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Chapter 32 Outline – Latin America: Revolution and Reaction in the 20th CenturyVI. The Present Era (1914 – Present)Latin America: Revolution and Reaction in the 20th CenturyThe Mexican Revolution and the Great War2 major events launched Latin America into the 20th century – Mexican Revolution and WW1Most Latin American nations avoided WW1, but it disrupted markets for exports and no European goods coming in as well – nations forced to rely on themselvesAfter WW1, the U.S. emerged as dominant foreign power in the region, replacing G.B.Mexico’s UpheavalPorfirio Diaz had been in power in Mexico since 1876 and seemed invincibleDiaz improved economy, but did so by encouraging foreign investmentHacienda system dominated regions of the countryDiaz was dictator and didn’t allow opposition, and there was much corruptionDiaz repressed peasants and Indians who opposed loss of land or horrible work conditionsThe 1910 election sparked the Mexican Civil War (1910-1920)Francisco Madero = Ran against Diaz, wanted democratic reformsDiaz had Madero arrested, rigged the election, and won, but many angryMadero was soon released from prison, and he called for a revolutionPancho Villa = fought against Diaz’s forced in the northEmiliano Zapata = fought vs. Diaz in south - wanted land reform; slogan “Tierra y Libertad”Siaz ousted, Madero took over, but Madero too moderate and other revolutionaries angryMadero assassinated, and military dictator took power (U.S. supported b/c wanted stability)General Victoriano Huerta = Became leader of Mexico; was a dictator; was supported by large landowners, the army, and foreign companies1914 – Huerta overthrown, and Alvaro Obregon (another general) became leader of MexicoMexican Revolution occurred at same time as other rebellions – Boxer Rebellion, overthrow of Chinese emperor, and Russian revolution of 1905In each, leaders tried to modernize through foreign investment, and rebels used nationalism to rally against leadersBy 1920, civil war in Mexico was over and Obregon was elected president in 1920Civil war destroyed country - 1.5 million died, industries, ranching and farming all ruinedMexican Constitution of 1917 = promised land reform, limit foreign ownership of key resources, rights of workers, limited church ownership of property, and education reformsPresident Lazaro Cardenas (1934-1940) = Reforms promised by 1917 constitution finally made under himCulture and Politics in Postrevolutionary MexicoNationalism and newfound respect of Indian culture motivated the reformsMexicans began “Indianizing” the nation, glorifying Indian heritageDiego Rivera and Jose Clemente Orozco = Artists who captured the past and outlined new social programs in murals on public buildings (muralist movement spread thru Latin America)There was some opposition to the changesChurch and clergy strongly opposed secularization of education and society, and people called Cristeros fought against secularization - fighting stopped when a compromise was reachedQuestion of continuity arose when Revolution endedParty of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) = Mexico became a democracy, but 1 party dominated, the PRI democracy, and this was the one political partyBy the 1990s, the ideals of the revolution of 1910 were largely forgottenNAFTA = Free trade b/t U.S., Mexico, and CanadaArmed bandits, mostly Indians, in state of Chiapas, rebelled in 1990s against government – wanted better work conditions, access to land and housing, and better health care (government negotiated with them and stopped rebellion)In 1990s, Mexican economy improved, but still great disparities between rich and poorEconomic Change and New Political ActorsWorld War I affected Latin AmericaBy WW1 (1914) Latin America had export economy (ex: Colombia = coffee, Chile = minerals, Ecuador = bananas, Cuba = sugar)Import substitution industrialization = industrial growth as a result of being cut off from imports (as seen in Latin America during WW1) Economy suffered during and after WW1, and political unrest followedThere was also political unrest due to a rapid population growthImmigrants poured into Latin America and cities grew rapidly (some cities, like Lima, Peru became so powerful that all economic activity took place in cities, and rural areas poor)This rapid urban growth created a series of social problemsLabor and the Middle ClassMiddle class starting gaining power in some Latin American nations, and traditional landowning elites began losing powerEuropean political ideas began spreading from Europe to Latin AmericaSyndicalism = Organized labor got involved in politics (led to major strikes in Latin America)Tragic Week = Violent strikes in Argentina win 1919 that were crushed by the governmentLike