYou need to ask yourself :How close are you to the nearest tertiary institution?If you have to travel, can you afford the transport cost?Can you perhaps study this course through distance education?3.3. The impact of income taxWhat is income tax?It is a tax that an individual and companies pay for what they earn or for their profits.The form of tax that people generally associate with the concept of tax is "normal" income tax. The Act also establishes a few methods of paying income tax - namely SITE, PAYE and provisional tax.What is a tax year? 1 March up to the end of February the next year.Who pay taxes?All individuals who earns any form of income in a tax year. The Minister announced “as from September this year SARS will require all those receiving any form of employment income – including those below the tax threshold (R120 000 )Who needs to submit a completed and signed income tax return to SARS?Where taxpayers receive remuneration less than R120 000, taxpayers may elect not to submit an income tax return, provided the following criteria are met:Remuneration is from a single employer;Remuneration is for a full year of assessment (1 March – 28/29 February); and no allowance was paid, from which PAYE was not deducted in full with regards to travel allowance.The more you earn the more tax you will have to pay.Why do we need to pay taxes?The government uses the taxes to run the country and pay for roads, schools, hospitals, pensions and teachers salaries. They pay grants from taxes.What if I don’t pay tax? It is a criminal offence not to pay income tax and if you’re court or cheat, you can get a fine or sent to jail.Who collect taxes?The South African Revenue Services (SARS) collect tax.How much must I pay? SARS will work out the tax on your total income over a tax year.Is there more than one sort of tax than income tax?Yes, there are several other taxes like :TypesWho pays it?VATEverybody pay 14% VAT for all goods they buy. When you pay groceries it is already included in the price. The shop pays it back every month to the governmentSITEStandard income tax on employees.This taxes is paid by employees who earn less than R120?000 a year.PAYEPay as you earn. This tax will get deducted from your salary every month if you earn more than R120?000 per year.Dirt taxesTaxes paid on goods like cigarettes and alcoholImport taxPaid on all good imported into the countryProvisional taxIt is paid 2 times a year.Tax paid by people who do not have the same income every month and year e.g. sports person earning money from his winningsWEEK 7-10Chapter 4 : Democracy and human rights1. Diversity, discrimination and human rights violations1.1. DiversityDiversity means being different.CultureReligion and belief systemRaceLanguageGenderAgeHealth statusPlace of birthWhere you stay, etc.Every person is unique with individual differences. We must respect these differences.To accept and honour diversity, you have to :Take pride in your own and other’s culturesAgree that we differ from each otherRespect other’s opinions, even if you disagree with themBe willing to learn about the differences that define people1.2. Discrimination and human rightsDiscrimination means to treat people unfairly and differently. Discrimination denies people their rights, power and privileges.To discriminate is to violate human rights.Types of discrimination :Fair : discrimination to make up for the inequalities of the pastUnfair : goes against the constitution example : disabilities, gender, race, religious, sexual orientation, workplace, xenophobiaType of discriminationMeaningExample of discriminationRacismTo treat somebody different because of their raceTo refuse somebody access to a place or facility like a school because of their race.BiasTo give someone or a group unfair preference or favour them unfairlyTo give people from your culture better treatment than others e.g. if you are a waiter at hotel, you will serve people of one group first because they come from the same cultural group as youGender stereotypingTo treat people differently because they are a male or femaleTo keep some jobs for men e.g. engineering. Or to say men are better engineers than women.Religious discriminationTo treat people differently because of their religion.To refuse Moslem learners entrance to a public school, because of their religionSexual Orientation To be prejudice against people with same sex relationshipsIn Malawi men are put in jail if they have a gay relationshipDiscrimination in the workplaceIf you get sexually harassedIf men gets a job because they are men and not because they are the best candidateMen gets more money for the same job just because they are menIf you lose your job because you are too old.XenophobiaPrejudice against foreign nationals, people from other countries.Fear for strangers or foreignersWhen Zimbabwean’s are killed or chased from their houses or shops in town ships2. Our Bill of Rights and human rights instruments2.1. The South African Bill of rightsChapter 2 of the Constitution is the Bill of Rights. These rights are based on : dignity, democracy, equality and freedomSummary of the Bill of RightsEqualityEvery person is equal to every other person according to the law. No one is allowed to discriminate against people because of their race, gender, pregnancy, marriage, ethnicity, social class, skin colour, sexual orientation, age,disability, religion, conscience, belief, language or birth.Human dignityEveryone has the right to be respected.LifeEveryone has the right to life. South Africa does not