Revision 1 – Financial Management, Financial Objectives ...
Revision 1 – Financial Management, Financial Objectives and Financial Environment
Topics List
|1. |Financial Management |Exam Question Reference |
| |a. Financial management decisions – investment, financing and dividend decisions |Jun 10 |Q4c |
| |b. Three decisions relationship under M&M view |Jun 10 |Q4c |
| | | | |
|2. |Financial Objectives | | |
| |a. Primary objective – maximize shareholders’ wealth |Dec 11 |Q4d |
| | |Jun 13 |Q1c |
| | |Dec 13 |Q1c |
| |b. Maximizing and satisfying | | |
| |c. Financial indicators for maximizing shareholders’ wealth |Dec 11 |Q4d |
| | |Jun 13 |Q1c |
| |d. Non-financial indicators | | |
| |e. External factors | | |
| | | | |
|3. |Stakeholders | | |
| |a. Categories of stakeholder group | | |
| |b. Stakeholders’ areas of interest | | |
| | | | |
|4. |Objectives in Not-for-profit Organizations | | |
| |a. Value for money |Dec 11 |Q4d |
| |b. Economy, effectiveness and efficiency |Dec 11 |Q4d |
| | | | |
|5. |Agency problem | | |
| |a. Meaning |Dec 08 |Q1e |
| | |Jun 12 |Q3a |
| |b. How to reduce the agency problem? |Dec 08 |Q1e |
| |c. Less conflict in SMEs |Jun 12 |Q3a |
| | | | |
|6. |Macroeconomic Targets | | |
| |a. Economic growth and high employment | | |
| |b. Low inflation | | |
| |c. Balance of payments stability | | |
| |d. Types of policy | | |
|7. |Financial Institutions | | |
| |a. Types of financial institutions | | |
| |b. Functions of financial intermediaries |Dec 09 |Q4a |
| | | | |
|8. |Financial Markets | | |
| |a. Money markets | | |
| |b. Capital markets | | |
| |c. Euromarkets | | |
| | | | |
1. Financial Management
1.1 Financial management decisions cover investment decisions, financing decisions and dividend decisions. They are interlinked. (Jun 10)
|Decision |Explanation |
|Investment decision |Whether to undertake new projects |
| |Whether to invest in new plant and machinery |
| |Whether to carry out a takeover or a merger, etc. |
|Financing decision |Cash available within the company |
| |Access to new sources of finance |
| |Cost of finance (WACC) |
|Dividend decision |Pay less dividend if profits need to be retained new for investment |
1.2 The three decisions relationship under Miller and Modigliani (M&M) investigation: (Jun 10)
➢ In perfect capital market, the market value of a company and its weighted average cost of capital (WACC) were independent of its capital structure.
➢ Therefore, the market value depended on the business risk of the company and not on its financial risk.
➢ Investment decision determined the operating income of a company, so it was important in determining the market value.
➢ Financing decision, under M&M’s assumptions, was shown to be irrelevant in determining the market value.
➢ Dividend policy was also irrelevant to value of the share under the assumption of a perfect capital market.
➢ As a result, the investment decision was the most important factor for the market value of the company and also the primary objective of maximization of shareholders wealth.
➢ In practice, capital markets are not perfect and a number of other factors affect the three decision areas.
➢ For example, pecking order theory suggests that managers do not in practice make financing decisions with the objective of obtaining an optimal capital structure, but on the basis of the convenience and relative cost of different sources of finance.
|7– Financial management decisions |
|Discuss the relationship between investment decisions, dividend decisions and financing decisions in the context of financial |
|management, illustrating your discussion with examples where appropriate. (8 marks) |
|(ACCA F9 Financial Management June 2010 Q4(c)) |
2. Financial Objectives
(Dec 11, Jun 13, Dec 13)
2.1 For profit making company, the primary objective is to maximize shareholder wealth. This could involve increasing the share price and/or dividend payout.
2.2 One problem for the financial manager is to satisfy the objectives of several stakeholders at the same time. Therefore, in practice a distinction must be made between maximizing and satisficing.
➢ Maximizing – seeking the best possible outcome.
➢ Satisficing – finding a merely adequate outcome.
2.3 Financial indicators pointing towards maximizing shareholder wealth include:
➢ EPS
➢ DPS
➢ ROCE
➢ Profit after tax
➢ Revenue, etc.
