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Paper 3: Question bank Crime and deviance 4 mark 412750018472156 mark 10 mark *using the item, analyse… 30 mark *item, evaluate…Theory and methods 10 mark *outline and explain…20 mark *item, evaluate the usefulness…NAME: ___________________________________473392547625000TOPIC 1 – functionalist, strain and subcultural theory 4 mark Outline two reasons why functionalists see crime as inevitable. Outline two criticisms of Merton’s Strain theory.Outline two types of deviant subculture.6 marks Outline three positive functions of crime. 6 marks Outline three reactions/response to the American dream. 6 marks. 10 MARK – USING THE ITEM 0-635Item AMany people see deviance as being dysfunctional and negative for society because it represents the potential for social breakdown. However, some sociologists suggest deviance might actually be functional for society and act as a warning. For example, imprisonment, fines and so on are not there simply to punish offenders; they convey other messages as well. Society’s values are also not fixed and new ideas sometimes emerge to challenge existing values.00Item AMany people see deviance as being dysfunctional and negative for society because it represents the potential for social breakdown. However, some sociologists suggest deviance might actually be functional for society and act as a warning. For example, imprisonment, fines and so on are not there simply to punish offenders; they convey other messages as well. Society’s values are also not fixed and new ideas sometimes emerge to challenge existing values.Applying material from item A, analyse two functions of crime. (10 marks)30 marks – read the item and answer the question that follows. Apply material from item a and your knowledge, evaluate the usefulness of functionalist approaches in explaining crime and deviance. 30 marks. TOPIC 2 – Interactionism and labelling theory 4 marks Outline the difference between primary labelling and secondary labelling. Outline two effects on a person being admitted to a total institution, e.g. mental hospital. Outline two criticisms of labelling theory. Outline two examples of a typification that police use. Outline two ways in which a person might resist a labelOutline the difference between disintegrative shaming and reintegrative shaming. Outline two ways in which suicide statistics may not be valid. 6 mark (Remember to state ‘this means’ or ‘for example’)Outline three effects of being labelled. 6 marks. 10 MARK – USING THE ITEM – tip: remember to start with a quote from the item. -2571757621ITEM ALabelling theorists argue that an act is not inherently criminal; it only becomes so when labelled as such. They are interested in the ways that labelling affects the actions of those with the power to label acts as criminal, such as the police and courts. Being labelled can also have an important effects in individuals to whom the label is attached, and labelling a group as criminal can lead to higher rates of crime being recorded. 00ITEM ALabelling theorists argue that an act is not inherently criminal; it only becomes so when labelled as such. They are interested in the ways that labelling affects the actions of those with the power to label acts as criminal, such as the police and courts. Being labelled can also have an important effects in individuals to whom the label is attached, and labelling a group as criminal can lead to higher rates of crime being recorded. Applying material from item A, analyse two effects of the labelling process on individuals and groups. (10 marks)30 MARK Read item A below and answer the question that follows. right11430ITEM BRather than looking at the initial causes of the deviant act, as functionalist do, labelling theorists ask how and why some groups and acts come to be labelled as criminal or deviant while others do not. Coming from an Interactionists perspective, they argue what we mean by crime or deviance is the outcome of the same processes of social interaction – between police officer and suspect, for example – as any other social behaviour. Therefore to understand crime and deviance, we must grasp the meanings involved in the interaction. 00ITEM BRather than looking at the initial causes of the deviant act, as functionalist do, labelling theorists ask how and why some groups and acts come to be labelled as criminal or deviant while others do not. Coming from an Interactionists perspective, they argue what we mean by crime or deviance is the outcome of the same processes of social interaction – between police officer and suspect, for example – as any other social behaviour. Therefore to understand crime and deviance, we must grasp the meanings involved in the interaction. Applying materials from item B, and your knowledge, evaluate the contribution of labelling theory to our understanding of crime and deviance. (30 marks)TOPIC 3 – Class power and crime 4 marks Outline the difference between occupational and corporate crime. Outline two examples of corporate crime. 6 marks Outline three reasons why white collar and corporate crime may have low rates of prosecution (6 marks) Outline three ways that corporate crime is invisible (6 marks)Outline three criticisms of Marxist approaches to crime and deviance (6 marks)right278130ITEM A Marxism see capitalist society as divided along social class lines. The ruling class owns the means of production and use their power to exploit the working class in pursuit of profits, often resulting in workers living in poverty. This relationship then determines the shape of the superstructure – that is, all the other institutions that make up society, including the state, the law and criminal justice system. Capitalism is also intensely competitive, with companies and individuals, motivated to seek profits. 