allow the death penalty.Freedom and securityNo one may be arrested without trial, violently assaulted, tortured or punished in cruel, inhuman or degrading ways. SlaveryNo one can be forced to work as a slave, without pay or forced to work against their will.PrivacyEveryone has the right to privacy, to not have their home, body or property searched, theirpossessions seized or private communications read or listened to without their permission.Freedom of religion, belief and opinionEveryone may practise the religion they choose, do what they believe is right and hold theirown opinions, as long as they are consistent with the Bill of Rights and the Constitution.Freedom of expressionEveryone may express themselves freely, including press and media, share ideasand art and do academic and scientific research. No one may encourage war, inciteviolence or use hate speech.Freedom of assemblyEveryone has the right to gather together peacefully and unarmed to demonstrate and protest.Freedom of associationEveryone can join with other people for whatever reason.Political rightsEveryone can participate in politics; have free, fair and regular elections, vote and standfor public office and hold office if elected.CitizenshipCitizenship of South Africa cannot be taken away from any citizen.Freedom of movement and residenceAny citizen can leave South Africa and return, live where they choose and have a passport.Freedom of trade, occupation and professionEveryone can choose their trade, occupation and profession.Labour relationsEveryone has a right to fair labour practices, join trade unions, form or join employers ‘organisations. EnvironmentEveryone has a right to an environment that does not harm their health and is protected against pollutingPropertyEveryone has the right to own land and other property. If the government needs privately owned land or property, a fair price must be paid for it. Health care, food, water and social securityEveryone has a right to health care, food and water. Social security (grants of money) is to be available for people who cannot support themselves or their dependants by working.Children also have rights, but it is very important that we must understand that we also have responsibilities because we have rights. What are they?RightResponsibilitiesChildren have the right to be cared for by parents and guardiansChildren must respect and appreciate parents and guardiansChildren have the right to privacyChildren must respect others privacyChildren have the right to good health careChildren have the responsibility to take good care of themselvesChildren have the right to an educationChildren have the responsibility to study and respectTeachersChildren have the right to a safe and comfortable homeChildren have the responsibility to keep their rooms tidyChildren have the right to be protected from sexualAbuseChildren have the responsibility not to sexually abuse others or put themselves in danger of being abused2.2. Which organisations protect my human rights in?South AfricaThe Public ProtectorSouth African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC)Commission on Gender Equality (CGE)Office of the Auditor General (A-G)Independent Electoral Commission (IEC)CEDAWConstitutional CourtThe Red CrossThe worldThe African Union or AUThe United Nations or UNUnited Nations Children’s fund (UNICEF)2.3. Human rights and violations:Human rights are rules to help everybody li9ve together in peace, safety and happiness. Sometimes people don’t follow these rules. Then they violate or abuse human rights.An example of human rights violations are human traffickingHuman trafficking is the global illegal transport of people across international and local boarders. To be trafficked means to be taken against your will or tricked into going with traffickers or criminals who then sell you. You may be bought, sold and transported into slavery: * You can be sold for sexual exploitation and forced marriage * You can be sold to work in shops or factories for no pay* You can be sold to beg to provide money for your capturers* You can be sold to harvest and sell your organs such as kidneys* You can be sold to work on farms or do domestic work.2.4. What does prejudice mean?To judge people on untruths and their differences. To be pre-judging people without finding the facts. Prejudice promotes negative attitudes and behaviourPrejudice promotes discriminationWhy is people prejudiced?Because people don’t know the other personBecause people have political agendasBecause people fear the other they don’t knowBecause of hatred of diversityBecause of greed for money- Because they are power hungryWhat is the impact of discrimination, oppression, bias, prejudice and violations of human rights on individuals and society?