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2402 LECTURE PRACTICE EXAM 4MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:A major function of surfactant is to increase_____.pulmonary compliancealveolar surface tensionthe work of breathing the tendency of the lungs to collapseto increase ERVWith the Bohr Effect, more oxygen is released because____.a decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bonda decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bonda increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bondand increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bondThe most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is_____.hypoxiaacidosisalkalosisincrease in carbon dioxideA and C are correctPossible cause of generalized hypoxia include_____.obstruction of the esophagusgetting very coldtoo little oxygen in the atmospherehyperpneapresence of a few collapsed alveoliThe nose serves all the following functions except_____.a passageway for air movement warming the airhumidifying the aircleansing the airas the initiator of the cough reflexWhich of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?20% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma7-8% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobinThe chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 transportCarbonic anhydrase is responsible for bonding CO2 to hemoglobinCO 2 binds to the heme when this is not bound to O2 The ________regulates smoothing of transitions from inspiration to expiration.pontine respiratory groupventral respiratory group (VRG)dorsal respiratory group (DRG)cerebral cortexthe midbrainThe factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are____.the smooth muscles of the lungthe diaphragm and the intercostals muscles alonethe visceral pleura and the changing volume of the lungssurface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavitythe amount of surfactant secretedSelect the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.a decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilationa lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilationsurfactant helps increase alveolar surface tensionparalysis of the thoracic muscles will increase ventilationas alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be requiredType I pneumocyte cells secrete_____.surfactantangiotensin converting enzymea phospholipid that decreases surface tension in the alveolia protein that increases lung complianceA and C are correctMatching questions:a forced inspiration followed by a forced expirationmaximum amount of air the lungs can holdvolume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expirationamount of air remaining in the lung after a forced expirationmeasured amount of gas expelled after a deep inspiration followed by a forced and rapid expiration Functional residual capacity (FRC)Vital capacity (VC)Forced vital capacity (FVC)Residual volume (RV)Total lung capacity (TLC)The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is_____.the design and size of the podocytesthe glomerular hydrostatic pressurethe Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressurethe glomerular osmotic pressurethe Bowman’s’ capsule osmotic pressureThe macula densa cells respond to______.changes in glucose amount in the tubulesADHaldosteronereninchanges in solute content of the filtrateSelect the correct statement about the nephrons.The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule has simple squamous epithelium. The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule.Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule.The nephron extends from the glomerulus to the collecting ducts.The macula densa releases ANP when the blood volume is increased.In the loop of Henle___.the ascending segment is freely permeable to waterthe descending segment is permeable to waterthe ascending segment is impermeable to ionsthe descending segment is permeable to ionsA and BThe renal artery branches into many arteries when inside of the kidney. The correct sequence of branches would be_____.segmentalarcuateinterlobular (cortical radiate)interlobar4, 2, 3, 14, 1, 3, 21, 4, 2, 31, 2, 4, 32, 1, 3, 4The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin_______.when the peritubular capillaries are dilatedwhen the pH of the urine decreasesafter the ingestion of very salty foodby a decrease of K level in the bloodby a decrease in the blood pressureBlood vessels in the renal column are called____.interlobular (cortical radiate)segmentedarcuateinterlobarvasa rectaThe filtration membrane includes all the following except______.the cuboidal cells of the PCTthe podocytesthe podocyte’s basement membranethe endothelial cells of the glomerulusthe glomerulus’ basement membraneIf one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered.Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules.The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in healthy adults.Most of the glucose is secreted in the tubules.If the Transport maximum (Tm) for a particular amino acid is 110 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/ 100 ml, the amino acid_______.will appear in the urinewill be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cellswill be actively secreted into the filtratewill be reabsorbed by secondary active transportwill be completely filtrated in the glomerulusNo output of urine is called_____.disuriarenal calculirenal castnocturiaanuriaThe________mechanism is the general tendency of vascular smooth muscle to contract when stretched.renin sympathetic myogenictubular reabsorptionneuralThe most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid is_____.phosphatechloridesodiumpotassiummagnesiumHypoproteinemia causes______.weight gainnerve damagerespiratory acidosistissue edemametabolic alkalosisAtrial natriuretic peptide hormone promotes______,atrial contractionactivation of renin-angiotensin mechanismlowering of blood pressure and volume by inhibiting sodium and water retentionblood pH stabilitysodium reabsorption in the DCTExtracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except_____.cellular cytoplasmblood plasmaCSFinterstitial fluidlymphThe regulation of potassium balance____.includes renal secretion, but never absorptionis accomplished mainly by the liveris not linked to sodium balanceinvolves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassiuminvolves ADH-induced secretion of potassiumA patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates and abnormally high value. This patient presents______.metabolic alkalosisrespiratory alkalosismetabolic acidosisrespiratory acidosisA patient had 10 episodes of vomiting and you sent his blood for analysis. What lab results would you expect and what problem the patient is probably showing?high blood pH and metabolic acidosislow blood pH and respiratory acidosislow blood pH and respiratory alkalosishigh blood pH and metabolic alkalosislow blood pH and metabolic alkalosisElectrolyte balance_____.refers to the phosphate balance in the bodyis usually difficult to correctcan be disrupted because water is not free to move between cells and capillariesrefers to protein balance in the bodymy be disturbed due to higher loss of electrolytes on hot days Identify the only right statement below. Na is the main intracellular cation and potassium the main extracellular cation. Fluid exchange between compartments is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures.About 2/3 of the body water is found in the blood plasma.Most of the potassium filtered by the glomerulus is found in the urine.Most of the chloride is secreted by the DCT._______is a very effective buffer system found only in the urine and ICF. bicarbonatecarbonic acidphosphateproteinA and BMatching Questions:HypernatremiaHypermagnesemiaHypocalcemiaHypokalemiaHyponatremiaCalcium depletion.Sodium excess.Potassium depletion.Magnesium excess.Sodium depletion2402 LECTURE PRACTICE EXAM 4 ANSWERS:ABDCECADEBCAEDBBEABCEDABAECBDCADADEBCCADBE ................
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