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GCSE History (9-1)

Superpower Relations and the Cold War 1941-1991

Topic 3: Détente and the end of the Cold War 1970-1991

Name: ___________________________________________

Contents:

Key Topic 3.1: Attempts to reduce tension between East and West (1970s)

-Détente in the 1970s, SALT 1, Helsinki Accords, Apollo Soyuz mission

Key Topic 3.2 Flashpoints

- Reagan’s attitude and the ‘Second Cold War’

- The significance of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Carter Doctrine and the Olympic boycotts

- The Strategic Defense Initiative – “Star Wars”

Key Topic 3.3 The collapse of Soviet control of Eastern Europe

● The impact of Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking’ on Eastern Europe: the loosening Soviet grip on Eastern Europe

● The significance of the fall of the Berlin Wall

● The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Warsaw Pact

LO: Evaluate the different treaties signed between the Superpowers, 1967-1975.

Key Topic 3.1: Attempts to reduce tension between East and West

Apart from the understandable desire to avoid plunging the world into nuclear war, both the USA and Soviet Union had internal reasons for trying to improve relations in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1968, Nixon was elected as president of the USA. He was determined to take the USA out of the Vietnam War (1955-1975 - USA entered in 1965) which had cost the country billions of dollars and resulted in the deaths of almost 60, 000 American soldiers. There had been large scale protests against the war and many Americans thought the USA should play a less active role in international affairs. There were also many social problems – inequality between rich and poor, white and black, which led to urban protests on a huge scale in 1968 – triggered by the assassination of MLK Jr. A policy of détente would allow the USA to concentrate on their social problems and spend less money on weapons.

The Soviet Union was also facing economic problems and wanted to cut spending on weapons and devote more resources to improving living standards and updating the economy. The Soviets also felt this was a relatively good time to look for better relations with the USA. They felt they were the USA’s equals in nuclear weapons capability and the Vietnam War had shown the USA military was unbeatable.

A number of treaties were signed in this period that reduced tension between the USA and USSR. This period became known as détente. Détente means the easing of tension, or a period of peace, between two groups who were previously at war, or hostile to each other. During the 1960s, the events in Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia had brought the real possibility of war between the two Superpowers and it was recognized that the nuclear arms race threated the future of mankind through “Mutually Assured Destruction” (MAD) During the 1970’s, there was a genuine attempt to develop a more co-operative and stable relationship.

Outer-Space Treaty 1967:

•Stopped the arms race spreading to space.

•Both superpowers said that they wouldn't have nuclear weapons in space.

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968:

•Neither country would supply weapons to other countries to aid their development.

•This stopped other countries being engulfed by the arms race.

SALT 1 (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) 1972:

•Signed in 1972, it successfully limited the number of weapons each superpower had.

•It imposed limits on the nuclear capability of the USA and USSR.

•They agreed there would be no production of ballistic missiles.

•Submarines would only be produced when the nuclear missiles ran out.

SALT 1 had a number of weaknesses. In reality, if nuclear war looked likely, it was unrealistic to expect it could not be avoided just because a piece of paper had been signed. Both countries still owned more than enough nuclear weapons to destroy the other many times over if they so desired. The treaty did not cover the latest technological developments (multiple independently targeted re-entry vehicles or MIRV’s)

On a positive note, SALT 1 did improve relations. Whatever its faults, it had a major impact on international relations. Both sides had the desire to reach an agreement and wanted to demonstrate better relations publicly. Shortly after its signing, Nixon visited Brezhnev in Moscow and in 1973 Brezhnev visited Washington.

The Helsinki Accords 1975:

In 1973, 33 nations from NATO and the Warsaw Pact met to build on the spirit of co-operation which had been established in SALT 1. In August 1975, an announcement was made to say an agreement had been made in 3 key areas (which they described as baskets)

The superpowers agreed on:

•Security -> Recognition of Europe's borders - USSR accepted that West Germany existed and that it did not belong to them.

•Cooperation -> There was a need for closer economical, cultural and scientific links between the superpowers. This would lead them to closer political agreement.

