Chapter 10



Chapter 10

Importance of Individual Subject

Enables applied behavior analysts to _____________________ and ____________________ effective interventions for socially significant behaviors

Contrasted with groups-comparison approach

Groups-Comparison Experiment

________________________ selected pool of subjects from relevant population

Divided into experimental and ______________________ groups

Pretest, application of independent variable to ____________________________ group, and posttest

Group Data Not Representative of Individual Performance

Individuals within a group could stay the same or decrease, while the improvement of others could make it appear as overall average improvement

To be most useful, treatment must be understood at an ________________________ _____________________

Group Data Masks Variability

Hides ________________________ that occurs within and between subjects

__________________________ control should not be a substitute for __________________________ control

To control effects of any variable, must either hold it constant or manipulate it as an independent variable

Absence of Intrasubject Replication

Power of __________________________ effects with individuals is lost

Many applied situations in which overall performance of group is socially significant

When group results don’t represent individuals, should supplement the data with _______________________ _______________________

Importance of Flexibility in Design

An effective researcher must actively design each experiment so that it achieves its own unique design

Good experimental design is any independent variable manipulation that produces data that convincingly addresses the _________________________ _________________________

The book presents __________________________ ______________________ in design form

Experimental Designs

Often designs entail a _________________________ of analytic tactics

Component analysis of elements

Infinite number of possible designs with different combinations

Most effective use ________________________ __________________________ of data from individuals to employ baseline logic of prediction, verification, and replication

Internal Validity

Experiments that demonstrate clear functional relations have high degree of ______________________ ___________________________

_________________________ _______________________ refers to all relevant variables

Steady state responding as evidence

_______________________________ variables are threats to internal validity

Subject Confounds

_____________________________: changes in subject over course of experiment

Repeated measurement controls and detects uncontrolled variables

Setting Confounds

Studies in ________________________ __________________________ are more prone to confounding variables than in controlled laboratories

If change in setting occurs, should then hold new conditions constant until ______________________ _____________________ ___________________________ is observed

Measurement Confounds

__________________________ ____________________ or bias

Keeping observers naive to expected outcomes can reduce observer bias

Must maintain ________________________ ___________________________ long enough for reactive effects to run their course and then obtain stable responding

Could use ________________________ ______________________ except when practice effects would be expected

Independent Variable Confounds

__________________________ control separates effects produced by subject’s perceived expectations

Double-blind control _________________________ _______________________ by subject expectations, teacher and parent expectations, differential treatment by others, and observer bias

Treatment Integrity

Similar to procedural fidelity

Extent to which the independent variable is implemented or carried out as planned

Low ________________________ ________________________ makes it very difficult to confidently interpret experimental results

__________________________ __________________________: when application of independent variable in later phases differs from original application

Precise Operational Definition

A high level of treatment integrity requires a complete, precise _______________________ ________________________ of treatment procedures

Define in 4 dimensions: verbal, physical, spatial, and __________________________

Simplify, Standardize, and Automate

Simple, precise treatments are more likely to be ___________________________ delivered

Simple, easy-to-implement techniques are more likely to be used and ______________________ _______________________

Experimenters should ___________________________ as many aspects as possible and practical

If possible without compromise, could use an automated device to deliver independent variable

Training and Practice

________________________ or provide practice for individual who will conduct the experimental sessions

Could provide a detailed script, _______________________ _________________________, modeling, or performance feedback

Assessing Treatment Integrity

Collect treatment integrity data to measure how the actual __________________________ of the conditions matches the ________________________ ___________________________

Observation and calibration give the researcher the ongoing ability to use retraining and practice to ensure high _____________________________ _______________________

__________________________, eliminate, or identify the influence of as many potentially confounding variables as possible

Social Validity

Includes the ________________________ __________________________ of the target behavior, the appropriateness of the procedures, and the social importance of the results

Usually assessed by asking direct and indirect consumers

Consumer ___________________________

Social Importance of Behavior Change Goals

To determine socially valid goals:

___________________________ the performance of persons considered competent

Experimentally ___________________________ different levels of performance to determine which produces optimal results

