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Table S1. Crude odds ratios for associations between preterm birth (<37 weeks gestational age) and potential confounders in The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011?CovariateNPretermcOR (95% CI)Total10 919853Maternal age at conception 16-1912861091.3 (1.0, 1.6) 20-2957074591.2 (1.0, 1.4) 30-3936252491.0 (Reference) 40-49166212.0 (1.2, 3.2)Race/Ethnicity White63734631.0 (Reference) Black11731321.6 (1.3, 2.0) Hispanic, US born11221051.3 (1.1, 1.6) Hispanic, Foreign born1502970.9 (0.7, 1.1) Other, US born378361.3 (0.9, 1.9) Other, Foreign born323180.8 (0.5, 1.2)Education ≤High School44093961.4 (1.2, 1.7) Some College29182191.2 (0.9, 1.4) College or Higher35042311.0 (Reference)Pre-pregnancy BMI <18.5567561.4 (1.0, 1.8) 18.5-<2556354181.0 (Reference) 25-<3023901851.0 (0.9, 1.3) ≥3018841621.2 (1.0, 1.4)Maternal height (cm) ≤15827702321.0 (Reference) 159-≤16327502301.0 (0.8, 1.2) 164-≤17124662021.0 (0.8, 1.2) ≥17225281600.7 (0.6, 0.9)Previous live births 043323471.2 (1.0, 1.4) 135742491.0 (Reference) 218671411.1 (0.9, 1.4) 3+11431151.5 (1.2, 1.9)Smoking during pregnancy No 89056691.0 (Reference) Yes19641821.3 (1.1, 1.5)Alcohol use (1st trimester) No68135671.0 (Reference) Yes40212790.8 (0.7, 1.0)Hypertension No94636521.0 (Reference) Yes, without medication9901221.9 (1.5, 2.3) Yes, with medication195433.8 (2.7, 5.4)Gestational diabetes No10 3317971.0 (Reference) Yes494481.3 (0.9, 1.7)Calories (kcal) ≤1130.925171931.1 (0.9, 1.4) >1130.9-≤1487.927871931.0 (Reference) >1487.9-≤1972.128192251.2 (1.0, 1.4) >1972.127962421.3 (1.0, 1.6)Carbohydrates (grams) ≤145.325191901.1 (0.9, 1.3) >145.3-≤200.028032011.0 (Reference) >200.0-≤280.027952191.1 (0.9, 1.3) >280.028022431.2 (1.0, 1.5)cOR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence intervalTable S2. Crude odds ratios for associations between small for gestational age infants (SGA; birthweight <10th percentile for gestational age and infant sex) and potential confounders in The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011?CovariateNaSGAcOR (95% CI)Total10 716828Maternal age at conception 16-1912601482.2 (1.7, 2.7) 20-2955964331.4 (1.2, 1.6) 30-3935672061.0 (Reference) 40-49163212.4 (1.5, 3.9)Race/Ethnicity White62523751.0 (Reference) Black11571612.5 (2.1, 3.1) Hispanic, US born1101901.4 (1.1, 1.8) Hispanic, Foreign born14681271.5 (1.2, 1.8) Other, US born370351.6 (1.1, 2.4) Other, Foreign born321372.0 (1.4, 2.9)Education ≤High School43174252.0 (1.6, 2.3) Some College28592161.5 (1.2, 1.8) College or Higher34541831.0 (Reference)Pre-pregnancy BMI <18.5553751.7 (1.3, 2.2) 18.5-<2555374621.0 (Reference) 25-<3023521450.7 (0.6, 0.9) ≥3018461110.7 (0.6, 0.9)Maternal height (cm) ≤15827253101.0 (Reference) 159-≤16327022220.7 (0.6, 0.8) 164-≤17124261460.5 (0.4, 0.6) ≥17224691170.4 (0.3, 0.5)Previous live births 042594251.6 (1.3, 1.9) 135072311.0 (Reference) 218361080.9 (0.7, 1.1) 3+1111630.9 (0.6, 1.1)Smoking during pregnancy No 87326301.0 (Reference) Yes19341961.5 (1.2, 1.7)Hypertension None92906971.0 (Reference) Yes, without medication968891.2 (1.0, 1.6) Yes, with medication189221.6 (1.0, 2.6)Gestational diabetes No10 1437931.0 (Reference) Yes483300.8 (0.5, 1.1)Household size 1-2 35573161.0 (Reference) 3-4 49343580.8 (0.7, 0.9) 5-6 1114750.7 (0.6, 1.0) 7+ 237140.6 (0.4, 1.1)Calories (daily kcal) ≤1130.924731761.0 (0.8, 1.2) >1130.9-≤1487.927511951.0 (Reference) >1487.9-≤1972.127552071.1 (0.9, 1.3) >1972.127372501.3 (1.1, 1.6)Carbohydrates (daily grams) ≤145.324801620.9 (0.7, 1.1) >145.3-≤200.027671991.0 (Reference) >200.0-≤280.027242081.1 (0.9, 1.3) >280.027452591.3 (1.1, 1.6)Dietary iron (daily milligrams) ≤7.925521821.0 (Reference) >7.9-≤11.927012021.1 (0.9, 1.3) >11.9-≤17.127452091.1 (0.9, 1.3) >17.127182351.2 (1.0, 1.5)cOR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence intervala SGA analysis n=10 716; 203 infants missing birth weight (n=145), infant sex (n=10), or with gestational age outside the range (<24 or >42 weeks) with reference values (n=48) were excluded. ................
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