•Human Rights -> Each superpower agreed to respect their citizens’ human rights. E.g. thought, speech etc.

•This stabilised the situation in Europe as there was greater cooperation between the superpowers and their European allies.

The Helsinki Accord was the high point of détente. It seemed to mark the dawn of a new approach to international relations. But even before the agreement was made, the USA and Soviet Union were still playing Cold War politics.

Brezhnev wanted recognition of existing borders and an opportunity to boost the Soviet economy. So whilst he was happy with Baskets 1 and 2, some Americans were unhappy with them (see Source D) The USA wanted an extension of human rights into Soviet-controlled territories, which would undermine communist authority and weaken the power of the Soviet Union. So, while the USA was pleased with Basket 3, the Soviets were concerned that organisations would be set up to monitor the SU and its satellite states.

Apollo-Soyuz Mission 1975:

The spirit of co-operation described in basket 2 was followed up the same year by a joint USA-Soviet space mission.

•A joint mission between the USA and USSR.

•The US Apollo space craft docked with the Russian Soyuz craft in space.

•The 60’s was a competitive space race but this represented cooperation between the superpowers.

Key Features of Détente – 1970’s

|EXTENSION – Explain why each was important in reducing tension between the superpowers |

|Task – Write 2 pieces of evidence in each box about how this contributed to detente |

|The Vietnam War/Civil Rights Movement in the USA |Soviet Union Social and Economic Problems |

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|SALT I, 1972 |The Helsinki Accords, 1974 |

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Key Topic 3.1: Attempts to reduce tension between East and West Knowledge Check

1. What is the meaning of Détente?

2. Describe 2 key terms of the SALT 1 Treaty

3. What treaties were signed in 1975?

4. What did the USA and USSR agree about security at Helsinki in 1975?

5. What did the USA and USSR agree about cooperation at Helsinki in 1975?

6. What did the USA and USSR agree about human rights at Helsinki in 1975?

LO: Analyse the causes and consequences of the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Key Topic 3.2 Flashpoints

From 1977, talks for a new S.A.L.T (S.A.L.T. II) agreement took place. The aim was to limit every type of rocket and warhead. It was signed by Carter and Brezhnev on 18th June 1979. It included restrictions on missile launchers, strategic bombers, as well as a ban on testing of deploying new types of ICBM.

It was meant to stay in force until 1985, and limited each superpower to 2,400 strategic nuclear weapon systems. The treaty was drawn up in 1979, but the USSR then invaded Afghanistan, so the USA refused to ratify the treaty. Throughout 1979 there had been growing tension between the two superpowers – the détente of the 1970’s was beginning to fade.

• In the USA there was a growing belief amongst both political parties that the Soviets could not be trusted. There was an increase in Soviet support from communist groups in El Salvador, Nicaragua and Angola. Any agreement with the Soviet Union was seen by some Americans as a sign of weakness.

• In November 1979 Islamic militants captured the American embassy in Tehran. American diplomats and their families were publically humiliated and more than 60 of them held hostage for 444 days. Many angry Americans wanted to see an end of détente and for the USA to restore its position as a powerful nation that took strong measures against any threats.

• Even within Carter’s administration, his advisors called for a stronger stance against the Soviet Union.

• Finally in December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan bringing the period of détente to an end.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (Dec 1979)

Causes:

In April 1978, there was a pro-Soviet communist revolution in which Taraki took control of Afghanistan. It received economic assistance from the Soviet Union. The Soviets wanted to create a buffer zone to stop fundamentalist Islam from spreading from Iran to the many Muslim citizens in the Soviet Union. Afghanistan played a key role in creating this buffer zone.

Many Muslim leaders across Afghanistan did not like the new socialist reforms introduced by the communist government so they began a civil war against the Communists in the spring of 1979. In September 1979 Amin (another communist) staged a popular coup and overthrew the government. In October 1979 Amin supporters assassinated Taraki and Amin claimed Presidency over Afghanistan. At first Amin was supported by the Soviet Union but his government became increasingly unpopular as other pro-Muslim groups tried to overthrow him. When Brezhnev heard rumours that Amin was talking to the USA about possible American support, he decided to act.

