Sociology

[Pages:232]sociology

TWELFTH EDITION

Instructors Resource Manual

Jon M. Shepard

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Wessex Press, Inc.

This Instructor's Resource Manual has been prepared for use with Jon M. Shepard's Sociology, Twelfth Edition. Each chapter of the Instructor's Resource Manual includes the following elements: ? Brief Chapter Outline. The brief chapter outline enables instructors to provide students with a clear overview of

the material that will be covered in the chapter, prior to reading it. ? Learning Objectives. Instructors can provide students, at the beginning of each chapter, with the key goals they

hope to achieve upon completion of each chapter. ? Detailed Chapter Outline. Summaries of each concept in the brief chapter outline are offered here in order to

help guide instructors in their lectures. ? Class Activities. Instructors can utilize these activities in their classroom, either for group or individual work, to

help students with the core concepts of the chapter. ? Teaching Suggestions. These are suggestions instructors can employ in the classroom to introduce core concepts

and link examples from the outside world to the text. ? Video Suggestions. From the Film and Video Suggestions list (online Appendix B--available on the book's website,

), videos relevant to each chapter are listed here for easy reference. ? Internet Exercises. This section offers instructors o nline activities with website references that can be a ssigned to

students to illustrate sociological concepts from the chapters. ? Internet Resources. This section offers instructors useful online resources that can be used to stimulate student

interest in the chapter's key topics. ? Key Terms. An alphabetized list of all the bold-faced terms in the chapter, with page number references in

parentheses. ? Further Readings. A list of additional readings that may be used to supplement discussions and lectures.

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Contents

PART ONE Sociological Perspectives

Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective

2

Chapter 2 Social Research

13

PART TWO The Foundations of Social Structure

Chapter 3 Culture

22

Chapter 4 Socialization

30

Chapter 5 Social Structure and Society

43

Chapter 6 Groups and Organizations

53

Chapter 7 Deviance and Social Control

65

PART THREE Social Inequality

Chapter 8 Social Stratification

82

Chapter 9 Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity

95

Chapter 10 Inequalities of Gender

110

PART FOUR Social Institutions

Chapter 11 Family

124

Chapter 12 Education

138

Chapter 13 Political and Economic Institutions

152

Chapter 14 Religion

167

Chapter 15 Health Care and Aging

180

Chapter 16 Sport

191

PART FIVE Social Change

Chapter 17 Population and Urbanization

202

Chapter 18 Social Change and Collective Behavior

215

The following Appendices are available online on the book's website: .

Appendix A ASA Activities Appendix B Film and Video Suggestions

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PART ONE

Sociological Perspectives

Chapter 1

The Sociological Perspective

Chapter 2

Social Research

Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective

BRIEF CHAPTER OUTLINE

I. The Sociological Perspective A. Beyond Psychological: The Social Animal B. The Importance of Perspective C. Defining Sociology D. Patterns of Behavior E. Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology 1. Microsociology 2. Macrosociology

II. Uses of the Sociological Perspective A. The Sociological Imagination B. Applied Sociology C. Sociology and Occupational Skills

III. The Social Sciences A. Sociology and the Social Sciences

IV. Founders of Sociology A. European Origins B. Sociology in America

V. Major Theoretical Perspectives A. Theory and Perspective B. Macrosociology: Functionalism C. Macrosociology: Conflict Theory D. Microsociology: Symbolic Interactionism

VI. Two Emerging Social Theories A. Feminist Social Theory B. Postmodern Social Theory

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After careful study of this chapter, students should be able to do the following: 1. Illustrate the unique sociological perspective from both the micro and macro levels of analysis. 2. Describe three uses of the sociological perspective. 3. Distinguish sociology from other social sciences. 4. Outline the contributions of the major pioneers of sociology. 5. Summarize the development of sociology in the United States. 6. Identify the three major theoretical perspectives in sociology today. 7. Differentiate between two emerging theoretical perspectives.

