Skeletal System



Council Rock School District

7th Grade Health Outline

Developed 2009

Patricia Toner, District Coordinator

Ryan Brainard, Jason Carr, Tom Cunningham, Vic D’Angelo, Larry Hess, Chris Hoerger, Mike Kochler, Colleen Leh, Chad Lonergan, Denise Noseworthy, Lynn Petersen, Liz Potash, Yvonne Puryear, Nicole Salome, Carol Wilson, Carolyn Woloshyn, Marian Ziemba

|OVERVIEW |

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|Your Health, Your Responsibility |

|Integumentary System |

|Skeletal System |

|Muscular System |

|Nervous System |

|Cardiovascular System |

|Respiratory System |

|Digestive System |

|Urinary System |

|Endocrine System |

|Male Reproductive System |

|Female Reproductive System |

|Nutrition & Fitness |

| |

Your Health, Your Responsibility

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 1)

• KEY POINTS – You are responsible for your own health.

• Understand the health triangle:

o Physical health

o Social health

o Mental/Emotional health

• KEY POINTS – Emotionally healthy people:

o Set realistic goals and work to achieve them

o Have coping skills

o Have self-respect

o Know when and who to ask for help

o Are capable of asking for help

o Understand emotions

o Can resolve conflicts

o Are responsible

o Manage stress in a healthy manner

o Can communicate with others

o Have refusal skills

o Are resilient

• KEY POINTS – Resiliency is the ability to work through life’s problems. Resilient people are able to move forward after experiencing a setback.

• KEY POINTS – If a person discusses or has intentions of harming themselves, it is not a betrayal of trust to tell a parent, trusted teacher, counselor, doctor, member of the clergy, or other adult immediately.

• KEY POINTS – It is important to recognize when you need help. It is important to know where to get help.

• KEY POINTS – Healthful behaviors will promote your wellness.

• Complete an assessment:

o Present Personal Health Awareness

• Understand the influences on your health:

o Heredity

o Environment

o Attitude

o Behavior

o Media & technology

• KEY POINTS – Engaging in risk behaviors can harm your health.

• Know the definition of risk:

o Risk – behaviors or actions that can potentially threaten your health or the health of others.

• Know that risk behaviors can lead to heart disease, cancer, and serious illness later in life.

• Know examples of risk behavior:

o Tobacco use

o Unhealthy diet

o Alcohol and other drug use

o Unprotected sexual behavior

▪ Take action to reduce exposure to STIs and STDs

• Abstinence

• Prevention

• Know that lifestyle factors are personal habits or behaviors related to the way a person lives.

• KEY POINTS – Regularly participating in health promoting behaviors will help you reach a high level of wellness.

Integumentary System

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 13)

• KEY POINTS – The integumentary system covers and protects the body and consists of skin, glands associated with the skin, hair, and nails.

• KEY POINTS – The skin performs several functions that are necessary for survival.

• Understand the structure and function of the integumentary system:

o Skin

▪ Functions of the skin:

• Largest organ in the body

• Contains nerve cells that help detect pain, pressure, heat, cold, and touch

• Protects some body parts against injury

• Serves as a protective layer to keep microorganisms from entering the body

• Helps maintain a healthful body temperature

• Helps with removal of wastes from the body

• Helps protect you from ultraviolet radiation because of the presence of melanin

o Melanin – pigment that gives skin its color

▪ Two layers of skin

• Epidermis – outer layer which is constantly shed and replaced

• Dermis – thick layer below the epidermis that contains sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, blood vessels, and nerves

o Glands

▪ Sweat gland – help rid the body of salt and help cool the body by releasing sweat through pores

▪ Sebaceous gland – oil-producing gland that helps protect the skin

• Sebum – oil produced by the sebaceous gland

o Nails

▪ Composed of dead cells and keratin, a tough protein

o Hair

▪ Threadlike structure consisting of dead cells filled with keratin

▪ Protects skin from harmful sun rays and helps maintain body temperature

▪ Each hair grows in a hair follicle

• Hair follicle – a depression on the surface of the dermis that contains nutrients hair needs in order to grow

• Understand several conditions that affect the integumentary system:

o Birthmarks- discolored skin present at birth

o Scars – a mark left on damaged tissue after the tissue has healed

o Warts – contagious growth caused by a virus that forms on the top layer of skin

o Acne – a skin disorder in which hair follicles or pores become clogged with sebum (oil)

o Ringworm – small, red, ring-shaped marks caused by fungal infection. Ringworm is contagious.

