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Apartheid Investigation Notebook
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PART 1 - The history of South Africa
Make note of THREE interesting facts about South Africa BEFORE the creation of apartheid.
1. Answers will vary for Part 1 but all facts should relate to South Africa before 1948.
2.
3.
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PART 2 - The creation of South Africa’s apartheid policy
The date South Africa’s apartheid policy began:
1948
South Africa’s apartheid policy began because…
Apartheid was created by rich white South Africans to suppress (to restrain or limit) poor black South Africans. Apartheid came out of social class warfare (conflict or struggle) between white South African workers struggling against the black South African majority.
The name of the person(s) or organization who implemented (began) apartheid include:
The white elected National Party Government implemented (put it into action) the policy of Apartheid.
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PART 3 – How apartheid affected South African people
Describe South Africa’s apartheid policy:
(This part comes from the first website under Part 4):
The apartheid laws classified South Africa’s people into 4 racial groups (“black”, “white”, coloured”, and “indian”). Black South Africans had their South African citizenship taken away from them and then legally became citizens of one of 10 tribally based self-ruling “homelands”. South Africa’s government segregated (racially separated) education, medical care, and other public services and provided black South Africans with services inferior (lower in quality) to those of white South Africans.
(This information comes from the “blue” website):
White South Africans who make up 5% of the population had 87% of the land, including all major cities.
Black South Africans who make up 95% of the population had only 13% of the land and this land was arid (dry and infertile). These small areas of land were called “homelands”.
Black South Africans were not permitted (allowed) to leave their “homeland” areas (because the “homeland” was seen as an independent country) unless they had passes to leave which were very hard to come by.
In order to obtain a pass, you needed a job but could not get a job without a pass (catch 22 - a situation or predicament from which it is impossible to escape because of built-in illogical rules and regulations). Once a pass was obtained, it was almost impossible to keep because of the red tape (official procedures thought to be unnecessary or overcomplicated).
Any black South African was subject to be searched and have possessions taken at any moment when outside of their “homeland”. Also, if a black South African were outside their “homeland” without a pass, they could be arrested. Once arrested, they could be kept in jail without a trial for any length of time.
Many black South Africans lived in complete poverty having nothing more than shacks (small flimsy building) (many children without clothes or beds) without access to toilets, or running water.
Different classes received different levels of education; “Colored Education”, “Indian Education”, “Bantu Education” all intentionally created to put different races on different tracks of servitude (being ruled or dominated). Black schools were required to teach in the Afrikaans language rather than in the English language, requiring black South Africans to speak the language of their oppressors (the people who are harsh, cruel or dominate).
Describe an event or experience of the affects of apartheid through the eyes of a white South African.
Answers will vary but hypothetical situations should reflect historical accuracy and elicit empathy using real life examples from the information in the above answer.
Describe an event or experience of the affects of apartheid through the eyes of a non-white South African
Answers will vary but hypothetical situations should reflect historical accuracy and elicit empathy using real life examples from the information in the above answer.
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PART 4 – The end of apartheid
How did apartheid end?
In 1985, the United States and Britain began imposing economic sanctions (a measure taken by a country to apply pressure to another country to conform (behave acceptably) to international law or opinion) on South Africa in protest (to express disapproval) of its racial policy. As worldwide anti-apartheid pressure increased, South African President, F. W. de Klerk began to dismantle (to take apart, remove key components) the apartheid system in the early 1990’s. Lots of change came in 1990 when the National Party brought back the black congress and released imprisoned black leaders. Apartheid ended in 1993 thanks to the efforts of President Frederik Willem de Klerk. In 1994, the country’s constitution was rewritten and free multi-racial (many races of people) democratic elections were held for the first time in history. This election was won by Nelson Mandela, part of the African National Congress (ANC). Nelson Mandela, South Africa’s first black president outlawed the last remaining traces of the apartheid system.
Describe THREE ongoing problems in South Africa stemming (originating or coming) from apartheid
1. Ongoing racism and discrimination (a government cannot legislate peoples thoughts, in other words laws will not be able to control the way people think and feel about race).
2. Ongoing poverty – although the laws legalizing racism and segregation were gone, non-white South Africans still had a difficult time finding jobs, earning a reasonable salary, and living about the poverty line.
3. Affirmative action for jobs was initiated. This means that employers were required to hire a diverse group of employees, including members of several races.
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PART 5 – Meet Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Clerk!
Describe Nelson Mandela’s role and accomplishments in the history of South Africa and apartheid.
ROLE – In 1964, Nelson Mandela was convicted of treason (betraying his country) and sentenced to life in prison. This is because Nelson Mandela was a leading member of the African National Congress (ANC) which opposed South Africa’s white minority government and their policy of racial separation called apartheid. In 1960, the ANC was outlawed by the white minority government and Mandela was captured in 1962.
In 1964 Mandela became prisoner # 46664 at a prison on Robben Island, off the coast of South Africa. While in prison, Mandela became an inspiration to other prisoners by resisting the racism imposed on him by the prison guards. For example, if the prison guards ordered him to run, he would walk. If they ordered him to walk faster, he would walk slower. Mandela became a worldwide symbol of resistance to racism.
After being imprisoned for 26 years for treason, F.W. de Klerk, the president of South Africa at the time, lifted the ban on the ANC and released Mandela from prison in 1990. When Mandela was released from prison on February 11, 1990, he worked together with F.W. de Klerk, the President of South Africa (at the time) to dismantle and end apartheid.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS – In 1993, Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize to share with President F.W. de Klerk for “their work for the peaceful termination (ending) of the apartheid regime (form of government), and for laying the foundations for a new democratic (with equal participation by all) South Africa”. Additionally, Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa in 1994.
Describe F. W. de Clerk’s role and accomplishments in the history of South Africa and apartheid.
ROLE – Federik Willem de Klerk was born as the son of a politician in South Africa. He had a lengthy career in politics and as Minister of National Education he supported segregation (separation of races). When he was elected leader of the National Party (in February 1989), he did not speak out for changing the apartheid laws. In September 1989 he was elected President of South Africa. Remarkably, in his first speech he called for a non-racist South Africa and advocated (supported) change. He lifted the ban on the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison. He then ended the apartheid laws and worked on writing a new constitution for South Africa based on the democratic principle of one person = one vote.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS – F.W. de Klerk released Nelson Mandela from prison, ended apartheid, re-wrote the constitution of South Africa, and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 with Nelson Mandela.
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