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April GregoryProfessor Martin LewisHistory 206The Good, the Bad, and Somalia: Measuring African Governance with the Mo Ibrahim IndexSudanese philanthropist, mobile telecommunications entrepreneur, and billionaire Mo Ibrahim is on a mission to change the way the world evaluates African governance – and the way Africa evaluates itself. Since 2006 the Mo Ibrahim Foundation has developed tools and resources for citizens and governments alike to assess progress in governance and the recognition of excellence in African leadership. To this end, the Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership has been established to reward exceptional African leaders. The $5 million award—$4 million more than the Nobel Peace Prize—was given this year to Pedro Verona Pires, former president of the island nation of Cape Verde. After two years of deeming no African leader worthy of the award, the prize committee chose Pires for his “vision in transforming Cape Verde into a model of democracy, stability and increased prosperity,” hailing the peaceful transition of power that followed the end of his term. In addition to the leadership prize, the foundation is also notable for its yearly report of the Mo Ibrahim Index. Established in 2007, the index constitutes what is arguably the most comprehensive collection of data reflecting government performance in Africa. The index consolidates 86 governance indicators under 14 sub-categories and 4 overarching categories into a numeric measure (from 0 to 100) of political, social, economic, and developmental efficacy. Each sub-category also features a sub-index measuring the performance of African governments in various spheres pertaining to the index’s four main categories: safety and rule of law, participation and human rights, sustainable economic opportunity, and human development. The 2011 Ibrahim Index includes several new sub-indices, two of which – gender and health – will be explored in this post in terms of geographic patterns and fluctuations in the progress of specific countries . The Ibrahim Index’s evaluation of business environment and education will also be considered in this same way.Before any analysis can be made, it is important to pose several key caveats regarding the accuracy of the index. First, many key indicators of governance, such as poverty, are not included in the index because “the data are not sufficiently comprehensive.” Second, all data was gathered prior to both the establishment of South Sudan and the events of the Arab Spring. In light of these crucial developments, it is inevitable that some measures pertaining to North Africa have lost their salience. For the purposes of this post, North and South Sudan are represented as one country since the Ibrahim Index was compiled prior to South Sudan’s independence. Finally, the maps in this post do not include the island nations of Mauritius, Cape Verde, and Seychelles, but it should be noted that all three states ranked in the top ten in each of the four main governance indicators as well as in each of the fourteen sub-indices. Their consistent outperformance of the rest Africa is another reason for their exclusion from this post – these island nations are conspicuous exceptions to overall patterns, and citizens enjoy a disproportionately higher quality of life than their continental counterparts. Overall Governance ScoresBased on a synthesis of each nation’s scores in the Ibrahim Index’s four main categories, overall governance scores provide a foundational assessment of government efficacy in those-6286548260nations. When those scores are displayed cartographically, clear regional patterns are evident. Southern Africa exhibits the highest prevalence of good governance, followed by north Africa, west Africa, east Africa, and central Africa in that order. Not surprisingly, South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia stand out as the stars of the continent as a result of their democratic, relatively uncorrupt governments. Such governance allows for economic security and stable infrastructure, resulting in relatively highly developed states that are generally able to meet the health, education, and safety needs of their citizens. Central Africa represent a trend in governance opposite to that of southern Africa. It has been argued that the Democratic Republic of Congo and Central African Republic are actually de-developing as a result of relentless civil strife, a complete lack of infrastructure, and nonfunctional economies. Worse off than central Africa, however, is Somalia, a failed state that sticks out like a badly bruised and bloodied thumb in every governance indicator measured by the Ibrahim Index. Scoring a dismal 7.9 out of 100 overall, Somalia, ravaged by famine and civil war, is unquestionably the least stable country in Africa.West Africa’s status as the third highest overall scoring region in the index reflects significant governance improvements made by two countries in the region: Sierra Leone and Liberia. These two nations exhibited the most improvement made by any African country between 2006 and 2010, with Sierra Leone’s score increasing by 9.4 points and Liberia’s increasing by 11.1. Both countries emerged from devastating civil wars in the earlier part of the decade and have steadily progressed ever since. Sierra Leone and Liberia showed improvements in all four of the index’s main categories, an accomplishment that Mo Ibrahim called “the biggest success story…this year.” Madagascar, on the other hand, showed the most striking decline, losing 11.6 points since 2006. This drop is likely due to an armed crisis between dissident troops and the central government, resulting in what was essentially a mutinous standoff. The