00ITEM A Marxism see capitalist society as divided along social class lines. The ruling class owns the means of production and use their power to exploit the working class in pursuit of profits, often resulting in workers living in poverty. This relationship then determines the shape of the superstructure – that is, all the other institutions that make up society, including the state, the law and criminal justice system. Capitalism is also intensely competitive, with companies and individuals, motivated to seek profits. 10 MARK – USING THE ITEM Applying material from item A, analyse two ways in which Marxist see class and crime related. (10 marks)30 mark 127020955ITEM B Some sociologists focus on the ‘crimes of the powerful’. Crime committed in the interests of businesses and other large institutions can be far more harmful and costly than street crimes that we tend to think of as ‘real crime’. Corporate crime can involve breaking criminal laws but also may include breaking other types of laws. Some sociologists argue that corporate crime results from pressures to succeed, leading to employees pursuing business aims by illegitimate means. However, others claim that it is the product of capitalism. 00ITEM B Some sociologists focus on the ‘crimes of the powerful’. Crime committed in the interests of businesses and other large institutions can be far more harmful and costly than street crimes that we tend to think of as ‘real crime’. Corporate crime can involve breaking criminal laws but also may include breaking other types of laws. Some sociologists argue that corporate crime results from pressures to succeed, leading to employees pursuing business aims by illegitimate means. However, others claim that it is the product of capitalism. Applying materials from item B, and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of corporate crime (30 marks)Applying material from Item A and your knowledge, evaluate the different views of the relationship between crime and social class. (30 marks) Check using the mark scheme – Jan IC 4 – Realist theory AND crime prevention strategy 4 mark questions Outline two realist solutions to the problems of crimeOutline two causes of crime according to right realist.Outline two features of critical victimologyOutline two criticisms of situational crime prevention strategies. Outline two examples of environmental crime prevention. Outline two types of surveillance. Outline two ways punishment benefits capitalist society. Outline two criticisms of surveillance according to conflict sociologists. 6 mark question Outline three causes of crime according to left realist. Outline three social groups that are likely to be a victim of crime. Outline three examples of punishment as a form of crime prevention. -257175290195ITEM AAll societies have systems of punishment for dealing with deviance, and sociologist have explained their role in a variety of different ways. Some sociologists emphasise the importance of society having shared values. Others argue that punishment may take the form it does because it reflects the nature of an unequal society. Some writers have pointed to the way in which punishment varies according to the type of society in which it is found. 00ITEM AAll societies have systems of punishment for dealing with deviance, and sociologist have explained their role in a variety of different ways. Some sociologists emphasise the importance of society having shared values. Others argue that punishment may take the form it does because it reflects the nature of an unequal society. Some writers have pointed to the way in which punishment varies according to the type of society in which it is found. 10 MARK – USING THE ITEM Applying material from item A, analyse two functions of punishment. (10 marks)5095875247650ITEM B There are several strategies for preventing or reducing crime and these reflect different views of the nature and causes of crimes. Crime depends on there being the opportunity to commit it. Some crimes result from the degeneration of a particular locality, which suggests that crimes are tolerated there by the community or the police. Of course, it may be that poor living conditions are themselves the cause of crime. 00ITEM B There are several strategies for preventing or reducing crime and these reflect different views of the nature and causes of crimes. Crime depends on there being the opportunity to commit it. Some crimes result from the degeneration of a particular locality, which suggests that crimes are tolerated there by the community or the police. Of course, it may be that poor living conditions are themselves the cause of crime. Applying material from item B, analyse the effectiveness of two crime prevention strategies. (10 marks)5114925320040ITEM B As crime is seen by most people as detrimental to society, politicians have been keen to find ways to prevent or reduce the different types of crime. Sociologists have examined the different ways in which it is argued, crime can be reduced and behaviour regulated. If criminals are acting in a rational manner, then this provides one way to reduce crime. However, some would argue that a lot depends on how a neighbourhood is perceived by those who live in it and by outsiders. Others would claim, as Tony Blair did, that as well as being tough on crime, governments should be ‘tough on the causes of crime’. 00ITEM B As crime is seen by most people as detrimental to society, politicians have been keen to find ways to prevent or reduce the different types of crime. Sociologists have examined the different ways in which it is argued, crime can be reduced and behaviour regulated. If criminals are acting in a rational manner, then this provides one way to reduce crime. However, some would argue that a lot depends on how a neighbourhood is perceived by those who live in it and by outsiders. Others would claim, as Tony Blair did, that as well as being tough on crime, governments should be ‘tough on the causes of crime’. Applying material from item B, analyse the effectiveness of two crime prevention strategies. (10 marks)30 mark question: 176530102235ITEM BLeft realist see crime as a real problem, especially for the disadvantaged groups who are its victims. They see the causes of crime as located in the structure of late modern society, with its high level of exclusion and insecurity. Their views on how to tackle the problem of crime have had some influence on official policy, particularly new Labour governments. 