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Analysis of Impact Draft

Following the Guidelines of the American Psychological Association

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Introduction

This essay will be an analysis of a chosen technology’s influence on society considering social impacts, cultural impacts, political impacts, economic impacts and environmental impact. The chosen technology is robotic surgery.

Social Impact

According to Barbash & Glied (2010), the social impacts of robotic surgery are tremendous. Human beings have been able to sustain themselves and improve their living standards due to this revolutionary technology. Surgeons and highly skilled technicians have needed to be trained on a technology that they did not know before and reach areas of the human body that were otherwise unforeseen territory prior to robotic surgery.

The social impacts have resulted in a stabilization of the human population as a result of people who would otherwise have died if it were not for the robotic surgery and now live longer lives due to this surgery technique. The impact on their families is also tremendous as family members now have the opportunity to see their loved ones live longer. As well, the impact that these people living longer have on society is also a great benefit to society in general.

Cultural Impact

The cultural impact surrounding robotic surgery is tremendous as well. According to Luca, Valvo, Ghezzi, Zuccaro, Cenciarelli, Trovato & Biffi (2013) when it comes to rectal cancer robotic surgery is important in restoring the sexual and urinary functions of the patients during this surgery. As well, in terms of reducing the stress level of surgery in general Arora, Sevdalis, Nestel, Woloshynowych, Darzi & Kneebone (2010) note that robotic surgery is extremely successful in reducing the stress level of patients in their interactions with the surgeon and highly skilled technicians involved.

When it comes to the effect that robotic surgery has on older patients in the healthcare patient field, there are some older patients who meet robotic surgery with some skepticism according to Broadbent, Stafford & MacDonald (2009). Much of this skepticism is dealt with by the healthcare field by educating the older patients as to the benefits of using robotic surgery for their surgeries.

Political Impact

The political impact of robotic surgery usually comes through in some of the litigation cases in a legal manner that can result from some of the ineffectiveness of some surgeries. According to Darzi & Munz (2004) there is also a chimney effect (which is commonly known as) which is associated with robotic surgery that is of great political debate. Many opponents of this chimney effect do not feel that it is safe for the patient and argue that robotic surgery should not be used.

According to Alemzadeh, Raman, Leveson, Kalbarczyk & Iyer (2016) did research that found these conclusions associated with robotic surgery:

Despite widespread adoption of robotic systems for minimally invasive surgery in the U.S., a non-negligible number of technical difficulties and complications are still being experienced during procedures. Adoption of advanced techniques in design and operation of robotic surgical systems and enhanced mechanisms for adverse event reporting may reduce these preventable incidents in the future (Alemzadeh, Raman, Leveson, Kalbarczyk & Iyer, 2016).

Economic Impact

According to Ho, Tsakonas, Tran, Cimon, Severn, Mierzwinski-Urban & Pautler (2011) the economic impact of robotic surgery as exemplified in the sample country of Canada that there was a tremendous costly impact of robotic surgery in that country which subsidizes it healthcare. Robotic surgery is a costly endeavor and the costs of robotic surgery usually mean that in the United States only wealthy people can afford to opt for surgical interventions.

Environmental Impact

There are not particularly any environmental damages that are created by robotic surgery. The environmental impact that is associated with robotic surgery is more of a technological one where according to Katsavelis, Siu, Brown-Clerk, Lee, Lee, Oleynikov & Stergiou (2009) there are many virtual online environments which will teach and educate surgeons, nurses and highly trained technicians regarding the use of robotic surgical equipment for the use of surgery.

Conclusion

This essay has discussed the social, cultural, political, economic and environmental impacts of robotic surgery.

References

Alemzadeh, H., Raman, J., Leveson, N., Kalbarczyk, Z., & Iyer, R. K. (2016). Adverse events in robotic surgery: a retrospective study of 14 years of FDA data. PloS one, 11(4), e0151470. Retrieved from:

Arora, S., Sevdalis, N., Nestel, D., Woloshynowych, M., Darzi, A., & Kneebone, R. (2010). The impact of stress on surgical performance: a systematic review of the literature. Surgery, 147(3), 318-330.

Barbash, G. I., & Glied, S. A. (2010). New technology and health care costs—the case of robot-

assisted surgery. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(8), 701-704.

Broadbent, E., Stafford, R., & MacDonald, B. (2009). Acceptance of healthcare robots for the older population: review and future directions. International Journal of Social Robotics, 1(4), 319-330.

Darzi, A., & Munz, Y. (2004). The impact of minimally invasive surgical techniques. Annu. Rev. Med., 55, 223-237.

Ho, C., Tsakonas, E., Tran, K., Cimon, K., Severn, M., Mierzwinski-Urban, M. & Pautler, S. (2011). Robot-assisted surgery compared with open surgery and laparoscopic surgery: clinical effectiveness and economic analyses.

Katsavelis, D., Siu, K. C., Brown-Clerk, B., Lee, I. H., Lee, Y. K., Oleynikov, D., & Stergiou, N. (2009). Validated robotic laparoscopic surgical training in a virtual-reality environment. Surgical endoscopy, 23(1), 66-73.

Luca, F., Valvo, M., Ghezzi, T. L., Zuccaro, M., Cenciarelli, S., Trovato, C. & Biffi, R.

|(2013). Impact of robotic surgery on sexual and urinary functions after fully robotic nerve-sparing total mesorectal excision for rectal |

|cancer. Annals of surgery, 257(4), 672-678. |

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