DETAILED CHAPTER OUTLINE

I. The Sociological Perspective

A. Beyond Psychological: The Social Animal--Sociologists look beyond the individual. They look for the social, as opposed to individual, factors that influence human behavior.

B. The Importance of Perspective--Perspective, or one's point of view, shapes how those interpret what is happening around them. In the example given, cultural values shape the way that we view the world around us. Sociology has its own unique perspective.

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CHAPTER 1: THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 3

C. Defining Sociology--Sociology is the scientific study of social structure. Human behavior is patterned; individuals share patterns of behavior with others in their group or society. Sociologists study human behavior at different levels of analysis: within groups, and between groups.

D. Patterns of Behavior--Sociologists study patterns of behavior that occur in social interaction. Within the sociological perspective behavior is predictable and varies among members of different categories of people. Despite individual differences, people in similar circumstances tend to behave in predictable ways, in recurrent patterned interaction. Just as metal alloys have properties that are different from those of their component parts, people's behavior in groups differs from individual behavior. In fact, group behavior cannot necessarily be predicted from the individual group members. Group members tend to act like each other despite differing personal preferences. There is a great deal of conformity within any society. Sociologists are able to understand, explain, and predict human behavior in part because of the tendency of people to conform. The interplay between the individual and the social structure works in both directions: people are influenced by the social structure, and they also have an impact on the social structure. Social structure does not determine social behavior.

E. Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology--Sociologists work with different levels of analysis. At the micro level, they study people as they interact within groups in everyday life. Macrosociology is not dependent on the interaction of specific people. At the macro level, sociologists study entire societies and the relationships between groups within s ocieties. The two levels, micro and macro, are complementary; together they yield more information than either one alone.

II. Uses of the Sociological Perspective

A. The Sociological Imagination--C. Wright Mills termed the personal use of sociology the sociological imagination. The sociological imagination enables the individual to understand the events of personal life in the context of the society. Individuals are affected by the time and place in which they live. The sociological imagination enables people to understand the impact of social forces on their lives. People hold on to widely shared misconceptions about social life, despite the existence of evidence to the contrary. Sociology leads us to question taken-for-granted assumptions, replacing misconceptions with more accurate information and explanations. Like other liberal arts disciplines, sociology may be intellectually liberating because it provides a means to better understand the world outside of the individual. Sociology permits the rational understanding of differing perspectives and an understanding of how social forces shape those perspectives. This deeper understanding may serve to free one from social pressures and misconceptions.

B. Applied Sociology--Despite its origins in America as a discipline aimed at solving social problems, sociology has become more socially uninvolved over time. Still, sociologists disagree about the possibility and even desirability of being value neutral. H umanist and liberation sociology are two strains that place a greater emphasis on improving human welfare. Sociological research has influenced social policy, including the outlawing of separate but equal schools for African Americans and whites. Sociology includes policy-related research, such as investigations of the affect of social environment on IQ, and the impact of desegregation. Some sociologists work for social change. Clinical sociologists affect change in organizations, or even entire societies. They may work in settings with more personal and direct intervention.

C. Sociology and Occupational Skills--Sociology contributes to the development of the four basic skills that interest most employers: the ability to work with others, writing and speaking skills, problem solving, and the ability to analyze information. More specific skills are developed in the subdisciplines of sociology, such as urban planning and social work in urban sociology, human resource management in gender and race relations, and criminal justice and juvenile delinquency in criminology.

III. The Social Sciences

A. Sociology and the Social Sciences--Sociology may be better understood through comparison with other social sciences. While the social science disciplines may be distinguished from each other, there is still overlap at many points. Anthropology is the most related to sociology, but it has focused more on nonliterate societies, and the study of culture. Historically, they have studied entire societies. Sociologists have emphasized the study of different groups and events within modern, complex, industrial societies. Psychology is more concerned with the individual than either anthropology or sociology. Psychology emphasizes the mental-emotional processes of the individual. Social psychology is a field that shares interests with sociology. Economics studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economists use sophisticated mathematical models that

4 SOCIOLOGY 12E ? INSTRUCTORS RESOURCE MANUAL

have great predictive power. When economic behavior is influenced by social life, sociologists and economists share an interest. A field called economic sociology integrates the two disciplines.

