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Semester 2 Exam Review 2019: Name: __________________Important Information:You will be able to use the indicated Disease Portfolios on the Semester2 exam to help you answer disease questions. Resources Needed:Skin Disorders: Disease PortfolioMusculoskeletal Disorders: Disease PortfolioBlood & Circulatory Disorders: Disease PortfolioCardiovascular Disorders: No Disease Portfolio: may use WS – Pathophysiology of CV DisordersNervous System Disorders: Disease PortfolioCongenital & Genetic Disorders: No Disease Portfolio: May use Chapter 21 Study GuideStress & Associated Problems: No Disease Portfolio: May use Test ReviewPrior to Exam Day: You may add to your resources as needed; so check each section for completeness using your old tests & upgrade them to ensure that you have all the information that you need. Print out all of the Disease Portfolios listed (Please print them double sided) and place them in order along with the other resources listed.Staple or Paperclip them together into one packet.On Exam Day: Use the Disease Portfolios on your Test. You will be turning them in with your plete & study the information on this review sheet. This is the information that you need to have memorized & understood.Paperclip this review to the front of your 7 tests.Turn this review & the Tests in for your Exam extra credit (up to +10 on exam) prior to taking your Exam.There will NOT be a binder grade this semester.Skin Disorders Section: Write the key words of each definition below:AlbinismExcoriationsLichenificationAnswer the questions about resident/indigenous flora:Define:What body areas should always be sterile (with NO resident flora)?Pruritus :Involves a release of __________________________________Scratching may lead to ________________________ infections & subsequent ____________________.Diagnostics: List the 4 ways to diagnose the etiologyMusculoskeletal Disorders Section:Pathophysiology of FractureBleeding occurs from blood vessels in _________________ & ___________________________________________ develops in surrounding soft tissue areas_________________________ & other chemical mediators contribute to painStages of Bone HealingA highly vascular fragile tissue called _______________________________ forms a network that attracts cells necessary for healing.Cartilaginous structure called a ___________________________ splints bone ends together for a preliminary repairBone is adjusted according to stresses placed upon it to restore normal appearance in a process called ___________________________Factors affecting Bone HealingA patient’s age influences the speed of healing: The ________________ the patient, the quicker the healing.Open fractures must be _________________ and ___________________ antibiotics given to prevent Infection at the site of injury which will _____________________ plications: Provide the correct term.Due to compromised circulation – tissue damage due to lack of oxygenPain, ischemia & necrosis of muscle due to ↑ edema within fasciaCommon in pelvic & severe long bone fractures if not immobilized well during transport – tissue escapes from bone marrow into vein within 1st weekSigns & Symptoms & Treatments: provide the correct termSurgical procedure to reduce compartment syndromeSigns are: pallor, diaphoresis, hypotension, tachycardia, nauseaGrinding/grating/crunching sound of bone ends contacting each other.What is the main problem with scar tissue formation?Blood & Circulatory DisordersBlood flow depends on what 4 factors?List 3 chemicals that increase vasoconstrictionLeukocytes: Describe, list what they fight against, & what their purpose is:NeutrophilsBasophilsEosinophilsMonocytesB-lymphocytesT-lymphocytesNK lymphocytesExplain why platelets don’t normally form a plug in an unbroken blood vesselGive the general description of:AnemiaLeukemiaExplain each of the following signs/symptoms based on the etiology of the disease they indicate:PallorMalabsorptionAchlorhydria Bone painOrgan enlargementCardiovascular System Disorders:Provide the correct term for the following:______________________________ general name for blood vessels that carry blood away from heart_____________________________ general name for blood vessels that carry blood to heart_______________________________ middle layer of heart wall - composed mainly of heart muscle_______________________________ serous membrane directly covering heart (2 terms)_______________________________ serous membrane lining the inner heart chambers_______________________________ divides the heart longitudinally into right and left sides_______________________________ name of the blood vessel which carries blood from lungs to heart_________________________ 2 structures in a fetal heart that allows blood to bypasses the fetal lungs _______________________________ TWO Valves which prevent backflow into ventriclesDefine the following:systolediastoleechocardiogramelectrocardiogramauscultationThe rate & force of contraction in the heart is controlled by the ____________________ center located in the __________________________ of the brain.Changes in the blood pressure are controlled by the ______________________ located in the __________________ and _________________________________.Nervous System Disorders Section:Identify each of the following as a TIA, CVA, or AneurysmWarning sign of impending strokeFound at bifurcations on circle of WillisCan cause sudden fatal increase in ICPInfarction of brain tissue resulting from lack of bloodLocalized weakness & dilation of arterial wallIntermittent short episodes of impaired functionCentral area of necrosis surrounded by zone of inflammationStrokes can be caused by which 2 things?THREE ways to treat an unruptured