Brezhnev did not trust Amin – the KGB believed he was a US spy. The Soviet Union had a fear that, if the civil war was won by the Islamic fighters, Afghanistan would reject Communism and encourage nearby countries to do the same.

On 24th December 1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan. Amin was assassinated on 27th December and replaced by pro-Soviet Babrak Kamal. The SU stayed in Afghanistan for ten years, fighting off opponents of Kamal.

America had tolerated Soviet invasions previously (Czechoslovakia 1968) but this time they did not. The Americans saw it as an example of the Soviet Union trying to spread communism abroad. The USA, through the CIA, armed the Mujahedeen to fight against the Soviets.

Consequences:

- Effectively ended détente and worsened relations

- SALT II ratification suspended

- USA increased spending on weapons

- USA stopped exportation of grain to USSR

- USA gave military and economic aid to Mujahedeen rebels fighting Soviet troops

- Boycotting of 1980 Moscow Olympics

- USA began rearmament

CARTER DOCTRINE

In response to Afghanistan invasion Carter was appalled by the Soviet aggression and released a statement that became known as the ‘Carter Doctrine’ (January 1980)

He stated the USA would:

- Not allow the USSR to gain control of the oil-rich Middle East

- impose economic sanctions on the Soviet Union

- Take a number of immediate steps to try to remove Soviet troops from Afghanistan

LO: Analyse why there was a second cold war in the 1980s.

The impact of the invasion: THE RENEWED COLD WAR

Reagan was elected as the new US president in January 1981. He was elected as he had a tough anti-communist stance. He believed that Carter had been too soft on the Soviets and argued that the time had come for America to reclaim its position on the world stage. Reagan had been a hard line anti-communist and believed détente caused USA to lose ground with USSR; he called the Soviet Union ‘The Evil Empire’.

The Olympic boycotts

In protest of the invasion of Afghanistan, the USA boycotted the 1980 Olympic Games, which was held in Moscow. Over 60 nations supported the USA - this was highly significant; the Soviet Union wanted to showcase communism to the world watching on TV. All countries looked forward to the Olympics - telling their athletes not to go was not easy. Some countries, including Britain, did not forbid their athletes from going, but did encourage them not to take part. But American athletes were told that if they tried to travel to Moscow, their passports would be taken away.

The boycott was so effective that with many of the best athletes staying away, some events were made to look second-rate. The SU was furious – their chance to promote communism was undermined and relations with the USA deteriorated even further.

This was a significant moment in the “Second Cold War”. Relations were so poor that four years later, the Soviets returned the favour. The USA invaded Grenada to stop a Communist government from taking control. As a result of this invasion, and the poor relations between the two Superpowers, the 1984 LA Olympics were boycotted by USSR and 15 other Communist countries.

Complete the sentences:

The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979 led to the collapse of Détente because…

The American reaction to Afghanistan 1980 led to the collapse of Détente because…

SALT II 1979 led to the collapse of Détente because…

The Olympic Boycott 1980 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979 led to the collapse of Détente because…

|EXTENSION – The most important event in leading to the collapse of Détente was _____________________ because… |

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LO: how did the SDI impact on Superpower relations?

THE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE (SDI) AKA ‘Star Wars’

In 1982 meetings between the USA and USSR resumed under the banner of START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks). Reagan demanded huge cuts in Soviet nuclear capability. In response, the Soviets pulled out of the talks. Reagan’s statements were very aggressive – this terrified the Soviets into thinking he was preparing the US to fight a war with them.