00ITEM BLeft realist see crime as a real problem, especially for the disadvantaged groups who are its victims. They see the causes of crime as located in the structure of late modern society, with its high level of exclusion and insecurity. Their views on how to tackle the problem of crime have had some influence on official policy, particularly new Labour governments. Applying material from item B, and your knowledge, evaluate the contribution of left realism to our understanding of crime and deviance. 30 marks. Applying material from item B, and your knowledge, evaluate the sociological explanations of why some groups are more likely than others to be a victim of crime. 30 marks TOPIC 5 Gender and crime 4 marks Outline two differences between recorded patterns of male and female offendingOutline two ways in which the criminal justice system is biased against women. Outline two ways in which the chivalry thesis will impact gender patterns of offending. Outline two ways that masculinity and crime may be linked. Outline two crimes that women are more likely to be a victim of. 6 marks Outline three reasons why women commit less crime than menOutline three explanations why men commit more crime.Outline three features of Heidensohn patriarchal control. 10 MARK – USING THE ITEM 0889010 mark Most criminals are men. The most consistent finding of research into crime in different societies and over many decades is that there is a clear link between crime and masculinity. However, the kind of crimes committed varies between different men. So too does what counts as being a ‘real man’ and the resources to achieve it. Changes over time and the economy and the employment structure – such as deindustrialisation, for example – may affect men’s opportunity to express their masculinity. Applying material from item A, analyse two reasons why men commit more crime. 0010 mark Most criminals are men. The most consistent finding of research into crime in different societies and over many decades is that there is a clear link between crime and masculinity. However, the kind of crimes committed varies between different men. So too does what counts as being a ‘real man’ and the resources to achieve it. Changes over time and the economy and the employment structure – such as deindustrialisation, for example – may affect men’s opportunity to express their masculinity. Applying material from item A, analyse two reasons why men commit more crime. 30 MARK Read item A below and answer the question that follows.Applying material from item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of gender and crime. 30 marksTOPIC 6 – Ethnicity 4 marks Outline two reasons why members of some ethnic groups are more likely than others to receive custodial sentences.Outline two ways the criminal justice system discriminates against ethnic minorities.Outline two ways that ethnic minorities are a victim of crime. 6 mark question Outline three sociological explanations to explain ethnic criminality.Outline three explanations for the differences in stop and search.10 MARK – USING THE ITEM left132715Item AThe risk of being a victim of crime appears to vary by ethnic group, both in terms of ‘ordinary’ crimes and racially motivated crimes. This is shown in victim surveys. Surveys are based on the assumption that people are aware of what is happening to them. All suspected crimes have to go through a process of being reported and investigated before they are officially categorised as a crime.Applying material from item A, analyse two explanations of the apparent differences in the rates of victimisation of ethnic groups. (10 marks)00Item AThe risk of being a victim of crime appears to vary by ethnic group, both in terms of ‘ordinary’ crimes and racially motivated crimes. This is shown in victim surveys. Surveys are based on the assumption that people are aware of what is happening to them. All suspected crimes have to go through a process of being reported and investigated before they are officially categorised as a crime.Applying material from item A, analyse two explanations of the apparent differences in the rates of victimisation of ethnic groups. (10 marks)30 MARK Read item below and answer the question that follows. right161925Item BOfficial statistics show that there is a clear relationship between ethnicity and offending. These show black people and a lesser extent Asians being over-represented in the criminal justice system. In the view of some sociologists, this is because each stage in the criminal justice system, from policing to sentencing, institutional racism distorts the picture of ethnic patterns of offending. However, left realists argue that there are real differences in offending rates and that these differences can be explained in terms of relative deprivation and marginalisation. Applying material from item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of the relationship between ethnicity and offending. (30 mark) 00Item BOfficial statistics show that there is a clear relationship between ethnicity and offending. These show black people and a lesser extent Asians being over-represented in the criminal justice system. In the view of some sociologists, this is because each stage in the criminal justice system, from policing to sentencing, institutional racism distorts the picture