in western Europe, there was growing class conflict in Latin AmericaIdeology and Social ReformLiberal governments, which existed in the late 1800s, were faltering as economy faltered in 1920sLatin Americans began turning inward for solutions, and reform was in the airPopulist Politics: The Case of PeruPeru is an example where change was in the airPeru had many problems: export economy struggling, foreigners controlled many industries, had recently lost land in war with Chile, many people landless, and government corruptionVictor Raul Haya de la Torre (1895-1979) = created American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), a nationalist political party that wanted to nationalize industries (still around today)APRA is example of new populist parties that emerged in Latin America in 1920s and 1930s; got support from workers and small farmers, and were led by personalist leadersThe Great Crash and Latin American ResponsesGreat Depression of 1930s hurt Latin America – no market for their exportsLiberal programs that swept through Latin America were now bankrupt and several countries had military coups that ousted liberal governmentsCorporatism = Political belief that stressed avoiding class conflictSome fascist groups even rose to power as alternative political thought was soughtPromises of Social ReformThe Vargas Regime in BrazilGetulio Vargas = after short civil war in 1929, he emerged as president of BrazilEconomy had collapsed – coffee exports dried up after stock crash of 1929Vargas became a fascist-like dictator – limited immigration and didn’t allow dissentState controlled the economyVargas started becoming more leftist politically (more communist), and was ousted in military coup in 1945, but returned to power in 1950 as leftist leaderCommitted suicide in 1954 under pressure from right and left (not as leftist as his rhetoric)Argentina: Populism, Peron, and the MilitaryArgentina was an anomalyWhile exports fell dramatically in 1930s, industry in Argentina was still growing – many had moved to city to work in factories and became powerfully politicallyIn 1943, a military government came to power who wanted to modernize ArgentinaColonel Juan D. Peron = Became leader of Argentina; had gained popularity b/c as Minister of Labor he got higher salaries for workers and better benefitsEva Duarte (Evita) = Wife of Juan Peron, became spokesman for Peron among lower classesPeron supported Axis Powers in WW2 and had scorn of U.S.Peron created alliance between workers, industrialists, and militaryUsed radio and press with his charisma to win support, as well as repression of oppositionGovernment nationalized foreign-owned railroads, telephone companies, and oil resourcesPaid off foreign debt, and economy boomed just after WW2, but by 1949 economy hurting, and it became hard to hold his coalition togetherMany upset with Peron – angry over lack of freedoms (no free speech), industry owners upset he gave workers so much power, and military feared he may arm workersPeron became more radical and began campaign against Catholic church in 1955Military drove him into exile in 1955Argentina spent next 20 years in shadow of PeronWorkers continued pushing for Peronist-like policies1973 - Peron returned as president, but soon died (Argentina became military dictatorship)Radical Options in the 1950sBy the 1940s, many nations turned to extreme, radical solutions for their problemnsGuatemala: Reform and United States InterventionGuatemala was first place radical solutions were attemptedProblems: population mostly illiterate, poor health conditions, high mortality rates, uneven land distribution, economy too reliant on exports of bananas and coffeeJuan Jose Arevalo = Socialist president of Guatemala (elected 1944); began land reform, United Fruit Company = Biggest foreign company in Guatemala, controlled transportation and shipping facilities, became target of nationalist angerJacobo Arbenz = Elected president of Guatemala in 1951; even more nationalist than Arevalo; began nationalizing industries, angering foreign owned companies (like United Fruit)U.S. to put sanctions on Guatemala (U.S. feared Arbenz becoming communist), and the CIA helped overthrow Arbenz and put pro-U.S. leader in his placeThis new military government failed to make reforms and Guatemala’s problems continuedThe Cuban Revolution: Socialism in the CaribbeanCuba had larger middle class, and better health conditions than most of Latin America, yet still experienced political unrestRural conditions were terrible though, particularly on the large sugar plantationsCuba under much economic influence of U.S. – by 1950s, ? of Cuban imports from U.S., and many American businesses in CubaFulgencio Batista = Corrupt dictator of Cuba ruled Cuba 1934-1944, authoritarian