• Identify ways to keep the integumentary system healthy:

o Wear a sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 when exposed to the sun

o Examine skin monthly for any changes in moles, warts, or freckles

o Follow directions when using makeup

o Shower or bathe daily

o Eat foods containing vitamin A

o Seek proper medical care for skin rashes

o Wash hair regularly

Skeletal System

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 14)

• KEY POINTS – The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and connective tissue.

• Understand the structures of the skeletal system.

o Bones are living tissue with a hard outer layer and a spongy inner layer.

▪ Types of bones – long, short, flat, irregular.

o Connective tissues

▪ There are three (3) types of connective tissue:

• Cartilage – strong, flexible cushion between bones (knees, hips, etc.) and also acts as a flexible structure for soft parts of the body (tip of nose, ears, etc.)

• Ligaments – attach bone to bone

• Tendons – attach muscle to bone

o Joints

▪ Types of joints

• Immovable

• Slightly Moveable

• Moveable

o Hinge

o Ball and socket

o Gliding

o Pivot

• Know the major bones of the skeletal system

o Skull

o Vertebrae

o Ribs

o Sternum

o Clavicle

o Scapula

o Humerus

o Radius

o Ulna

o Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges

o Mandible

o Pelvis

o Femur

o Patella

o Tibia

o Fibula

o Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

• Understand the functions of the skeletal system

o Supports the body

o Protects the internal organs

o Acts as a frameworks for muscle attachment

o Allows movement of limbs

o Produces new red and white blood cells

o Stores fat and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

• KEY POINTS – A healthy diet, exercise, protective gear, and regular checkups are ways to care for your skeletal system.

• Know weight bearing exercises.

• KEY POINTS – Injuries and disorders can harm the skeletal system.

• Know the causes of skeletal problems:

o Poor nutrition

o Infections

o Sports and other injuries

▪ Fractures

▪ Dislocation of joints

▪ Tears and inflammation of connective tissue

o Poor posture

o Repetitive motion injuries

o Degenerative disorders – scoliosis, osteoporosis

• Discuss

o How does the skeletal system affect the other body systems?

o How can you avoid or prevent injury to your bones and joints?

o How could behaviors that you practice as a teen affect your skeletal system later in life?

Muscular System

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 14)

• KEY POINTS – The muscular system allows for voluntary and involuntary movements.

• KEY POINTS – Muscles consist of long, fibrous cells that can shorten and stretch to make muscles move.

• Understand the difference between involuntary and voluntary muscle movement.

• Understand the structure and function of the muscular system.

o Three (3) types of muscles

▪ Smooth muscles – act on the lining of the body’s passageways

• Digestive tract, urinary bladder, blood vessels, etc.

▪ Skeletal muscles – attached to a bone and cause movement

• Flexors – closes a joint (biceps, etc.)

• Extensors – opens a joint (triceps, etc.)

▪ Cardiac muscle – striated muscle that forms the wall of the heart

• Identify the location of major muscles:

o Pectoralis Major

o Deltoids

o Latissimus Dorsi

o Trapezius

o Biceps

o Triceps

o Abdominals

o Gluteus Maximus

o Quadriceps

o Hamstrings

o Gastrocnemius

• KEY POINTS – Eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise will help you care for your muscular system.

• KEY POINTS – Caring for your muscular system can help prevent health problems and injuries.

• Identify various muscular system problems:

o Bruises – areas of discolored skin after an injury

o Muscle strains or sprains – muscles are stretched or partially torn

o Tendinitis – inflammation of a tendon

o Hernia – an organ or tissue protrudes through an area of weak muscle

o Muscular dystrophy – an inherited disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively destroyed

Nervous System

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 14)

• KEY POINTS – The nervous system coordinates all of the activities in the body.