- The effect of discrimination is always negative on a person or a society or communityChallenging prejudice and discrimination: significant contributions by individuals and organisations to address human rights violations The following people help to fight against discrimination in South AfricaDesmond TutuHe worked hard to end apartheidHe called us the Rainbow nationHe always fights for the oppressed.Nelson MandelaHe fight for the promotion of the Freedom CharterHe is a role model for keeping values of democracy and equalityWalter SisuluFight for the oppressed during apartheidBeyers NaudeHe was in favour of non-racial religious organisations that challenged the church and gave humanitarian help to peopleThe following organisations protect you todayEquality CourtsThese courts protect you from unfair discrimination. You can ask these courts to help you with harassment and hate speech and unfair discriminationSouth African Human Rights commissionIt is the national institution to support constitutional democracy. It promotes, protects and monitors human rights for everyone.Treatment Action CampaignIt is a human rights advocacy organisation.Fights for human rights of people with HIV and AIDSCommission on Gender EqualityThis organisation will promote and protect gender equality in SA.It aims to create a society free of discriminationContemporary events showcasing the nature of a transforming South Africa South African initiatives and campaigns:TAC (Treatment Action Campaign). This is a organisation that provides people living with HIV and their families and caregivers with information about life-saving medicines and treatment. The TAC advocates for the human rights of people living with HIV and AIDS.South African Human rights Commission (SAHRC): This organisation promotes and protects and monitors human rights for everyone. You can lodge a complaint with the SAHRC if your human rights have been violated.Equality Courts: These are courts designed to deal with matters covered by Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination.TERM 2WEEK 1-3Chapter 5 : Study skills1. Study skills1.1. Improve your listening, reading and comprehension skillsListeningListen carefully to what is saidLook and listen.Make notes.Ask questions.Repeat content in own words.Reading and comprehensionRead more slowly than usual.Read the material more than once.Reading out loud may help you understand.Ask who?, what?, where? and when? , while you are reading.Make notes and underline important words.Look new words up in a dictionary.Make sure you understand what you are reading.Read small sections at a time.1.2. Increase your concentration and memory skillsAvoid distractions.Find a quiet place to studySwitch off cell phonePut up a “do not disturb” signTake deep breaths and stretch regularlyTake a 5 minute break every hourTry studying in a groupReward yourself when you have completed a sectionUnderstand what you want to rememberMake summaries and learn themMake a mind picture of what you want to rememberLearn activelyTell someone else what you have learntMake acronymsMake up your own questions and try to answer them1.3. Organise and manage your timeWatch out for the following time wasters :Computer gamesCut / file your nailsRead all the messages you have send and receive on your cell phoneRun around looking for stationarySharpen your pencilsLet people interrupt youGet organisedDraw up a table / schedule and stick to itBalance study time with rest and exerciseTake regular short breaksSpend more time on weaker subjectsStudy during the time of day that you have the most energyKeep all the things you need to study in one placeAvoid time wastersOnce a week, have an overview of the next weeks responsibilities2. Study methods2.1. Note takingListen carefully to the teacherListen with an aimUse abbreviations and symbols when you take notesUse short sentences and key wordsWrite down only the main pointsGroup ideas togetherUse your own wordsConnect ideas with arrows and linesUnderline / highlight important factsReread your notes as soon as possibleFile your notes2.2. Mind mappingWrite the topic in the middle of the pageWrite the heading / subheadings around the topicGroup similar headings togetherJoin the topic and headings with lines / arrowsAdd facts and ideas, only using key wordsUse colour / different fontsThe mind map should be an “at glance” summary of the content2.3. Construct an essay / assignmentUnderstand the topicOlan your task / essayWrite an introductionWrite the body of the essayShow what you knowStick to the topicWrite a conclusion2.4. Select concepts and contentLook at the headings and subheadings of each chapter; it will give you a good idea of what is important.Look for key words.3. Critical, creative and problem-solving skills3.1. Critical thinking Ask yourself the following questions :Is this a fact ?Is this an opinion ?Is it a belief ?Is it a generalisation ?Is it important and core information ?Who said / wrote this ?How is it the same / different from existing knowledge ?When was it written / said ?3.2. Creative thinkingLook for many possible answers.Brainstorm ideas.Draw pictures.Ask yourself questions such as “ What if ... ?”Ask the question as many times as possible, providing a different answer each time.3.3. Problem solvingFirst you have to know what the problem is.Write down what you know. What are facts ?What information do you need ? Gather the information.List the possible options or choices or solutions.Decide on the best solution. Give a reason for your choice.Check how well you have done. Is the solution the correct one ? Did it have the required outcome?4. Process of assessment 4.1. Internal and external assessmentInternal assessmentHappens inside the schoolTasks set and marked by teachersInformal assessment is not for marks that need to be recorded, but it is used by the teachers to assess your performance and progress.Formal assessment is part of the assessment program and is recorded and used for promotion / progression purposes.External assessmentTakes the form of examinationsQuestion papers are set outside the school by the district, province or national departmentWEEK 4-7Chapter 6 : Social and environmental responsibility1. Harmful social and environmental effects1.1. Environmental justiceIs putting the right the situation of environmental injusticeEnvironmental injustice= people with fewer choices suffer the most from pollution, work that is harmful for their health and from lack of resources.