of ethnic patterns of offending. However, left realists argue that there are real differences in offending rates and that these differences can be explained in terms of relative deprivation and marginalisation. Applying material from item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of the relationship between ethnicity and offending. (30 mark) TOPIC 7 – Crime and the media 4 marks Identify two criticism of a moral panic. Identify two ways in which the media amplified the deviance of the mods and rockers.6 mark question Suggest three examples of cyber-crime.Identify three news values that the media use to select crime stories.Identify three ways in which the media’s fictional portrayal of crime and policing differs from that of official statistics. Suggest three ways in which the media may encourage or cause crime or deviance.10 MARK – USING THE ITEM left143510Item ASome sociologists claim that the media do not just report criminal and deviant behaviour, but may actually be the cause of crime and deviance. Some media portrayals of crime may appear to be very realistic. The media also present a number of different lifestyles in a wide range of types of programmes, such as reality TV, advertising, documentary and fiction, which some audiences may see as attractive. The same of similar crime storylines and images may be constantly repeated. Applying material from item A, analyse two ways in which the media may cause crime (10 marks). 00Item ASome sociologists claim that the media do not just report criminal and deviant behaviour, but may actually be the cause of crime and deviance. Some media portrayals of crime may appear to be very realistic. The media also present a number of different lifestyles in a wide range of types of programmes, such as reality TV, advertising, documentary and fiction, which some audiences may see as attractive. The same of similar crime storylines and images may be constantly repeated. Applying material from item A, analyse two ways in which the media may cause crime (10 marks). 30 MARK Read item below and answer the question that follows. right257810Item BA media-generated moral panic occurs when the media present an exaggerated over-reaction to an issue which as a result makes the issue seem a much greater problem than it actually is. Usually a group is represented as a ‘folk devil’ – a threat to wider society. This media amplification initiates a spiral of distortion, stereotypical representation and condemnation by powerful groups in society. However, this approach has been criticised for failing to explain why particular moral panic develop in the first place. Applying material from item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of media-generated moral panics. (30 mark) 00Item BA media-generated moral panic occurs when the media present an exaggerated over-reaction to an issue which as a result makes the issue seem a much greater problem than it actually is. Usually a group is represented as a ‘folk devil’ – a threat to wider society. This media amplification initiates a spiral of distortion, stereotypical representation and condemnation by powerful groups in society. However, this approach has been criticised for failing to explain why particular moral panic develop in the first place. Applying material from item B and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of media-generated moral panics. (30 mark) 4657725171450Item AIn common with other ‘crimes of the powerful’, state crime is not easy to define and sociologist have looked beyond conventional definitions of crime. Some sociologists have defined state crime in a international rather than a national context, while others have seen it relation to a higher moral context. Other sociologists have gone beyond the usual definition of crime as law breaking by seeing state crime in terms of the damage that states can cause. 00Item AIn common with other ‘crimes of the powerful’, state crime is not easy to define and sociologist have looked beyond conventional definitions of crime. Some sociologists have defined state crime in a international rather than a national context, while others have seen it relation to a higher moral context. Other sociologists have gone beyond the usual definition of crime as law breaking by seeing state crime in terms of the damage that states can cause. TOPIC 8 – global crime 4 marks Outline two examples of global crimes.Outline two techniques of neutralisation Outline two definitions of state crime. Outline two examples of state crime. Outline two ways that crime is linked to globalisationOutline two types of crime according to Castells 468630071755Item BThe process of globalisation has made the world more interconnected and increased scope for crime. Some forms of globalised crime are based on trafficking one commodity to another, while others involve green crimes against the environment. Green crime has been given a lot of attention because of the extent of damage to the environment caused, often by large transnational corporations. Some sociologists have analysed the relationship between globalisation and crime using traditional criminological approaches. however, others see the relationship as being the inevitable product of capitalism. 00Item BThe process of globalisation has made the world more interconnected and increased scope for crime. Some forms of globalised crime are based on trafficking one commodity to another, while others involve green crimes against the environment. Green crime has been given a lot of attention because of the extent of damage to the environment caused, often by large transnational corporations. Some sociologists have analysed the relationship between globalisation and crime using traditional criminological approaches. however, others see the relationship as being the inevitable product of capitalism. 6 mark question Outline three types of green crime. 