• KEY POINTS – Neurons, or nerve cells, transmit messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.

• Know the three (3) types of neurons:

o Sensory – carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord

o Motor – carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

o Interneurons – communicate with and connect other neurons

• Understand the structure of a neuron

o Cell body – contains the nucleus

o Dendrites – branched structures that receive information and transmit impulses

o Axons – transmit impulses away from the cell body

• KEY POINTS - Neurons, unlike other cells in the body, have limited ability to repair damage or replace destroyed cells.

• Understand the two (2) main divisions of the nervous system:

o Central Nervous System (CNS)

▪ Receives messages from the nerves, interprets them, and sends out a response

▪ Consists of the brain and spinal cord

• Brain

o An adult human brain weighs about 3 pounds

o The brain has two halves or hemispheres

▪ The right side or hemisphere controls the left side of the body

• Processes music and art and comprehends spatial relationships

▪ The left side or hemisphere controls the right side of the body

• Controls language, reasoning, and critical thinking skills

o Made up of three (3) main sections:

▪ Cerebrum – largest, most complex part of the brain

▪ Cerebellum – coordinates the movement of the skeletal muscles

• Maintains the body’s posture and balance

▪ Brain Stem – 3 inch long stalk of nerve cells and fibers that connect the spinal cord to the brain. The medulla is part of the brain stem.

o Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

▪ Made up of the nerves that are not in the brain and spinal cord

▪ Gathers information from inside and outside the body

▪ Made up of the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system:

• Autonomic Nervous System – controls involuntary functions such as digestion and heart rate

o Has two (2) parts:

▪ Sympathetic Nervous System – controls reflexes, fight or flight response

▪ Parasympathetic Nervous System – opposes the action of the sympathetic nervous system by slowing body systems

• Somatic Nervous System – involves voluntary responses that are under your control

• KEY POINTS – Making healthful choices can protect your nervous system from injury.

• Identify ways to protect the nervous system from injury:

o Eat a well-balanced diet

o Exercise regularly

o Get enough sleep

o Wear protective devices

▪ Safety belt when in a motor vehicle

▪ Helmet while riding a bicycle or motorcycle

▪ Protective gear for contact sports

▪ Check the depth of the water before diving and never dive head first into shallow water

▪ Avoid drugs and alcohol which can permanently damage nerve cells

• Understand problems of the nervous system:

o Headaches

o Head injuries

o Concussion

o Spinal Cord Injuries – movement and sensation damaged below injury

o Spinal injuries

o Meningitis – an inflammation of the spinal and cranial meninges caused by bacterial or viral infection

o Degenerative diseases

▪ Multiple sclerosis (MS)

▪ Parkinson’s disease

▪ Alzheimer’s disease

o Injury or brain damage related diseases

▪ Epilepsy – characterized by seizures (sudden episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain)

▪ Cerebral palsy

• Discuss

o What happens during the flight or fight response?

o Why do you think people continue to use alcohol and other drugs when they know those substances can permanently damage brain cells?

Cardiovascular System

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 15)

• KEY POINTS – The cardiovascular system provides nutrients and oxygen, carries away waste, and helps fight disease.

• Understand the purpose of the cardiovascular system.

o The heart pumps blood to your body’s cells 24 hours a day

o The cardiovascular system has many jobs:

▪ Carries oxygen from the lungs to the body cells

▪ Absorbs nutrients from food and delivers the nutrients to the body’s cells

▪ Carries carbon dioxide (waste gas) from your cells back to the lungs to be exhaled

▪ Delivers other waste products to the kidneys for removal from the body

▪ Helps white blood cells fight disease by attacking infectious organisms

• KEY POINTS – The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

• Understand the structure of the cardiovascular system:

o Heart – muscle that makes the cardiovascular system work

▪ Consists of 4 chambers:

• Atria – two top chambers

• Ventricles – two lower chambers

▪ Valves between the chambers allow blood to flow through the chambers

o Blood – the fluid that delivers oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to the cells and carries away wastes

▪ Blood is composed of:

• Plasma – 55% of blood is composed of this watery fluid

• Red blood cells – contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen

• White blood cells – cells that protect the body against infection

• Platelets – types of cells that cause blood clots to form

▪ Blood types – determined by the presence of antigens

• A, B, AB, O

• Type O is the universal donor

o Blood Vessels – a network of passageways that carry blood throughout the body

▪ Three (3) types:

• Arteries - carry oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart

• Veins - return blood TO the heart

• Capillaries - very small vessels that connect arteries to veins

o Pathway of blood through the circulatory system

▪ Blood in need of oxygen leaves the body tissues through VEINS and enters the VENA CAVA

▪ Vena cava to RIGHT ATRIUM

▪ Through tricuspid valve to RIGHT VENTRICLE

▪ To pulmonary vein

▪ To the LUNGS for oxygen

▪ From lungs to pulmonary artery

▪ To LEFT ATRIUM

▪ Through bicuspid valve

▪ To LEFT VENTRICLE

▪ To AORTA

▪ To ARTERIES

▪ Oxygen-rich blood now enters the body tissues

• KEY POINTS – Healthy habits can help protect the health of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

• Identify ways to protect the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems:

o Eat a well-balanced diet

o Maintain a healthy weight

o Exercise regularly

o Avoid secondhand smoke and using tobacco products

o Avoid illegal drug use

o Get regular medical checkups

• Understand the importance of maintaining Blood Pressure:

o Blood Pressure – the measure of the amount of force that the blood places on the walls of the blood vessels as it is pumped through the body

▪ Reading blood pressure includes two numbers:

• Systolic pressure (first number) – pressure at it’s highest point

• Diastolic pressure (second number) – pressure at it’s lowest point or at rest

▪ Healthy blood pressure – approximately 120/80

▪ High blood pressure – above 140/90

o High blood pressure places a strain on the heart and can cause cardiovascular disease.

• KEY POINTS – Healthy habits can help protect the health of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

• Understand problems of the cardiovascular system:

o Congenital heart defects – present at birth

▪ Hole in the septum or wall of the heart

o Heart murmurs – abnormal sounds as blood flows through the heart

o Varicose veins – valves in the veins do not close properly and blood backflows

o Anemia – the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is reduced; usually caused by iron deficiency

o Hemophilia – inherited disorder where the blood does not clot properly

o Leukemia – a form of cancer where an excessive amount of white blood cells are produced

Respiratory System

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 15)

• KEY POINTS – The respiratory system provides oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from the body.

• Understand the function of the respiratory system:

o The main function is respiration

▪ Respiration is the exchange of gases between the body and the environment

• KEY POINTS – The respiratory system consists of the lungs, trachea, and diaphragm.

• Understand the structure of the respiratory system:

o Lungs – two (2) large structures that fill with air and are emptied in a rhythmic way. This rhythm changes with the level of your activity.

▪ Trachea – windpipe that brings air into the lungs

▪ Bronchi – the trachea branches into the bronchi which are the main airways that reach into each lung

▪ Bronchioles – a network of smaller tubes that are attached to alveoli

▪ Alveoli – thin walled air sacs covered in capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place in the alveoli.

o Diaphragm – a muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity. This muscle is responsible for contracting and relaxing and pulling air into the lungs.

o Nose and mouth – air enters and exits the body through the nose and mouth.

▪ Cilia – tiny hairlike structures that line the membranes of the nose

▪ Mucus – thick, sticky substance that traps foreign particles like dust, bacteria, and viruses and prevents them from moving deeper into the respiratory system

o Pharynx – throat

o Larynx – voice box

o Epiglottis – flap of tissue located above the larynx. Closes off the entrance to the larynx and trachea when you swallow

• KEY POINTS – Caring for your lungs can prevent many respiratory disorders.

• Identify ways to protect the respiratory system:

o Avoid secondhand smoke and all tobacco products!

o Limit your exposure to pollutants in the air

o Exercise regularly

o Wash your hands regularly to help prevent infection as bacteria and viruses can be easily transmitted to the mouth and nose.

o Get regular medical checkups

• KEY POINTS – Problems of the respiratory system can range from mild, such as a cold, to serious and even life-threatening.