= resource depletion= poor people have unequal access to basic resources such as water and energy1.2. Social justiceIs putting right the situation of social injusticeSocial injustice= people with fewer choices suffer the most from discrimination= people with fewer choices have limited knowledge of the basic human rightsTo put something right means to readdress a situation.Our constitution says everyone has the right to :An environment that is not harmful to their healthSecurity which means freedom from povertySafety which means to be out of harm’s way1.3. Crime and violenceCrime has the harmful effect of making people angry, fearful, distrustful and sad.Violence causes people to get injured or to die.Crime and violence are violations of our Constitution and Bill of Rights.Crime and violence can lead to post traumatic stress disorder. This develops after an harmful event like a highjack, attack, mugging or assault. Sufferers experience lack of sleep, flashbacks, worry, nightmares, loneliness, lack of trust, forgetfulness and lack of concentration.2. Social issues and their harmful effects56197513652500Poverty56197511747500Food security and production5619752857500Unequal access to basic resources and services2.1. PovertyPoverty means you are too poor to pay for your basic needs.Poverty is closely linked to poor health, lack of food, lack of resources and services, lack of access to safe and healthy environment, fewer educational opportunitiesLack of housingIn SA 1,875 million people are still living in shacks.This is 15% of all households.UnemploymentNot having work is one of the main causes of poverty.25% of South-Africans in the age group 18-65, are unemployed.This is one out of every four people i.e. ? of the population.What to do about poverty ?Overcome personal poverty by working as hard as you can at school. This will allow you to go into higher education and follow a career that will meet your financial needs.Use the government’s poverty easing programmes and grants that are available.2.2. Food security and productionFood security It means that everyone has access to enough, safe, healthy and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and preferences.Food security is threatened by things like droughts, fires and wars.Food insecurity leads to :Undernourishment = you don’t get enough nutrients you need to grow properly and stay healthy.Malnutrition = you don’t get the right amount of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients you need for healthy tissues and organ functions. Global hunger925 million people do not have enough food to eat.98% of the world’s hunger people live in developing countries.About 1% of children in the USA suffer from chronic malnutrition due to their fast food diets.In SA 2,2 million households are regarded as food insecure and vulnerable.2.3. Unequal access to basic resources and servicesLack of waterSome people have little/limited access to water.When one tap is shared by many people and used for drinking and washing, the water can get polluted.Every household in SA is supposed to get 6000 litres of water free annually. If you use more than the allocated amount, you pay for it.Health servicesBasic primary health care is free.Specialised health services are available only to those who are able to afford it as it is very expensive.Provinces with fewer resources and more poor people are not able to offer the basic primary health care to all that need it. For example : Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Eastern Cape and the Free State.3. Youth and civic organisations3.1. Be a volunteerPublic / community organisations work towards improving life for everyone.Youth service and volunteerism are ways to contribute to building a just and equal South Africa.Civic responsibility means :You take actions on social and environmental issuesYou know your rights come with responsibilitiesVolunteering means :To give your time freely to benefit othersTERM 3WEEK 1-5Chapter 7 : Development of the self in society1. Life roles1.1. Different life rolesYou have more than one role at a time.In different roles you can be :Dependent : you need others to help youIndependent : you don’t need others’ help and supportInterdependent : you and someone else depend on each other for help and support1.2. Changing rolesSometimes roles change; you may take up new roles or the nature of the role changes.Roles can be forced on someone because of circumstances.1.3. Handling roles effectivelyCertain competencies and skills can assist you to effectively handle your life roles.2. Changes from adolescence to adulthood2.1. Physical changesThe reproductive system of a child is not mature and needs to change as a boy or girl develops into an adult, so that the system is fully working. These changes begin between the ages of ten and fifteen. The time when the changes happen is called?puberty.The changes happen because of sex hormones produced by the testes in boys and by the ovaries in girls. Some changes happen in boys and girls, while others just happen in boys or girls.Here are some changes that happen to both boys and girls:underarm hair growspubic hair growsbody smell gets stronger.emotional changesgrowth rate increasesThe time when the physical changes and emotional changes happen is called adolescence.Boys : Here are some changes that happen only to boysvoice breaks (gets