10 MARK – USING THE ITEM -4762575565Item ASome commentators argue that harm to the environment is an inevitable part of late modern society. Since no laws are broken, they do not consider it to be a crime. For others, the harm we do to the environment, often in the name of progress, is not just damage but green crime. Environmental damage does not respect national borders. There are many different types of green crime, all of which are related to human activities.00Item ASome commentators argue that harm to the environment is an inevitable part of late modern society. Since no laws are broken, they do not consider it to be a crime. For others, the harm we do to the environment, often in the name of progress, is not just damage but green crime. Environmental damage does not respect national borders. There are many different types of green crime, all of which are related to human activities.Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which green crime and globalisation may be related. [10 marks]Applying material from Item A, analyse two ways in which state crime can be defined. [10 marks]30 MARK Read item below and answer the question that follows.Applying material from Item B, and your knowledge, evaluate sociological explanations of the relationship between globalisation and crime. [30 marks]THEORY AND METHOD 10 MARK QUESTIONS Methods Outline and explain two ethical problems of covert research. Outline and explain two reasons why experiments are often associated with positivist approach in sociology. Outline and explain two practical problems of covert observation. Outline and explain two reasons why questionnaires could be considered as creating objective data. Outline and explain two reasons why positivists prefer to use quantitative research methods. Outline and explain two ethical problems often associated with qualitative research methods. Outline and explain two reasons why it is difficult to ensure that data from an unstructured interview is objective. Outline and explain two problems that positivist would make of using documents in sociological research. Outline and explain two reasons why positivists reject the use of participant observation as a method. Outline and explain two reasons why interpretivists research is likely to have more ethical problems that positivist research. Debates Outline and explain two reasons why some people argue that sociology cannot be a science. Outline and explain two ways that a research design of a study could be made more scientific. Outline and explain two criticisms of the claim that sociologist can keep values out of research. Outline and explain two views on the role of social policy in society. Outline and explain two reasons why those forming social policy would prefer to use quantitative data. Theory Outline and explain two functionalist concepts of analysing society today. Outline and explain two criticisms of the Marxist view of society. Outline and explain two reasons why Marxist would choose to study certain topics and not others. Outline and explain feminist views of the position of women in society. Outline and explain two concepts that symbolic Interactionists use to understand social life. Outline and explain two reasons why Interactionists sociologists are more likely to use qualitative research methods. Outline and explain two reasons for the growth of globalisation and its effects on society. Outline and explain two criticisms that sociologists make of postmodernist theory.THEORY AND METHOD - 20 mark -9525117475Item ASome sociologists favour using quantitative research method such as structured interview and questionnaires. These two methods are similar in many ways. Both use fixed list of questions, often with pre-set, pre-coded answer categories, and both are relatively quick to complete. Their differences come mainly from how they deliver the questions – either in face to face or written form. However, interpretivists argue that quantitative research methods impose the researcher’s views on respondents and do not allow them to express themselves in the way that they would like to. 00Item ASome sociologists favour using quantitative research method such as structured interview and questionnaires. These two methods are similar in many ways. Both use fixed list of questions, often with pre-set, pre-coded answer categories, and both are relatively quick to complete. Their differences come mainly from how they deliver the questions – either in face to face or written form. However, interpretivists argue that quantitative research methods impose the researcher’s views on respondents and do not allow them to express themselves in the way that they would like to. Applying material from item A, and you knowledge, evaluate the claim that quantitative research methods may have many advantages, but they tell us little about what people really think and do. 20 mark. 00Item A Interpretivist argue that sociology is about investigating the meanings and motives of social actors, and so the aim of researchers should be to obtain an empathetic, subjective understanding of people’s meanings. In the view of interpretivists, this can be only achieved by employing open-ended qualitative research methods such as participant observation and unstructured interviews. These methods allow people to act naturally or respond fully and freely to the sociologists questions, producing data that is highly valid. However, other sociologists argue that these methods produce bias data which is the result of the researcher subjective interpretation of events and responses. 