Government, including organization, administration, history, and theory, is the subject matter of political science. Political sociologists share with political scientists an interest in behavior within and between political institutions, and between institutions and societies. History studies past events in human societies. Humanistic historians emphasize descriptive methods, believing that human behavior is complex and located in a specific place and time. Some historians share with sociologists a belief in the tendency of human behavior to be patterned and conforming. They see the role of the historian to document these patterns.

Each of the social sciences sheds light on different aspects of the family. Sociologists investigate the impact of social forces on the family (e.g., divorce), while anthropologists are interested in how family types vary crossculturally. Psychologists emphasize the impact of the family on individual emotional and cognitive processes; economists analyze the family as a primary economic unit within society. Political scientists look for links between political behavior and the family. Historians discover previously overlooked information about families in historical contexts (e.g., the families of enslaved Africans).

IV. Founders of Sociology

A. European Origins--Sociology emerged in the late nineteenth century in Europe. The roots of sociology may be seen in the work of the eighteenth-century philosopher, Adam Smith. Smith's famous book, The Wealth of Na tions, is considered fundamental to capitalism and, thus, Smith is most associated with economics, rather than sociology. Still, Smith was one of the first to attribute human behavior to social influences. In addition, he laid the foundation for symbolic interactionism, a major branch of sociological theory, when he theorized that the ability to learn society's rules is related to the human need for social approval. Sociology was not named nor formally introduced as a discipline until forty years after Smith's death. The Industrial and French Revolutions served to diminish the importance of social position as the basis for social order. The social upheavals created by these revolutions caused social thinkers to examine how order is restored; a conservative reaction to a loss of social order is at the foundation of the discipline of sociology. Auguste Comte, considered one of the earliest founders of the field of sociology, was known for his rebellious nature. He and his mentor, Henri Saint-Simon, ended their collaboration over an argument about whose name would appear on a publication. Comte argued that sociology should be based on positivism, the use of scientific observation and experimentation, in its study of human behavior. In addition, he recognized that society is made up of opposing forces: social statics--the basis of stability and order; and social dynamics--the basis of social change. Harriet Martineau turned to writing to support herself after the family textile mill was lost in a business depression. Writing both fiction and nonfiction, Martineau became a popular writer. Martineau translated Comte's work. In addition, she wrote the first book of methodology, How to Observe Manners and Morals, in which she argued for the application of a theoretical framework to guide observation, and the use of a predetermined set of questions for gathering data. She applied these methods in a comparative study of European and American society, Society in America. In addition, she also published in the areas of political economy and feminist theory. She was a strong advocate for women and for the emancipation of slaves. Due to chronic ill health, Spencer was educated at home by his father and uncle, and because of this he believed he lacked the necessary preparation to qualify for Cambridge. Spencer used the analogy of the human body to understand society. Like the organs of the body, social institutions must all contribute to the functioning of society. Spencer was a proponent of Social Darwinism, the belief evolutionary progress would be made as long as humans did not interfere with the process. Natural selection would ensure that only the strongest members of society would survive, thereby improving society. While his ideas about social reform were challenged, Spencer did contribute to sociology an understanding of the structured nature of society. Marx was disturbed by the working conditions in the capitalist system, and he was dedicated to social change. His basic commitments were to democracy and humanism, which he expressed as a concern about poverty and inequality suffered by the working class. Marx's work has been misinterpreted and equated with communism in the minds of many. In contrast to Spencer, Marx saw society as composed of groups with different values and competing interests. Marx was an evolutionary thinker; he envisioned a linear progression in the mode of production in society--from primitive communism to slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and communism. Marx believed that capitalism would inevitably self-destruct, but that the process could be hastened by planned revolution. Ultimately, he believed that society would be comprised of two primary classes: the bourgeoisie or those who owned the means of producing wealth, and the proletariat or those who labored for subsistence wages.

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