In 1983 US scientists began working on the SDI. This project was informally named ‘Star Wars’. The aim was to prevent Soviet nuclear missiles from reaching US targets by creating a huge laser shield in space. It would place a series of satellites in orbit. These satellites would carry powerful lasers that would shoot down Soviet missiles and prevent them from harming the USA. If successful, SDI would mean the USA wouldn’t be victim of ‘first strike’. This was a clear breach of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Reagan spoke as if SDI was a reality and did not admit to the world that the new system was years from being ready. The news of these developments was a complete shock to the Soviets. They had spent a lot of money catching up with the American missile system; now they were useless (so they thought) and a new system needed to be developed. Clearly this caused increased tension between the Superpowers. SDI would mean the Soviets needed to invest huge sums to develop their own equivalent system, but their economy was not strong enough. This was one important factor behind the “new thinking” of Mikhail Gorbachev when he became Soviet Leader in 1985.

Key Topic 3.2 Flashpoints Knowledge Check

1) What talks began in 1977?

2) What happened in April 1978?

3) Why did the Soviets invade Afghanistan?

4) Identify 2 consequences of the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

5) Who supported the Mujahedeen?

6) Identify 2 points about the Carter Doctrine.

7) Who were the leaders of USSR and USA at this time during the Cold War

8) What did Reagan describe the USSR as?

9) What was SDI?

10) Why were the LA Olympics boycotted and by whom?

LO: what was the impact of Gorbachev’s ‘new thinking’ on Eastern Europe?

Key Topic 3.3 The collapse of Soviet control of Eastern Europe

Gorbachev’s new thinking 1985 (The beginning of the END)

Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in March 1985. He inherited a poor economy because of the Soviet War in Afghanistan lasting 10 years and the Soviets spending huge sums on developing arms. He wanted to improve living standards for those in the Soviet Union and its satellite states, which were vastly below standards in the West. He pushed for reforms to change the USSR’s government spending habits and allow a more open society. Gorbachev thought the best way to solve economic problems was to rebuild the economy from scratch. He argued it was necessary for the government to be more flexible and allow some private ownership of property and business. There was growing discontent in the satellite states about poor standards of living and lack of human rights, for example Poland, where the government declared martial law in 1981 due to the unrest. Other countries such as East Germany and Romania were only kept in check by the secret police and their policy of fear. There had been a run of leaders in poor health who had ruled briefly and had no time to make and fulfill plans (Brezhnev died in 1982, Andropov died in 1984 and Chernenko in 1985)

Gorbachev introduced the twin policies of Perestroika (economic restructuring) and Glasnost (openness & free speech). Gorbachev wanted more openness to halt the constant falsification of government figures. The powers of the KGB (secret police) were limited and criticism of government was permitted.

Gorbachev also understood that the Soviet economy was under immense pressure and the huge investment on military spending severely limited state support for its own people so he also wanted to change the Soviet Union’s foreign policy:

- Reduce defence spending

- Avoid danger of nuclear war

- Not to interfere with the running of countries outside Soviet Union

- Realised USSR was bankrupt and could not afford arms race with USA

- Withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan

- Reduced Soviet aid worldwide (previously the USSR supported communist countries worldwide through COMECON)

- Sought détente to reduce spending on defence and to be able to borrow money

GORBACHEV and REAGAN become friends

When Reagan became president he promised he would take a tough stance against communism. He had taken a confrontational approach towards the Soviets and spent more on developing weapons. However, when Gorbachev became leader, relations between the USA and Soviet Union changed. Here was a Soviet leader who was not looking to expand communism, but instead, was determined to reform the Soviet Union from the inside and work with the USA to reduce cold war tensions. In 1985, Reagan invited Gorbachev to a meeting in Geneva. After discussing policy, Reagan invited Gorbachev to go with him to a beach house, which was strictly against the rules. Gorbachev went, and the two leaders spoke well over their time limit and came out with the news that they had planned more summits (detailed below)

Geneva Summit, November 1985

No formal agreements but Reagan and Gorbachev established a good working relationship and a mutual desire to improve relations.

Reykjavik Summit, October 1986

Gorbachev was worried about the danger of nuclear weapons. This was made worse after the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, where large parts of the USSR was affected by nuclear fallout. Gorbachev proposed phasing out nuclear weapons if the Americans gave up their SDI programme. Both leaders knew that the Americans could not agree to give up the SDI. The meeting broke up with no formal agreement.