Social Importance of Interventions

__________________________ _______________________ and questionnaires for obtaining consumers’ opinions on acceptability of interventions

Examples:

Intervention Rating Profile

Treatment __________________________ Rating Form

Social Importance of Behavior Changes

Methods for assessing outcomes:

Compare subject’s performance to a ________________________ _____________________

Use _________________________ assessment instrument

Ask consumers to rate ______________________ ______________________ of performance

Ask experts to evaluate subject’s performance

Test subject’s new performance in _______________________ ________________________

Normative Sample

Not limited to posttreatment comparisons

Compare subject’s behavior to ________________________ _____________________ of behavior of normative sample to provide ongoing measure of improvement and how much is still needed

Consumers and Experts

Most frequently used method for assessing social validity is to ask consumers

_________________________ can be called upon to judge the social validity of some behavior changes

Standardized and Real-World Tests

Example of standardized test: Self-Injury Trauma Scale (SITS)

___________________________ __________________________ in the natural environment provides direct assessment of social validity

Also exposes subject to naturally occurring reinforcement, which may promote _________________________ and ____________________________

External Validity

Degree to which a functional relation in an experiment will hold under _______________________ ________________________

A matter of _____________________, not all-or-nothing

Those with greater degrees of generality make greater contribution to applied behavior analysis

External Validity and Groups-Design Research

There is nothing in the results of a groups-design experiment that can have _______________________ ___________________________

Unable to provide data that lead to improved practice in education

Groups-design is effective in ___________________________ evaluations

External Validity and Applied Behavior Analysis

___________________________ of findings in ABA is assessed, established, and specified through replication of experiments

Two major types of scientific replication: ________________________ and _______________________

Direct Replication

Duplicates exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment

____________________________ direct replication: uses same subject to establish reliability of functional relation

Intersubject direct replication: uses different but similar subjects to determine ______________________

Systematic Replication

Researcher purposefully varies one or more aspects of ________________________ ____________________________

Can demonstrate ___________________________ and external validity of earlier findings

Can alter any aspect: subjects, setting, administration of independent variable, or target behaviors

Evaluating Applied Behavior Analysis Research

Questions to ask in evaluating the quality of research in applied behavior analysis fall under 4 categories:

Internal validity

___________________________ _________________________

External validity

Scientific and _________________________ ________________________

Internal Validity

Must decide whether ___________________________ ___________________________ has been demonstrated

Requires close examination of measurement system, ___________________________ ____________________, and the researcher’s control of potential confounds

Evaluating Internal Validity

Definition and ___________________________ of dependent variable

Graphic display

Meaningfulness of __________________________ ______________________________

Experimental design

___________________________ _________________________ and interpretation

Visual Analysis and Interpretation

Factors that favor visual analysis over tests of statistical significance in ABA:

Want to see _______________________ _______________________ behavior change, not statistically significant

Good for identifying variables that produce strong, large, and reliable effects

Accepting statistical analysis as evidence of ________________________ ______________________ may cause researcher not to experiment further

Tests of statistical significance may cause data sets to conform, losing __________________________ in design

Errors

Type I error: when researcher concludes that _________________________ ______________________ had effect on dependent variable, when it did not

Type II error: when researcher concludes that independent variable did not have effect on dependent variable, when it did

_________________________ ___________________________ leads to less Type I and more Type II errors

Statistical analysis leads to more Type I and less Type II errors

Social Validity

Independent variable should be assessed in terms of its effects on dependent variable, as well as social acceptability, complexity, _____________________________, and __________________________

Consider ___________________________ and generalization of behavior change in evaluation of a study

External Validity

To effectively judge external validity, compare a study’s results with those of other relevant ___________________________ _____________________________

Theoretical Significance and Conceptual Sense

Evaluate a study in terms of its scientific merit

Look at its _______________________ to the advancement of the _______________________

“Knowledgeable reproducibility”

Need for More Thorough Analyses

Need for more ___________________________ __________________________ of the principles that underlie successful demonstrations of behavior change

Readers should consider the technological ___________________________, the ___________________________ of results, and the level of conceptual ______________________ in experimental reports

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