Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Importance of Individual Subject
Enables applied behavior analysts to _____________________ and ____________________ effective interventions for socially significant behaviors
Contrasted with groups-comparison approach
Groups-Comparison Experiment
________________________ selected pool of subjects from relevant population
Divided into experimental and ______________________ groups
Pretest, application of independent variable to ____________________________ group, and posttest
Group Data Not Representative of Individual Performance
Individuals within a group could stay the same or decrease, while the improvement of others could make it appear as overall average improvement
To be most useful, treatment must be understood at an ________________________ _____________________
Group Data Masks Variability
Hides ________________________ that occurs within and between subjects
__________________________ control should not be a substitute for __________________________ control
To control effects of any variable, must either hold it constant or manipulate it as an independent variable
Absence of Intrasubject Replication
Power of __________________________ effects with individuals is lost
Many applied situations in which overall performance of group is socially significant
When group results don’t represent individuals, should supplement the data with _______________________ _______________________
Importance of Flexibility in Design
An effective researcher must actively design each experiment so that it achieves its own unique design
Good experimental design is any independent variable manipulation that produces data that convincingly addresses the _________________________ _________________________
The book presents __________________________ ______________________ in design form
Experimental Designs
Often designs entail a _________________________ of analytic tactics
Component analysis of elements
Infinite number of possible designs with different combinations
Most effective use ________________________ __________________________ of data from individuals to employ baseline logic of prediction, verification, and replication
Internal Validity
Experiments that demonstrate clear functional relations have high degree of ______________________ ___________________________
_________________________ _______________________ refers to all relevant variables
Steady state responding as evidence
_______________________________ variables are threats to internal validity
Subject Confounds
_____________________________: changes in subject over course of experiment
Repeated measurement controls and detects uncontrolled variables
Setting Confounds
Studies in ________________________ __________________________ are more prone to confounding variables than in controlled laboratories
If change in setting occurs, should then hold new conditions constant until ______________________ _____________________ ___________________________ is observed
Measurement Confounds
__________________________ ____________________ or bias
Keeping observers naive to expected outcomes can reduce observer bias
Must maintain ________________________ ___________________________ long enough for reactive effects to run their course and then obtain stable responding
Could use ________________________ ______________________ except when practice effects would be expected
Independent Variable Confounds
__________________________ control separates effects produced by subject’s perceived expectations
Double-blind control _________________________ _______________________ by subject expectations, teacher and parent expectations, differential treatment by others, and observer bias
Treatment Integrity
Similar to procedural fidelity
Extent to which the independent variable is implemented or carried out as planned
Low ________________________ ________________________ makes it very difficult to confidently interpret experimental results
__________________________ __________________________: when application of independent variable in later phases differs from original application
Precise Operational Definition
A high level of treatment integrity requires a complete, precise _______________________ ________________________ of treatment procedures
Define in 4 dimensions: verbal, physical, spatial, and __________________________
Simplify, Standardize, and Automate
Simple, precise treatments are more likely to be ___________________________ delivered
Simple, easy-to-implement techniques are more likely to be used and ______________________ _______________________
Experimenters should ___________________________ as many aspects as possible and practical
If possible without compromise, could use an automated device to deliver independent variable
Training and Practice
________________________ or provide practice for individual who will conduct the experimental sessions
Could provide a detailed script, _______________________ _________________________, modeling, or performance feedback
Assessing Treatment Integrity
Collect treatment integrity data to measure how the actual __________________________ of the conditions matches the ________________________ ___________________________
Observation and calibration give the researcher the ongoing ability to use retraining and practice to ensure high _____________________________ _______________________
__________________________, eliminate, or identify the influence of as many potentially confounding variables as possible
Social Validity
Includes the ________________________ __________________________ of the target behavior, the appropriateness of the procedures, and the social importance of the results
Usually assessed by asking direct and indirect consumers
Consumer ___________________________
Social Importance of Behavior Change Goals
To determine socially valid goals:
___________________________ the performance of persons considered competent
Experimentally ___________________________ different levels of performance to determine which produces optimal results