00Item A Interpretivist argue that sociology is about investigating the meanings and motives of social actors, and so the aim of researchers should be to obtain an empathetic, subjective understanding of people’s meanings. In the view of interpretivists, this can be only achieved by employing open-ended qualitative research methods such as participant observation and unstructured interviews. These methods allow people to act naturally or respond fully and freely to the sociologists questions, producing data that is highly valid. However, other sociologists argue that these methods produce bias data which is the result of the researcher subjective interpretation of events and responses. Applying material from item A, and you knowledge, evaluate the interpretivists claim that qualitative research methods are the most appropriate ones for the study of society. 20 mark. 00Item A Positivist believe that sociology can be a science by following logic and methods of the natural sciences. In their view, this involves gathering objective quantitative data to ‘verify’ or prove hypothesis and discover causal laws. While accepting the positivist view of science, interpretivist reject this claim that we can study human beings in this way. However positivism is just one view of what constitutes as science. For example, popper argues that science involves seeking to falsify hypotheses, while Kuhn argues that a scientific subject is one that has a unified paradigm. 00Item A Positivist believe that sociology can be a science by following logic and methods of the natural sciences. In their view, this involves gathering objective quantitative data to ‘verify’ or prove hypothesis and discover causal laws. While accepting the positivist view of science, interpretivist reject this claim that we can study human beings in this way. However positivism is just one view of what constitutes as science. For example, popper argues that science involves seeking to falsify hypotheses, while Kuhn argues that a scientific subject is one that has a unified paradigm. Applying material from item A, and you knowledge, evaluate the claim that whether sociology can be a science depends on what we mean by science in the first place. 20 marks. 091440Item ASome sociologists argue that their research should take the side of the underdog. For example, Becker points out that traditionally, sociology has tended to take the sides of the most powerful groups in society, often accepting their view of the world. As a result, the standpoints of the less powerful groups have been largely hidden. Becker therefore argues that sociology should identify with the underdog, empathise with them and uncover their view of the world. However, others have argued that there is no place for values in sociology and that sociologists should take an objective, ‘value-neutral’ or value free approach to research. 00Item ASome sociologists argue that their research should take the side of the underdog. For example, Becker points out that traditionally, sociology has tended to take the sides of the most powerful groups in society, often accepting their view of the world. As a result, the standpoints of the less powerful groups have been largely hidden. Becker therefore argues that sociology should identify with the underdog, empathise with them and uncover their view of the world. However, others have argued that there is no place for values in sociology and that sociologists should take an objective, ‘value-neutral’ or value free approach to research. Applying material from item A, and you knowledge, evaluate the view that ‘sociologists should ‘take the side of the underdog’ and be committed to changing society. 00Item AFunctionalism is a consensus theory. It sees society as based on a set of shared values and this value consensus is the basis for social order. It is also a systems theory. It emphasises the way the social system shapes social institutions and the behaviour patterns of individuals. Society is seen as a system with its own separate existence and needs. However, some critics claim that functionalism understates the extent of conflict in society. Others argue that functionalism is too deterministic, portraying individuals as simply puppets of the system. 00Item AFunctionalism is a consensus theory. It sees society as based on a set of shared values and this value consensus is the basis for social order. It is also a systems theory. It emphasises the way the social system shapes social institutions and the behaviour patterns of individuals. Society is seen as a system with its own separate existence and needs. However, some critics claim that functionalism understates the extent of conflict in society. Others argue that functionalism is too deterministic, portraying individuals as simply puppets of the system. Applying material from item A, and you knowledge, evaluate the contributions of functionalist theory to understanding society today. -952593980Item AMarxists see class as the fundamental division in society, in which the proletariat are exploited by the capitalist owners of the means of production. The capitalist class maintain their dominance partly by force and partly by ideological control through the media, the education system and so on. However, Marxist predict that ultimately, the proletariat will overthrow capitalism by means of a revolution. For Marxist social change is not a gradual process seen by consensus theories. However, some sociologists argue that class is not the only basis for inequality and that revolutions have failed to occur in advanced capitalist societies. 00Item AMarxists see class as the fundamental division in society, in which the proletariat are exploited by the capitalist owners of the means of production. The capitalist class maintain their dominance partly by force and partly by ideological control through the media, the education system and so on. However, Marxist predict that ultimately, the proletariat will overthrow capitalism by means of a revolution. For Marxist social change is not a gradual process seen by consensus theories. However, some sociologists argue that class is not the only basis for inequality and that revolutions have failed to occur in advanced capitalist societies. Applying material from item A, and you knowledge, evaluate the contributions of different Marxist theories to understanding society today. 