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GCSE PsychologyPaper 2: Criminal PsychologyRevision BookletName:__________________________Criminal Psychology Topic PLC – What do I need to Learn?TopicContent Covered Before The Exam I Intend to Address this By…Explain operant conditioning including:Positive reinforcementNegative reinforcementPositive punishmentNegative punishmentPrimary reinforcersSecondary reinforcersUse operant conditioning to explain criminal behaviourEvaluate the operant conditioning theory of criminal behaviourExplain social learning theoryUse social learning theory to explain criminal behaviourEvaluate the social learning theory of criminal behaviourExplain Eysenck’s Biological explanation of crime (including extraversion, introversion, neuroticism, psychoticism)Evaluate Eysenck’s biological explanation of crimeDescribe and evaluate the effect of prison on recidivismDescribe and evaluate the effects of community sentencing on recidivismDescribe and evaluate the effects of restorative justice on recidivismExplain how token economy programmes can be used to help offendersEvaluate the use of token economy programmesExplain how anger management programmes can be used to help offendersEvaluate anger management programmesDescribe and evaluate Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961) studyDescribe and evaluate Charlton et al (2000) studyPsychological Problems Topic GlossaryOperant Conditioning: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Positive reinforcement: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Negative reinforcement: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Positive punishment: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Negative punishment: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Primary reinforcer: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Secondary reinforcer: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Social Learning Theory: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Role model: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Modelling: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identification: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Observational learning: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Vicarious reinforcement: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Extraversion: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Introversion: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Neuroticism: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Psychoticism: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Recidivism: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Prison: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Community sentencing: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Restorative justice: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Token Economy: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Anger management: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Anti-social behaviour: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pro-social behaviour: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Operant Conditioning Explanation of Crime (pages 168-170)Skinner (1948) developed the theory of operant conditioning. Behaviours are repeated if they are reinforced and are not repeated if they are punished.Explain how operant conditioning can explain criminal behaviour (use the following key terms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment)Identify which type of reinforcement/punishment each of these are:Ron tidies his room and because of this his parents give him ?10.Jordan fails to hand his homework in on time so he gets given an extra piece of homework the next week.A rat is put into a box which has an electrocuted floor, when it pushes a button on the wall, the floor stops electrocuting the rat.Jo steals sweets from the shop and does not get caught.Bella hits one of her friends and as a result she is put in prison. Tom helps one of his elderly neighbours with her shopping and the neighbour thanks Tom and tells him what a charming and kind young gentleman he is. There are two types of positive reinforcers that can be used to strengthen behaviour:Primary reinforcer:Secondary reinforcer:EvaluationStrengths ?Weaknesses ? Social Learning Explanation of Crime (pages 170-171)Explain how social learning theory can explain criminal behaviour (include the following key terms in your paragraph: role model, modelling, identification, observational learning, vicarious reinforcement)EvaluationStrengths ?Weaknesses ? Biological Explanation of Crime: Personality (pages 173-174)Many people believe that our personality has a biological basis. Some personalities are associated with being a criminal and others are not. Eysenck studied different personality traits and suggested that certain characteristics could be more prone to criminal behaviour.We can measure a person’s personality traits byPersonality TraitLink to criminal behaviour?EvaluationStrengths ?Weaknesses ? Punishment 1: Prison (pages 175-176)Recidivism isExplain how prison is used as a form of punishment to reduce recidivism:EvaluationStrengths ?Weaknesses ? Punishment 2: Community Sentencing (pages 176-177)Explain how community sentencing can be used as a form of punishment to prevent recidivism: Strengths ?Weaknesses ? Punishment 3: Restorative Justice (pages 177-178)Explain how restorative justice can be used as a form of punishment to prevent recidivism:EvaluationStrengths ?Weaknesses ? Token Economy (page 179)Explain how a token economy programme works in a prison:EvaluationStrengths ?Weaknesses ? Anger Management (page 180)Anger management is a treatment that can be used to rehabilitate prisoners who have committed a violent crime due to anger. The treatment involves working with a therapist in small groups. Offenders are encouraged to identify triggers to their anger and find ways of coping better with the situation. It involves a 3 stage process:Cognitive Preparation:Skill acquisition:Application practice:EvaluationStrengths ?Weaknesses ? Bandura Ross and Ross (1961) Study (pages 181-183)AIMPROCEDURERESULTSCONCLUSIONStrengthsWeaknessesCharlton’s (2000) Study (pages 184-185)AIMPROCEDURERESULTSCONCLUSIONStrengthsWeaknessesPractice Exam QuestionsTony is given a sticker each time he tidies his room. When he does not tidy his room he is not allowed to play on his computer game. What type of reinforcement does Tony receive? What type of punishment does Ian receive? (2 marks)Explain how operant conditioning could cause a person to commit a crime (4 marks)State the aim of Bandura’s study (1 mark)Explain one key finding of Bandura’s study linked to gender (2 marks)Explain one weakness of Bandura’s study (2 marks)Wakanda is a remote island that has recently decided to introduce TV to the island. Use your knowledge of Charlton’s study to explain what is likely to happen to the behaviour of the people on the island after TV is introduced. (2 marks)Natasha is 12 years old. She is shopping with her 17-year-old sister Maria when she observes Maria taking make-up from the shop without paying. That night, Maria’s friends are complimenting her on how nice her new make-up is. When Natasha is at the shops the following week, she takes make-up without paying. Explain why Natasha takes the make-up. You must refer to social learning theory in your answer (4 marks)Mary has been arrested for smashing a window and breaking into a shop to steal some clothes. She tells the police that she is not really all that bothered by her arrest and that the shop charges too much for clothes so they deserve it. Mary says she does not really care that there are laws that make theft a crime, then laughs as the police officer charges her with several criminal offences. Describe one personality type that Mary’s behaviour might indicate (2 marks)Steve is 19 years old and has been caught by police for drawing graffiti on the wall of the local community centre. The centre is used by a parent and toddler group during the day and for community bingo for over 60’s one evening a week. Steve’s family have a history of criminal and anti-social behaviours and they have said that graffiti is not that bad and should not even be a crime. The court decides that using restorative justice may help Steve to understand how his behaviour affects other people. Explain how restorative justice would work in the case of Steve (4 marks)Explain one strength and one weakness of using restorative justice to punish Steve (4 marks)Peter is 22 years old and has received several criminal convictions. He appears in court for assaulting an employee of a local company who Peter claimed deserved to be hit because they had refused to interview him for a job. Peter is sentenced to 6 months’ imprisonment. Explain one treatment that might be used with Peter in prison to help rehabilitate him (4 marks)Explain one strength of the treatment you have explained for Peter (2 marks) ................
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