deeper)testes and penis get biggertestes start to produce sperm cellsshoulders get widerhair grows on face and chest.Girls : Here are some changes that happen only to girls:breasts developovaries start to release egg cells (menstruation start)hips get wider.2.2. Social changesRelationships with othersStart close relationships with people outside the family.Fights and disagreements between teenagers and parents as teenagers develop their own opinions.Peers become more important than family.Teenagers start relationships with members from the opposite sex.Peer groupsFriends are very important and can influence you to do good or bad things ; this is called peer pressure.For example : pressure to wear certain clothes, experimenting with drugs / alcohol, skipping school.Moving into the work forceBecome responsible for doing a jobBecome responsible for the team you work withFamily may rely on the money you earnMake new friendsBecome responsible for planning a career3. Coping with change3.1. Possible changes Need to change friendsWant to break up with boy / girlfriend Parents’ divorce / death of a loved oneChange schoolsChange classesFavourite teacher may move to another school / subject3.2. Communication helps you cope with changeCommunicate with your parents about your feelingsKeep your parents updated about your plansTalk to other adults you trust / friendsLearn to be a good listener to your friends tooSay how you feel so that others can understand your reactions and behaviourKeep a journalIf you communicate via social media : - never post anything when you feel angry - never give personal information to strangers3.3. FriendsCan introduce you to new ideas, interests, etcGet you involved in healthy activitiesMake you feel that you belong to a groupMake you feel more secure and acceptedGive you the chance to negotiate with others4. Values and strategies to make sexuality and life style choices4.1. Risk behaviourSubstance abuseNegative peer pressureSexual activityWalk around alone at nightGet a lift home with a strangerBe alone with a partner that does not respect youBe at a party without adult supervision4.2. ValuesRespect for yourself and othersAbstinenceSelf-controlRespect for privacySelf-protectionAssertiveness5. Relationship between recreational activities and emotional health5.1. Emotional healthIt is your well-being and you ability to cope with life events by adjusting to problems and stress of everyday living.You are emotionally healthy if you :Feel good about who you areAccept and express your feelingsCope effectively with stressHave healthy relationshipsAsk for help if neededChoose to live a healthy and balanced life style.5.2. Recreational activities and emotional healthIf you participate in recreational activities, you promote you well-being.To stay promote well-being :Keep a balance between work and playGet physical exercise every dayParticipate in a sportGo on recreational outingsWEEK 6-10Chapter 8 : Careers and career choice1. Diversity of jobs1.1. Economic sectorsPrimary sectorGetting raw materials from the environment that can be made into products and soldMining, fishing, farming, etcSecondary sectorRaw materials are made into products Blue collar workers ( over-alls )Manufacturing jobs, like car, furniture and textile industriesTertiary sectorService deliveryWhite collar workersEducation, health, tourism, etc.Quaternary sectorInvolves jobs like research and information technology1.2. In what different places and conditions can you work ?Outdoors : sailor, builder, game ranger, forester, farmer, sportspersonIndoors : pharmacist, clerk, hotel manager, lawyer, accountant, chefConditions : determined by the place you work1.3. What forms of activities are involved in each job ?Different careers have different forms of activities, for example :Form of activityExplanationExample of careerDesigning plan and make decisions about something that is being build or createdSculptor, florist, dress designer, jeweller, interior decorator, architect, graphic designerAssembling connect or put together the parts of somethingBuilder, construction worker, mechanic, plumber, engineer, electricianGrowing plant, breed, take care ofFarmer, gardener, cattle breeder, forester, wine makerCaring look after, keep people safe and healthyPsychologist, matron, social worker, doctorControlling direct the behaviour of people and animals ; make something work in a certain wayPolice officer, traffic officer, soldier, bodyguard, air-traffic controller1.4. What are skills and competencies ?Different jobs and careers demand different skills and competenciesSkillThe ability to do something due to trainingLearned and practisedExamples : Numeracy skillsLiteracy skillsTechnological skillsCommunication skills - Three of the most important skills are : a) gathering of information b) analysis of information c) instructionCompetencyAbilities and skills to do something well Skills and competencies determine: 1. Salary packagethe total pay that an employer is willing to pay the employee salary package may include : basic salary and deductions such as pension, UIF and tax. It may also include a 13th cheque and the following allowances : medical aid, car, ravelling, cell phone and housing 2. Promotionit means to get a salary and/ rank upgrade or raise 3. Further study prospects - many careers offer further study prospects - you can upgrade your skills and qualifications while you work. - you can go on a learnership, or attend university full time or part timeTERM 4WEEK 1-3Chapter 9 : Careers and career