reformer, put in democratic constitution in 1940 that Fidel Castro = Led rebellion against Batista and became president of Cuba in 1959Ernesto “Che” Guevera = Helped Castro overthrow Batista, and tried to do the same to other dictators throughout Latin AmericaCastro got support from students, labor organizations, and rural workersWhen Castro came to power, he established a socialist regimeCastro broke off relations with the U.S. in 1961, and increasingly relied on Soviet UnionSurvived Bay of Pigs invasion by U.S. (1961) and a U.S. embargo, and still in power todayThe Search for Reform and the Military OptionLatin Americans wanted to end foreign dependancey, and end huge social gaps within societyLiberation Theology = Combined Catholicism with socialism to improve conditions for poorOut of the Barracks: Soldiers Take Power (1960s and 1970s)In the 1960s, militaries throughout Latin America began taking over governmentsSalvadore Allende = Socialist president of Chile; overthrown by military (1973)These new military regimes were usually dictatorships, and people lacked freedomBut these governments made no major changes in land reform and social gaps existed stillThe New Democratic Trend (1980s and 1990s)By 1980s, many Latin American nations went from military rule to civilian ruleCold War over and U.S. no longer interested in sponsoring “safe” regimesBy the 1990s, most of Latin America had become democraciesStill faced many problems (huge foreign debt, high rates of inflation, and drug cartels rose)The United States and Latin America: Continuing PresenceThe United States has had continuing presence in Latin AmericaU.S. emerged from WW1 as leading foreign power in Latin AmericaOver 30 U.S. military interventions to protect American business interests by 1933Augusto Sandino = Led Nicaraguan resistance against U.S. involvement; assassinated in 1934; became national hero and figurehead of later socialist Sandinista partyBanana Republics = Conservative dictatorships propped up by U.S. in Latin AmericanAfter 1933, the U.S. policy toward Latin America changedGood Neighbor Policy = FDR promised to be more fair in treatment of Latin America and stop direct interventions But after WW2, U.S. fear of spread of communism led to change in policyAlliance for Progress (1961) = U.S. tried to develop Latin America economically, hoping it would eliminate need for radical solutions (such as communism)By 1980s, U.S. got involved directly in Latin America when needed1989 U.S. toppled Panama’s drug smuggling government and replaced it with pro-U.S.Societies in Search of ChangeThere have been great changes in 1900s in Latin AmericaSocial and gender relations have changedIndians got suffrage in many areas, though still treated poorly in many areasSlow Change in Women’s RolesWomen’s status has changed slowly (didn’t get right to vote in most nations until 1950s)By 2000, condition of Latin American women improved (much better than most of developing world - women made up 9% of legislators in Latin America, higher than anywhere in world, and women held 9% of cabinet positions, only behind North America (12%)The Movement of People (migrations)1950 Latin American and North American population equal at 165 million, but by 1985, Latin America much more (400 million to 265 million)Declining mortality and high fertilityIn 1900 most migration patterns were immigrants coming to Latin America, but by 2000, it changed to be movement of people within the hemisphereLatin Americans moving b/c people seeking jobs and flight of political refugeesIn 1920s, Mexicans began coming to U.S. for jobs even though conditions for migrant workers in the U.S. was horribleBy 1970s, more than 750,000 illegal immigrants from Mexico came to U.S. each yearPolitics also a major impulse for migrationEx: Cuban Revolution of 1959 led to many fleeingAnother migration in Latin America has been from rural areas to urban1800s, most lived in rural areas, but by 1980s, ? population lived in cities , and more than 25 cities had over 1 million people (Mexico City had over 16 million people by 1988)Latin America most urbanized area of developing world (almost as urban as western Europe)Urban populations growing at 3 times rate of population as a wholeUrban economies not able to produce enough jobs, and many shanty townsCultural Reflections of Despair and HopeLatin America remains a mix of culturesReligion = Protestants have made inroads, but vast majority CatholicPopular culture in Latin America remains vibrantVarious forms of Latin American music – Argentine tango, Brazilian samba, and Caribbean salsaTremendous artistic achievementSocial and political criticism a feature of literature, as well as new forms like film ................
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