Washington Summit, December 1987

INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces)

Gorbachev accepted the USA would not give up its SDI and that the Soviet Union’s best interests lay in disarmament, reducing spending on weapons and better relations with the west. In 1987 Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with the USA, which banned all nuclear and conventional ballistic missiles that could travel between 500-5,000 miles. This was a revolutionary event, and signaled the end of the Cold War.

Moscow Summit, 1988

In this summit more complex detail of the INF was resolved. Later in the year, Gorbachev travelled to the USA and made a speech at the UN announcing Soviet troops would leave Afghanistan and the reduction of Warsaw Pacts troops.

Malta Summit, 1989

In December 1989 at the Malta Peace Summit between the new US President George Bush and Gorbachev, Gorbachev said, "I assure the President of the United States that I will never start a hot war against the USA." No new agreements were made, but both superpowers saw it as the end of the cold war.

LO: Analyse the events of 1989 and the collapse of the USSR.

The significance of the fall of the Berlin Wall

In February 1989 Gorbachev ended the Russian invasion of Afghanistan and pulled out all remaining soldiers. He pressured the chancellor of East Germany (Honecker) to give more freedom to East Berliners, which eventually led to the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

The fall of the Berlin Wall was significant on many levels. First of all, on a personal level, it meant citizens of East and West Berlin could be reunited with relatives and friends who they had not seen in 30 years. There were scenes of great emotion as people realised that restrictions that prevented them from crossing the border were gone. People wanted to commemorate the day the wall fell. For days afterwards, people chipped away at the wall and took souvenir pieces of the wall that had divided their city for 30 years.

Politically, the fall of the Wall was mainly symbolic. By November 1989, East Germans could already travel to the west via Austria and the East German leader had been sacked, throughout Eastern Europe communist governments were falling and the Soviet Union did nothing to stop it. For 30 years the Berlin wall had stood for the division of Europe. It was a symbol of the Cold War and of Soviet control. On 9th November 1989, its destruction became the symbol of the end of Soviet control and the end of the Cold War.

|Task: Make a brief timeline of the events leading up to the Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. |

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|EXTENSION – Make links between the events |

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The end of the Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact dissolved, and was replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), with the Russian Republic as dominant member.

Its creation had formally established Europe into two armed camps. The pact was a symbol of Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe. It was also a useful way for the Soviet Union to keep an eye on its communist neighbours and force decisions on them. When Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968) stepped out of line, it was the Warsaw Pact troops that brought them back into the fold.

The events of 1989 saw communist governments coming under pressure in Eastern Europe and made it impossible for the Warsaw Pact to survive. Military co-operation between the member states ended in early 1990 and the pact formally dissolved in July 1991. The end of the Pact was a highly significant moment in the history of the Cold War. It indicated the division between East and West was gone. The Cold War was over and there was no longer two armed alliances confronting each other across the “Iron Curtain”.

THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION

The end of the pact led to many countries becoming truly independent of the Soviet Union and governing themselves for the first time in decades. They no longer had to follow the policies set by Moscow or run their economies to benefit the Soviet Union.

In 1990 the three Baltic states, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, declared independence from the Soviet Union – these were not just Soviet satellites; they had been part of the Soviet Union itself since they had been conquered in 1940. Losing control in these areas played a major part in the downfall of Gorbachev and the Soviet Union.

People were fed up with Gorbachev:

- Hard-line communists felt he had done too little to stop the fall of communism in Eastern Europe – saw this as an act of weakness

- The economic reforms (perestroika) he had introduced had no immediate effect: there was still food shortages and rising prices

Other Russians wanted the complete collapse of the communist system. In February 1990, 250,000 people demonstrated against the communists in Moscow. In the annual May Day parade in Moscow’s Red Square, Gorbachev was booed!