08890Item AAll feminist argue that women occupy a subordinate position in society and all feminists wish to end this state of affairs. However, they differ about both the causes of the problem and its solution. For example, liberal feminists argue that traditional attitudes and cultural stereotypes about women’s abilities have kept them subordinated, but that changes in the law, policies and socialisation patterns will gradually bring about gender inequality. However, both radical and Marxist feminist argue that women’s oppression has deeper roots and require more fundamental, revolutionary changes in order to end it. 00Item AAll feminist argue that women occupy a subordinate position in society and all feminists wish to end this state of affairs. However, they differ about both the causes of the problem and its solution. For example, liberal feminists argue that traditional attitudes and cultural stereotypes about women’s abilities have kept them subordinated, but that changes in the law, policies and socialisation patterns will gradually bring about gender inequality. However, both radical and Marxist feminist argue that women’s oppression has deeper roots and require more fundamental, revolutionary changes in order to end it. Applying material from item A, and you knowledge, evaluate the contributions of feminist to understanding society today. 07620Item AAction approaches reject the idea that we are simply ‘puppets’ whose behaviour is determined by tightly scripted roles imposed on us by society. Instead, they start from the assumption that we create and shape society through our choices and actions. For examples, interactionists argue that we create the social world through our interactions with one another, based on the meanings we give to situations. Similarly, ethnomethodologists argue that we use common-sense knowledge to construct a shared set of meanings. However critics argue that action approaches ignore the influence of wider social structures. 00Item AAction approaches reject the idea that we are simply ‘puppets’ whose behaviour is determined by tightly scripted roles imposed on us by society. Instead, they start from the assumption that we create and shape society through our choices and actions. For examples, interactionists argue that we create the social world through our interactions with one another, based on the meanings we give to situations. Similarly, ethnomethodologists argue that we use common-sense knowledge to construct a shared set of meanings. However critics argue that action approaches ignore the influence of wider social structures. Applying material from item A, and you knowledge, evaluate the contributions of action approaches to understanding society today. 0-1Item AAccording to some sociologists, recent changes such as those associated with globalisation have resulted in a major change in the nature of today’s society. For example, postmodernists argue that we no longer live in a modern society but are now living in a media saturated postmodern society in which it is impossible to distinguish image from reality or to change society for the better. As a result, postmodernists argue, we need new theories to explain this new type of society. However, some critics argue that although there has been major changes in society, these are a continuation of modernity rather than a completely new type of society. 00Item AAccording to some sociologists, recent changes such as those associated with globalisation have resulted in a major change in the nature of today’s society. For example, postmodernists argue that we no longer live in a modern society but are now living in a media saturated postmodern society in which it is impossible to distinguish image from reality or to change society for the better. As a result, postmodernists argue, we need new theories to explain this new type of society. However, some critics argue that although there has been major changes in society, these are a continuation of modernity rather than a completely new type of society. Applying material from item A, and you knowledge, evaluate the claim that we are now living in a postmodern age. 20 mark. -85725180340Item AEarly positivist sociologists believed that sociology was a ‘science of society’ that would enable us to discover the causes of social problems and offer solutions to them. Sociologists’ research findings would then enable the state to implement appropriate social policies to deal with the problems. In the same way as medial research can discover causes for diseases, so sociological research would help solve society’s problems. However Marxist claim that the main function of social policy is to maintain capitalism and that the role of sociologists should be to criticise policy and not serve the capitalist state. 00Item AEarly positivist sociologists believed that sociology was a ‘science of society’ that would enable us to discover the causes of social problems and offer solutions to them. Sociologists’ research findings would then enable the state to implement appropriate social policies to deal with the problems. In the same way as medial research can discover causes for diseases, so sociological research would help solve society’s problems. However Marxist claim that the main function of social policy is to maintain capitalism and that the role of sociologists should be to criticise policy and not serve the capitalist state. Applying material from item A, and you knowledge, evaluate the different sociological perspectives’ view of the relationship between sociology and social policy. ................
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