Social Importance of Interventions
__________________________ _______________________ and questionnaires for obtaining consumers’ opinions on acceptability of interventions
Examples:
Intervention Rating Profile
Treatment __________________________ Rating Form
Social Importance of Behavior Changes
Methods for assessing outcomes:
Compare subject’s performance to a ________________________ _____________________
Use _________________________ assessment instrument
Ask consumers to rate ______________________ ______________________ of performance
Ask experts to evaluate subject’s performance
Test subject’s new performance in _______________________ ________________________
Normative Sample
Not limited to posttreatment comparisons
Compare subject’s behavior to ________________________ _____________________ of behavior of normative sample to provide ongoing measure of improvement and how much is still needed
Consumers and Experts
Most frequently used method for assessing social validity is to ask consumers
_________________________ can be called upon to judge the social validity of some behavior changes
Standardized and Real-World Tests
Example of standardized test: Self-Injury Trauma Scale (SITS)
___________________________ __________________________ in the natural environment provides direct assessment of social validity
Also exposes subject to naturally occurring reinforcement, which may promote _________________________ and ____________________________
External Validity
Degree to which a functional relation in an experiment will hold under _______________________ ________________________
A matter of _____________________, not all-or-nothing
Those with greater degrees of generality make greater contribution to applied behavior analysis
External Validity and Groups-Design Research
There is nothing in the results of a groups-design experiment that can have _______________________ ___________________________
Unable to provide data that lead to improved practice in education
Groups-design is effective in ___________________________ evaluations
External Validity and Applied Behavior Analysis
___________________________ of findings in ABA is assessed, established, and specified through replication of experiments
Two major types of scientific replication: ________________________ and _______________________
Direct Replication
Duplicates exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment
____________________________ direct replication: uses same subject to establish reliability of functional relation
Intersubject direct replication: uses different but similar subjects to determine ______________________
Systematic Replication
Researcher purposefully varies one or more aspects of ________________________ ____________________________
Can demonstrate ___________________________ and external validity of earlier findings
Can alter any aspect: subjects, setting, administration of independent variable, or target behaviors
Evaluating Applied Behavior Analysis Research
Questions to ask in evaluating the quality of research in applied behavior analysis fall under 4 categories:
Internal validity
___________________________ _________________________
External validity
Scientific and _________________________ ________________________
Internal Validity
Must decide whether ___________________________ ___________________________ has been demonstrated
Requires close examination of measurement system, ___________________________ ____________________, and the researcher’s control of potential confounds
Evaluating Internal Validity
Definition and ___________________________ of dependent variable
Graphic display
Meaningfulness of __________________________ ______________________________
Experimental design
___________________________ _________________________ and interpretation
Visual Analysis and Interpretation
Factors that favor visual analysis over tests of statistical significance in ABA:
Want to see _______________________ _______________________ behavior change, not statistically significant
Good for identifying variables that produce strong, large, and reliable effects
Accepting statistical analysis as evidence of ________________________ ______________________ may cause researcher not to experiment further
Tests of statistical significance may cause data sets to conform, losing __________________________ in design
Errors
Type I error: when researcher concludes that _________________________ ______________________ had effect on dependent variable, when it did not
Type II error: when researcher concludes that independent variable did not have effect on dependent variable, when it did
_________________________ ___________________________ leads to less Type I and more Type II errors
Statistical analysis leads to more Type I and less Type II errors
Social Validity
Independent variable should be assessed in terms of its effects on dependent variable, as well as social acceptability, complexity, _____________________________, and __________________________
Consider ___________________________ and generalization of behavior change in evaluation of a study
External Validity
To effectively judge external validity, compare a study’s results with those of other relevant ___________________________ _____________________________
Theoretical Significance and Conceptual Sense
Evaluate a study in terms of its scientific merit
Look at its _______________________ to the advancement of the _______________________
“Knowledgeable reproducibility”
Need for More Thorough Analyses
Need for more ___________________________ __________________________ of the principles that underlie successful demonstrations of behavior change
Readers should consider the technological ___________________________, the ___________________________ of results, and the level of conceptual ______________________ in experimental reports
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