• Understand problems of the respiratory system:

o Sinusitis – inflammation of the tissues that line the sinuses

o Bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchi

o Asthma – inflammation and narrowing of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles causing difficulty breathing

o Pneumonia – inflammation of the lungs due to bacterial or viral infection

o Tuberculosis – a contagious bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs

o Emphysema – a disease that progressively destroys the walls of the alveoli

• Discuss:

o What is the single most important thing you can do to protect your respiratory system? (Avoid secondhand smoke and tobacco products.)

o Why do people smoke even though they know it is dangerous?

Digestive System

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 15)

• KEY POINTS – In digestion, foods are broken down and absorbed as nourishment or eliminated as waste.

• The digestive functions are divided into three (3) main processes.

o Digestion

▪ The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods within the stomach and intestines

o Absorption

▪ The passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the cardiovascular system

o Elimination

▪ The body’s expulsion of undigested foods or body waste

• KEY POINTS – The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

• Understand that digestion includes a mechanical process and a chemical process:

o Mechanical process – involves chewing, mashing, and breaking food down

o Chemical process – involves secretions produced by the digestive organs

• Knows the structures of the digestive system:

o Teeth

▪ Break the food into smaller pieces

▪ Mastication is the process of chewing

o Salivary glands

▪ Produce digestive juices

▪ Saliva contains an enzyme that begins to break down the starches and sugars in foods

o Tongue

▪ Prepares food for swallowing

• Uvula – small flap of tissue at the back of the mouth that prevents food from entering the nasal passages

• Epiglottis – small flap of tissue at the back of the throat that prevents food from entering the respiratory system

o Esophagus

▪ 10 inch long muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

▪ Food moves along the tube by a series of involuntary contractions. This process is called peristalsis.

o Stomach

▪ Hollow, sac-like organ enclosed in a wall of muscles

▪ The stomach has three (3) purposes:

• Mixes food with gastric juices

• Stores partially digested food and liquid

• Moves food into the small intestine

o Pancreas

▪ Adds juices to the small intestine that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in food

o Liver

▪ Produces bile, a yellow-green, bitter fluid important in the breakdown and absorption of fats

o Gallbladder

▪ Stores bile

o Small Intestine

▪ 20-23 feet long and 1 inch in diameter

▪ About 90% of all nutrients are absorbed through the small intestine

▪ Inner wall contains small, fingerlike projections called villi

▪ Villi are lined with capillaries that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

o Large Intestine

▪ Also called the colon

▪ Undigested parts of the food – fiber, or roughage – pass into the colon, or large intestine

▪ 5-6 feet long and about 2.5 inches in diameter

▪ Functions of large intestine:

• Absorb water

• Absorb vitamins and salts

• Eliminate waste

o Rectum

▪ 8 inch long end portion of the large intestine

o Anus

▪ External opening of the rectum controlled by sphincter muscles

• KEY POINTS – Digestive problems range from indigestion to acute conditions that require immediate medical attention.

• Understand problems of the digestive system:

o Functional problems:

▪ Indigestion – feeling of discomfort in the upper abdomen

▪ Constipation – difficult bowel movements

▪ Heartburn – burning sensation in the center of the chest

▪ Gas – produced from the breakdown of food; excessive gas can cause discomfort

▪ Nausea – feeling of discomfort that can produce vomiting

▪ Diarrhea – frequent passage of watery feces

▪ Hepatitis – inflammation of the liver

o Structural problems:

▪ Tooth decay

▪ Gastritis – inflammation of the lining of the stomach

▪ Peptic ulcer – a sore in the lining of the digestive tract

▪ Gallstones – form when cholesterol in bile crystallizes

▪ Lactose intolerance – inability to digest lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and dairy products

▪ Appendicitis – inflammation of the appendix

▪ Colitis – inflammation of the large intestine, or colon

▪ Colon cancer

▪ Hemmorrhoids - veins in the rectum or anus that become inflamed

▪ Crohn’s disease – inflammation of the lining of the digestive system

▪ Cirrhosis – scarring of the liver tissue caused by prolonged heavy alcohol use

• Discuss:

o Describe a time when the food you ate affected the way you felt afterward.

o Describe how your energy level was affected.