crisis devastated one of Madagascar’s primary economic sectors, tourism, to such a degree that 2010 arguably became a write-off for that industry. GenderThe 2011 Ibrahim Index features a new indicator, gender, based on nine variables. This measure considers such factors as gender balance in primary and secondary education, women’s participation in the labor force, women’s participation in political and economic rights, and legislation on violence against women. Again, a clear geographic pattern correlates with these scores, with southern Africa taking the lead followed by the east, north, west, and central regions of the continent. Despite high levels of literacy, North Africa largely falls into the lower half of the gender ranking, a result of the general exclusion of women from the public sphere in this region. Women in west and central Africa, however, fare even worse. In West Africa, female genital mutilation is still common, despite the widespread passage of laws against the practice. In Mali, for example, some 80% of girls are subjected to FGM, and the region as a whole lacks any mechanism for mitigating cross-border 3023235345440evasions of anti-FGM laws {THIS SENTENCE IS UNCLEAR – TOO MANY NEGATIVES – “LACKS” – “EVASIONS: -- “ANTI”].In central Africa, DRC and CAR are both ranked in the bottom five countries in terms of gender equality. This is to be expected, given the pervasiveness of sexual violence as a military tactic in those countries. Patricia Galey, professor of human geography at Oxford University and author of Gender and Genocide, argues: “In the context of Central Africa, control over women’s bodies is central to the struggle over resources. It is here, in the quest for territory or resources, even basic foodstuffs, that genocidal rape is practised; also in the quest for respect by the most marginalized in the military rank and file that opportunistic rape occurs.”The political and economic insecurity that has chronically plagued post-colonial central Africa has thus resulted in the implementation of rape as a means of exercising control over a volatile and uncontrollable environment.In examining the list of countries where women fare best in Africa, it may come as a surprise to see tiny Lesotho positioned at the top. Lesotho is not only deemed the most gender-equal African country by the Ibrahim Index, but has also experienced the most improvement, as shown by a score increase of 9.5 between 2006 and 2010. Furthermore, according to a report from the World Economic Forum, Lesotho is ranked eighth in the world in terms of bridging the gender gap. Women enjoy an extraordinarily high level of status in Lesotho, largely due to the country’s recent economic past. Historically, vast numbers of men from Lesotho worked in South Africa's mines, leaving women to take their places in schools and jobs. While many of the men have since returned, Lesotho has evolved into a female-514351717040focused nation. Female literacy rates are remarkably high in Lesotho – 95% of Lesotho women are literate compared to just 83% of men. One in five government ministers is a woman, including the chief of police, the speaker of parliament, and at least a dozen senior female judges. Perhaps most importantly, the country has fostered a strong culture of learning that, along with pro-women government policies, has made Lesotho the standalone leader in gender equality in Africa. Business EnvironmentThe business environment indicator of the Ibrahim Index is based on eight variables including investment climate, bureaucracy and red tape, and competitive environment. The best environment for doing business in Africa is again south, with the north, west, east, and central regions following sequentially. In keeping with its development in all arenas of governance, Sierra Leone displayed the highest degree of progress in terms of business-friendly initiatives. Doing Business 2009, an annual report published by IFC and the World Bank, indicated that Sierra Leone is the top performer in West Africa when it comes to the ease ofstarting a business. To this end, the government has drastically cut costs and sped up the process of establishing a business by abolishing many registration formalities that deterred the entrepreneurial process.Central Africa again stands out as the low-performer in this measure of governance. According to the 2011 Doing Business report, four of the six lowest ranked countries on the “Ease of Doing Business” index are located in central Africa, a finding consistent with the business environment indicator of the Ibrahim Index. The governments of countries such as Congo impose tax policies and red tape that make small and medium enterprise all but impossible. Of course, a general lack of infrastructure only serves to exacerbate the disincentive for local and foreign entrepreneurs alike to start businesses in central Africa, despite the wealth of natural resources found in the region. Business is similarly difficult to carry out in Somalia, which again sits decidedly at the bottom of the list – pirate-swarmed waters aren’t exactly the most welcoming invitation to investors. Somalia is rivaled by Zimbabwe for the bottom spot, a result of Zimbabwe’s six-year bout of hyperinflation and economic collapse.EducationQuality of education as measured by the Mo Ibrahim Index is determined by five factors: education provision and quality, teacher to student ratio in primary school, primary school completion, progression to secondary school, and tertiary enrollment. North Africa bests southern Africa in this governance indicator, with the western, eastern, and central regions coming up third, fourth, and fifth in education performance. North Africa’s high ranking in education is the product of tremendous progress in the