In August 1991, hardline communists led a coup against Gorbachev. They imprisoned him in his own dacha (country home) in the Crimea. It seemed as though the USSR was about to return to the bad old days, when reform movements were stamped out by the communists.

Boris Yeltsin (president of Soviet republic of Russia) wanted to destroy Soviet communism and rallied the people of Moscow to oppose the hardline communist coup. Gorbachev continued in government, but the coup seriously damaged his authority.

The leaders of other Soviet republics took advantage of Gorbachev’s weakness and 12 of them joined together in a Commonwealth of Independent States. On 25th December 1991 Gorbachev resigned as Soviet president (his resignation was immediately followed by the break-up of the Soviet Union. The communist red flag that flew over Kremlin was lowered for the last time.

Key Topic 3.3 The collapse of Soviet control of Eastern Europe Knowledge Check

1) What were the two policies Gorbachev introduced?

2) What does Perestroika mean?

3) What does Glasnost mean?

4) Why did Gorbachev want to introduce his two new policies? Give two reasons.

5) Which three Baltic states declared themselves independent from the USSR in 1990?

6) Why did some people dislike Gorbachev?

7) What happened in February 1990?

8) What happened to Gorbachev in 1991?

9) What did Yeltsin do?

10) What happened on Christmas day 1991?

Key Topic 3 Exam Questions:

|Q1. 8 Marks |Q2. 8 Marks |Q3. 4 Marks (x2) |

|Explain two consequences of Gorbachev coming to power |Write a narrative account analysing the key events in |Explain the importance of SALT 1 for the |

|in the Soviet Union. |the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the years 1989-91|development of the Cold War. |

| |The impact of “new thinking” | |

| |The fall of the Berlin Wall | |

|Explain two consequences of the Soviet invasion of |Write a narrative account analysing the key events of |Explain the importance of the Helsinki Agreement |

|Afghanistan. |the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan |for relations between the USA and the Soviet |

| |Kabul revolution |Union. |

| |Mujahedeen | |

|Explain two consequences of SALT 1. |Write a narrative account analysing the key events of |Explain the importance of the Soviet invasion of |

| |détente in the years 1970-79. |Afghanistan in 1979 for relations between the USA |

| |SALT 1 1972 |and the Soviet Union. |

| |The Helsinki Accords 1975 | |

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Nixon and Brezhnev, the White House, Washington, 1973.

The Soviet-American team of astronauts and cosmonauts that worked on the Apollo-Soyuz mission of 1975.

Challenge

C1) why was MAD not necessarily bad?

C2) what were the weaknesses of SALT 1?

C3) what different aims did world leaders have in the Helsinki Accords?

RATIFICATION:

Formal approval. If the senate had ratified SALT 2, the terms would have become official US policy.

Consequences of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 1979.

The Mujahedeen and the Afghan War

The Muslim guerilla fighters who fought against the government of Amin and then the government of Kamal and the Soviet invasion force were known as the Mujahedeen. Their war against the Soviet Union lasted until 1989. During this time, the USA supplied the Mujahedeen with weapons and billions of dollars.

I urge you to beware the temptation of pride --the temptation of blithely declaring yourselves above it all and label both sides equally at fault, to ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire, to simply call the arms race a giant misunderstanding and thereby remove yourself from the struggle between right and wrong and good and evil”.

1983 ‘Evil Empire’ Speech

Explain how SDI was supposed to work….

Challenge (complete in your book)

C1) how important was the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan for relations between the USA and the Soviet Union?

C2) how did Reagan’s attitude to the Soviet Union differ from his predecessors?

C3) how important was SDI in cha[pic][?]

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Onging relations between the USA and the Soviet Union?

“We are not abandoning our convictions, our philosophy or traditions, nor do we urge anyone to abandon theirs.” (Gorbachev speaking in 1988)

Gorbachev’s New Thinking

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Challenge (complete in your book)

C1) what part did the Chernobyl disaster play in international relations in the 1980s?

C2) why was the fall of the Berlin Wall so significant?

C3) How significant was the end of the Warsaw Pact?

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