Urinary System

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 15)

• KEY POINTS – The excretory system uses several organs to remove all types of wastes from the body.

• Know the purpose, structures, and functions of the urinary system:

o Urinary system – filters waste and extra fluid from the blood in the form of urine

▪ Composed of three (3) parts:

• Kidneys

o Two (2) bean-shaped organs about the size of a fist

o Contain nephrons which are tiny filtering units

o Monitor and maintain the body’s acid-base and water balances by adjusting the amount of salts, water, and other materials excreted according to the body’s needs

• Ureters

o Two (2) tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

o Each is about 8-10 inches long

• Bladder

o Hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity

o Stores urine

• Urethra

o Tube that leads from the bladder to the outside of the body

• KEY POINTS – Healthful behaviors will help keep your urinary system healthy.

• Understand ways to keep your urinary system healthy:

▪ Drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water each day

▪ Limit your intake of caffeine and soft drinks which can increase the amount of water lost through urination

▪ Follow a well-balanced eating plan

▪ Practice good hygiene to prevent harmful bacteria from causing infection

▪ Get regular medical check-ups

▪ Report changes in bowel habits and in the frequency, color, or odor of urine

▪ Immediately report blood in the urine

• KEY POINTS – Urinary system problems commonly result from infection or blockage.

• Understand excretory system problems:

o Cystitis – inflammation of the bladder

o Urethritis – inflammation of the urethra

o Kidney problems

▪ Nephritis – inflammation of the nephrons

▪ Kidney stones – form when salts in the urine crystallize into solid stones

▪ Uremia – a serious condition when the kidneys do not filter the blood properly

o Kidney failure

• Discuss:

o Why is it better to drink water rather than soft drinks when you are dehydrated?

Endocrine System

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 16)

• KEY POINTS – The endocrine system includes various organs that work together to regulate body functions.

• Understand that endocrine glands are ductless or tubeless organs or groups of cells that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

o Hormones – chemical substances that help regulate many bodily functions.

• Knows major glands of the endocrine system:

o Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)

o Adrenal Glands

▪ Help the body deal with stress and respond to emergencies

• Maintains body’s water balance

• Maintain body’s sodium balance

• Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) – increases heartbeat, respiration, raises blood pressure, suppresses the digestive system during periods of high emotion

• Secretes norepinephrine

• KEY POINTS – To keep your endocrine working at it’s peak, you need to follow sound health practices.

Male Reproductive System

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 16)

• KEY POINTS – The male reproductive system includes both external and internal organs that, with the help of hormones, allow physically mature males to produce children.

• Understand the two main functions of the male reproductive system:

o Produce and store sperm

o Transfer sperm to the female’s body during sexual intercourse

• Know that sperm is the male reproductive cell.

• Know that testosterone is the hormone responsible for the following physical changes during puberty:

o Broadening of the shoulders

o Development of muscles

o Development of facial and body hair

o Deepening of the voice

o Production of sperm

• Understand that there are internal and external male reproductive organs:

o External Organs

▪ Testes - two glands that secrete testosterone and produce sperm

▪ Epididymis – coiled tube on each testicle where sperm are stored

▪ Scrotum – sac around the testes that regulates temperature of the sperm

▪ Penis – male organ of intercourse

• Foreskin – skin covering the tip of the penis at birth

o Circumcision – surgical removal of the foreskin

o Internal Organs

▪ Vas deferens – tubes from the epididymis to the urethra

▪ Urethra – passageway for both semen and urine to leave the body

▪ Seminal vesicles – produces a fluid to nourish sperm

▪ Prostate gland – produces a neutralizing fluid to protect the sperm

▪ Cowper’s gland – produces fluid to aid sperm

• Understand the following terms:

o Erection – blood fills the spongy tissue inside the penis causing it to become hard and erect

o Semen – thick fluid composed of sperm, fluid from the seminal vesicles, fluid from the prostate gland, and fluid from the Cowper’s glands

o Ejaculation – the release of semen from the penis

o Fertilization – joining of the sperm (male) and the egg (female) during sexual intercourse

• KEY POINTS – Male reproductive health involves care and monitoring throughout a male’s lifetime.