provision of primary education over the past 30 years. According to UNICEF, in 2006 the region achieved “by far” the world’s highest average annual rate of increase (AARI) in the proportion of the population with at least primary education. However, education in these predominantly Muslim nations tends to reproduce the broader social, economic, and political disparities faced by girls and women in North Africa. In that regard, the region’s education systems are generally lacking gender responsiveness – a trend illustrated by its decidedly lower ranking in the Ibrahim Index’s gender measure. This phenomenon is illustrated in the case of Sudan (specifically the Southern region), which is tied with Niger for exhibiting the most improvement in education between 2006 and 2010, yet is ranked among the bottom 15 African countries in terms of gender. The Ministry of Education in Sudan has partnered with USAID and the Academy for Educational Development (AED) to build a stronger education system through such efforts as conducting a census of schools to lay the informational foundation for system-wide improvements. An AED spokesperson declared that in terms of increasing enrollment, “the system has been phenomenally successful since 2005…parents are sending their children to school in record numbers in Southern Sudan.” However, a 2009 UNICEF report notes the gendered nature of these improvements, as the number of girls enrolled in school remains significantly lower than the number of boys. The report cites socioeconomic factors and cultural norms as impediments to female education: “In some communities…the girl-child is prized for the labour she provides to the family, and for the dowry she brings.” Consequently, there is a high opportunity cost for educating a girl, which often results in early marriage for the sake of economic expediency.Education has deteriorated the most in the tiny nation of Djibouti between 2006 and 2010, as shown by a decrease in score of 6.3 points. High teacher attrition rates and an extremely low prevalence of education among Djibouti’s nomadic peoples, who constitute one-sixth of the entire population, may account for this decline. Neighboring Somalia’s dismal performance in all of the indicators measured by the Ibrahim Index appears in the sphere of education – the nation scored literally a 0 out of 100. With the destruction of Somalia’s government infrastructure was accompanied by the destruction of its education system, resulting in a virtual disappearance of schools. While some reports indicate that a few schools remain open, obtaining accurate information on the state of education – like other indicators of governance – in Somalia is nearly impossible. Over the next few years, many more African nations could face devastating blows to their education systems as a result of recent, and dramatic, declines in foreign aid. Burkina Faso will be losing over half of its education aid, while Zambia and Mozambique will respectively see 31% and 18% of their aid slashed as well. These withdrawals of aid constitute the biggest drop in aid levels in the past 15 years, a trend that could prove disastrous for impoverished, aid-dependent African countries.HealthLike gender, health is another new governance indicator measured by Ibrahim Index. Determined by eight variables – including maternal mortality, child mortality, availability of immunizations against measles and DPT, availability of ARVs, and prevalence of cholera, malaria, and tuberculosis – health is by far the most optimistic measure featured in the index. Only two countries showed declines and many nations enjoyed improvements of 10 points or more. North Africa leads the continent in health, succeeded by the south, east, west, and central regions. HIV/AIDS is much less prevalent in the north, which largely accounts for its high marks in health. Health improvements in sub-Saharan Africa are tied to overall improvements in the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS, in addition to substantial progress in combating some types of malaria. However, it is important to note that sub-Saharan Africa remains the world’s most vulnerable region to the spread of disease as a result of the reciprocal relationship between poverty and health. Moreover, the strides made in health may appear overly significant given the abysmal state of public health that prevailed in Africa before significant improvements began. Cautious optimism should be exercised when considering the state of health in Africa, as nations’ abilities to improve health are contingent on and intertwined with nearly every other aspect of governance. Rwanda, ranked fourteenth in health by the Ibrahim Index, exemplifies the strides that can be made in public health when government cooperation meets effective health improvement mechanisms. Ninety-two percent of Rwandans are covered by a government-provided national healthcare plan, despite the fact that Rwanda also ranks among the world’s poorest countries. In the face of a continuing AIDS epidemic, Rwanda’s government has made health a top priority, embracing strong partnerships with USAID and Inshuti Mu Buzima (Partners in Health) in order to achieve its health goals. On the opposite end of the spectrum, countries such as DRC, Chad, and of course Somalia illustrate the dire health conditions that continue to exist in Africa as a result of civil strife and unbridled political and economic instability. Good governance is key to good health, just as it is key to gender equity, a productive business environment, and access to education. For those nations at the bottom of the Ibrahim Index, one can only hope the old adage of “it can only go up from here” will hold true. ................
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