aneurysmWhat do glucocorticoids do?Brain Injuries: Determine the term for each definition.Term meaning increasing ICP developing over timeOccur at base of skull – otorrhea or rhinorrhea possibleInclude: Laceration, compression, rupture or compression of cerebral BV, rotational or shear forcesInclude: Cerebral edema, hemorrhage, hematoma, cerebral vasospasm, infection, ischemiaDamage to area of brain contralateral to direct injury siteBruising of brain tissue – possible residual damageAssociated with contusions or shearing injuries within brain – may develop several days after injuryBrain injuries: Choose the treatment for each desired resultReduce infectionReduce ICPDecrease edemaStress & Associated ProblemsEndocrine glands are ___________________ glands which means hormones are released directly into the ________________________________ & then diffuse into the _____________________.List the 2 endocrine glands in the brain and the hormone released by each during the General Adaptation ResponseBe able to recognize the events that occur in each phase of GASExplain the reason for each physiological change that begins in the Alarm Phase:Physiological changeReason Increase in blood levels of glucose, glycerol, & fatty acidsIncrease in heart rate and blood pressureIncrease in breathing rate & bronchodilationPupil dilationIncrease in sweat productionReduction of nonessential energy using activities along with a blood flow redistributionAs the Resistance Phase is entered: (use Table 13.2 in PPT) The ____________________________ releases CRH (name:____________________________________________________) which triggers the _______________________________ to release ACTH (__________________________________) which triggers the _____________________________ to release cortisol.In the Resistance Phase: The increased levels of _______________________trigger the body to continue the Alarm Phase activities along with:Altering glucose, fat, and protein metabolism in order to spare glucose for _______________________________. Glucagon and Growth Hormone (GH) provide energy for other __________________________________________________.Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and ______________________ from the kidney cause ___________________ retention which _______________ the blood _______________ and blood ________________________.List all the non-essential energy using activities that are decreased in the Resistance Phase (there are 6 of them listed on the slides)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Exhaustive Phase: a return to homeostasis may not be possible if the original stressor remains. What factors can result from this inability to return to homeostasis?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Give an example of a maladaptive coping mechanism and explain why it would not be helpful in the long run?Congenital & Genetic DisordersUse key phrases to compare/contrast word pairsCongenital disorder vs. Developmental disorderGene vs. AlleleGenetic disorder vs. chromosomal disorderMultifactorial inheritance vs. Polygenic inheritanceEpistasis vs. Pleiotropy Meiosis: see slide on PPTMeiosisOutcome Ploidy UseGeneticsTypes of inheritance: Analyze Punnett squares or pedigrees of the following: Autosomal dominant/recessive, sex linked dominant/recessive, incomplete, co-dominanceExample: A female who carries the allele is called a “carrier.” A female who does NOT carry the allele is said to be “normal.”REMEMBER:TO WRITE THE CHROMOSOME FIRST, THEN ADD THE ALLELE TO IT. (e.G., XHXh x XhY)THAT THE Y CHROMOSOME DOES NOT CARRY THE ALLELE.TO WRITE THE SEX OF THE OFFSPRING IN THE PHENOTYPE.Hemophilia is a sex-linked disease caused by a recessive gene on the X chromosome. It does not necessarily cause death at an early age. What would be the result of these crosses? For each one: Include a Punnett Square with your expected phenotypic ratios.A normal male is crossed with a female carrier.A hemophiliac male is crossed with a normal female.Cystic Fibrosis is a disease caused by a mutation in the gene for a chloride channel (a “gate” protein”. Since one “good” copy of the gene produces enough protein, the disease is autosomal recessive.Suppose that a man with a family history of CF marries a woman with no history of the disease. The woman has no genes for CF (homozygous dominant) while the man is a carrier (heterozygous) and does not have the disease. Show each parent’s genotypeUse a Punnett square to determine, what are the chances that their children will have CF? What about the chances they will be carriers? Pedigree Practice:392381892597003695700154940I00I3581400279400The pedigree to the right shows a family’s pedigree for colorblindness. Which sex can be carriers of colorblindness and not have it? ______________________346710067945II00IIWith this in mind, what kind of trait iscolorblindness (use your notes)? ______________________57367351013990068357277292000535602410691300Why does individual IV-7 have colorblindness?365760085725III00III_________________________________________________378919015521300Why do all the daughters in generation II carry the6420412364360056771731604300colorblind gene? ____________________________________359410065405IV00IV6858000133350800865532001333507007617220013335060065791200133350500550292001333504004392430010795010014267200107950200246101001079503003Name 2 IV generation colorblind males. _________Types of chromosomal disorders: Recognize: Deletion/insertion, inversion, translocation, non-disjunctions. Explain HOW you know.Karyotypes: Determine for each of the following: Male/female, normal/abnormal, if abnormal: what type of chromosomal disorder is it?36170895562 ................
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