choices1. Trends and demands in the job marketTrend means the way the market is moving / goingDemand means the need for certain types of careers, jobs and skills. To be in demand means to be wanted.The job market is where people who are looking for employment and those who provide employment, interact / communicate.It tells you where the work opportunities are, identify career fields and industry sectors, demand education, training, experience.If you do not follow the trend and demands of the job market, you may spend years on irrelevant training and do not possess marketable skills.2. Read the job market2.1. Analyse job market information and identify nichesNichesit is a place / position that needs someone with specialised skills or a unique combination of skills.Skills shortagesTo help you find out what the skills shortages are, you need to do research to find out :How many career adverts have there been over the past few yearsDo adverts only appear onceHow easy is it to get qualified with these skillsWhat does Statistics SA say about the skills and the careerWhat does the SETA say about the demands and training opportunities3. Lifelong learning3.1. The need for lifelong learningIt means constant learning and self-development; it ongoing learning.Benefits of lifelong learning are :Helps you to stay aware and in touch with what is happening in your career fieldDevelops your brain by learning new skills and getting new informationActivates goals setting and achievementProvides financial reward for learning3.2. Ongoing development of the selfAbility to changeOpportunity to retrainTeaches flexibility / adaptability3.3. Different kinds of learningFormal learningOfficial / prescribed learning by an education / training institution like an university.It is structured and needs to e done in a certain timeInformal learningCasual or unofficial learning.Learn through your everyday activities.Is not structured and does not lead to certification.Non-formal learningFor example a workshopChapter 10 : Democracy and human rights1. Living in a multi-religious society : ethical traditions and religious laws1.1. Major religions of South AfricaReligionTeachingsJudaismWorship no other GodDo not bow down to any idol or worship itDo not use God’s name wronglyObserve the Sabbath day and keep it holyHonour your father and motherDo not commit murderDo not stealDo not commit adulteryDo not accuse anyone falselyDo not desire another man’s propertyChristianityFollow the same ethical teaching as given in the ten Commandments.They follow the teachings of Jesus Christ.They love God and care for each otherIslamThe Koran sets down a complete ethical code for MuslimsThe must care for all member of their familyWomen must dress modestly, covering their hair and bodiesThey are expected to marry- sex outside marriage is forbiddenThey must give generously to the poorThe fast during Ramadaan to realise what it is like to be hungry.Going on pilgrimage to Mecca makes Muslims understand that all people are equal.Muslims are forbidden to eat pork drink alcohol and to gamble.African Traditional ReligionThey do not have a holy bookHuman dignity is valued more than the individual’s contribution to societyFollowers must respect their ancestors and elders.They must show hospitality to everybodyThey should help the needyThey should show respect towards marriage and family.They should respect each other’s lives and property.They should tell the truth , be hardworking, honest and generous.HinduismThey follow the laws of dharmaThey should be honest- it is wrong to lieShow respect for all lifeThey should practise non violenceThey should practice self control and discipline in their livesRespect elders and ancestorsThey should care for others, including sick relatives, elderly parents and poor.BuddishThey have 5 basic rules:Do not take life, either a person’s or that of an animalDo not stealAvoid wrong or harmful sensual activitiesDo not indulge in wrong speechAvoid drugs and alcohol2. Coverage of sport : ways to redress bias2.1. Ways to redress biasSport coverage may show bias in terms of gender, race, stereotyping and sporting codes.The bias can be redressed by :Paying more attention to indigenous gamesIdentify the bias in sport so that you can be aware of itPut pressure on sport commentators and sponsors to be more inclusive about women’s sport.Speak up : Identify and report bias.2.2. Unfair practises in sportDrug-takingDrugs give sportspeople an unfair advantage above their competitorsDrugs are used to enhance performanceDrugs are dangerous and may have serious side effectsIf caught, drug users usually get banned from the sporting codeMatch-fixingTakes place when players and/or administrators decide in advance who is going to win and lose.It is sometimes done for huge sums of money offered by betting groups.Subjective umpiringUnfair refereeing, umpiring / judging makes all people involved in sport angry and disappointed. It can even lead to violence.Officials should apply the sport rules fairly and consistently to all participants.Maladministration in sportIt is when administrators don’t administer the sport properly.This happens when : sporting events are not planned properly, matches are cancelled, policies are not in place, money is misused and wasted, corruption occurs and the sport is not promoted properly.THE ENDReferences 1. Focus on Life Orientation, Maskew, Miller and Longman, 2011.2. SARS , sars.co.za3. .sg4. ieb.co.za/School/nsc.php? ................
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