• Care of the male reproductive system:

o Bathe regularly

o Wear protective equipment

o Practice abstinence to avoid contracting STDs

o Perform regular self-examinations

▪ TSE (explain)

o Get regular checkups

• KEY POINTS – The organs of the male reproductive system can be affected by both functional and structural problems.

• Understand several problems of the male reproductive system:

o Inguinal hernia – part of the intestine pushes through a tear in the abdominal wall

o Sterility – inability to reproduce due to too few sperm or poor quality sperm

o Testicular cancer – cancer of the testicle. With early detection, most testicular cancer is treatable.

o Prostate problems and prostate cancer – enlarged prostate due to infection, tumor or age or cancer of the prostate. Early detection of prostate cancer increases survival rate.

Female Reproductive System

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 16)

• KEY POINTS – The organs of the female reproductive system enable pregnancy to occur with the first monthly ovulation.

• Understand the functions of the female reproductive system:

o Produce female sex hormones

▪ Estrogen

▪ Progesterone

o Produce egg cells (ova)

o Store egg cells (ova)

• Know the organs of the female reproductive system:

o Ovaries

o Fallopian Tubes

o Uterus

▪ Cervix

o Vagina

• Understand the following terms:

o Ovulation

o Menstruation – the shedding of the uterine lining

• KEY POINTS – Good hygiene, breast self-exams, and abstinence form sexual activity help female reproductive system health.

• Care of the female reproductive system:

o Bathe regularly

o Have regular medical exams

▪ Pap smear

▪ Mammogram

▪ Report any pain, discharge, or other signs of infection to your health care provider as soon as possible.

o Practice abstinence to avoid contracting STDs

o Perform regular self-examinations

▪ BSE (explain)

• KEY POINTS – Several disorders can affect the female reproductive system, and some can lead to infertility.

• Understand the menstrual cycle

o After puberty, the uterus prepares each month for a possible pregnancy

o If pregnancy doesn’t occur, the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, breaks down into blood, tissue, and fluids

o Menstruation is the shedding of the uterine lining that occurs each month

• Understand ovulation

o When the female egg is released from the ovary and enters the fallopian tube

• Understand several problems of the female reproductive system:

o Menstrual cramps

o Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) - disorder caused by hormonal changes

▪ Symptoms include – anxiety, irritability, bloating, weight gain, depression, mood swings, and fatigue

o Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) – rare but serious bacterial infection that affects the immune system and the liver. To reduce the risk of TSS, use low absorbency tampons and change them often.

o Endometriosis – uterine tissue grows outside the uterus

o STDs - diseases that are spread during sexual contact. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and may cause infertility.

o Vaginitis – inflammation of the tissue in the vagina that may result in pain, itching, burning, odor, or discharge

o Ovarian cysts – fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries

o Cervical cancer – early sexual activity and STDs such as human pappillomavirus (HPV) increase the risk of cancer of the cervix

▪ HPV vaccine

o Uterine and ovarian cancers

Nutrition and Fitness

7th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapters 10 and 12)

• KEY POINTS – The food you eat affects your health and quality of life.

• KEY POINTS – There are 6 nutrients that have the important job of keeping you healthy.

• Know the 6 nutrients and their jobs:

o Carbohydrates

▪ Energy

▪ Types of carbohydrates:

• Simple

• Complex

• Fiber

o Proteins

▪ Building blocks of muscle and body tissue

o Fats

▪ Warmth

▪ Cushion

▪ Energy

▪ Types of fats:

• Unsaturated

• Saturated

• Trans fat

o Vitamins

▪ Tissue repair and growth

o Minerals

▪ Tissue repair and growth

o Water

▪ Controls body temperature

▪ Carries nutrients and waste products to and from cells

• Understand the food guide pyramid

• Understand the 5 components of fitness:

o Cardiorespiratory endurance

o Muscular strength

o Muscular endurance

o Flexibility

o Body composition

• Understand aerobic and anaerobic exercise.

o Aerobic exercise – use of large muscle groups for an extended period of time (Uses oxygen)

o Anaerobic exercise – intense short bursts of energy in which the muscles work so hard that they produce energy without using oxygen

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