2.4 Non-financial indicators include:
➢ Market share
➢ Customer satisfaction
➢ Quality measures
2.5 External factors, for examples:
➢ Interest rate – if falls
◆ Stimulate demand and revenue
◆ Lower the cost of debt and improve profits
◆ Investors switch to share market for better returns
➢ Inflation rate – if rises
◆ Costs rise causing a drop in profits
◆ Cause interest rates to rise
◆ Devalues the home currency
➢ Foreign exchange rate – if rises
◆ Reduce cash receipts for exporters
◆ Lowers the cost for importers
◆ Discourage exporting
➢ GDP – if falls
◆ Reduce demand and revenue
◆ Cause interest rates to fall to stimulate demand
3. Stakeholders
3.1 Anyone with an interest in the activities or performance of a company are stakeholders because they have a stake or interest in what happens.
3.2 The main categories of stakeholder group in a company are usually the following:
|Stakeholders |Examples of areas of interest |
|Internal: | |
|(a) Directors |Reward structure |
| |Promotion |
| | |
|(b) Employees |Salary |
| |Promotion |
|Connected: | |
|Shareholders |Wealth maximization |
| |Profit maximization |
| | |
|Lenders |Interest payment |
| |Liquidity |
| |Solvency |
| | |
|Customers |Satisfaction |
| |Quality |
| |Delivery time |
| | |
|Suppliers |Prompt payment |
| |Liquidity |
|External: | |
|Government |Tax payments |
|Society as a whole |Environmental protection |
| |Macroeconomic influence |
|Question 2 – Stakeholders’ interest |
|Private sector companies have multiple stakeholders who are likely to have divergent interests. |
| |
|Required: |
| |
|Identify five stakeholder groups and briefly discuss their financial and other objectives. |
|(12 marks) |
4. Objectives in Not-for-profit Organizations
(Dec 11)
4.1 They are not run to make profits but to provide benefits. Therefore, it is recognized that these organizations should demonstrate the principles of value for money, i.e. attempting to get the maximum benefits for the least cost.
4.2 This is usually accepted as requiring the application of economy, effectiveness and efficiency.
➢ Economy – attain the appropriate quantity and quality of inputs at lowest cost to achieve a certain level of outputs.
➢ Effectiveness – is the extent to which declared objectives/ goals are met.
➢ Efficiency – is the relationship between inputs and outputs.
|Question 3 – Not-for-profit organization |
|Discuss the nature of the financial objectives that may be set in a not-for-profit organisation such as a charity or a hospital. (8 |
|marks) |
5. Agency Problem
(Dec 08, Jun 12)
5.1 The agency problem arises because:
➢ the objectives of managers differ from those of shareholders;
➢ there is a divorce or separation of ownership from control in modern companies; and
➢ there is an asymmetry of information between shareholders and managers which prevents shareholders being aware of most managerial decisions.
5.2 Examples:
➢ Moral hazard – manager has an interest in receiving benefits from his or her position as a manager.
➢ Effort level – work less hard than they would if they were the owners of the company.
➢ Earnings retention – management may want to re-invest profits in order to make the company bigger, rather than payout the profits as dividends.
➢ Risk aversion – management might be risk-averse and so reluctant to invest in higher-risk projects in order to protect their job.
➢ Time horizon – management might only be interested in the short-term prospects, but shareholders concern about long-term growth.
5.3 How to reduce the agency problem? (Dec 08, Dec 13)
➢ Devising a remuneration package – adequate incentive to act in the best interests of the shareholders, such as share options scheme which is likely to lead to share price increase.
➢ Having enough independent non-executive directors inside the board – they are able to act in the best interests of the shareholders because they are not the employees of the company.
5.4 Why SMEs might experience less conflict between the objectives of shareholders and directors than large listed companies?
➢ In many cases shareholders are not different from directors, for example in a family-owned company. Where that is the case, there is no separation between ownership and control, there is no difference between the objectives of shareholders and directors, and there is no asymmetry of information. Conflict between the objectives of shareholders and directors will therefore not arise.
➢ The shares of SMEs are often owned by a small number of shareholders, who may be in regular contact with the company and its directors. In these circumstances, the possibility of conflict is very much reduced.
|Question 4 – Agency problem |
|At a recent board meeting of Dartig Co, a non-executive director suggested that the company’s remuneration committee should consider |
|scrapping the company’s current share option scheme, since executive directors could be rewarded by the scheme even when they did not |
|perform well. A second non-executive director disagreed, saying the problem was that even when directors acted in ways which decreased |
|the agency problem, they might not be rewarded by the share option scheme if the stock market were in decline. |
| |
|Required: |
|Explain the nature of the agency problem and discuss the use of share option schemes as a way of reducing the agency problem in a |
|stock-market listed company such as Dartig Co. |
|(8 marks) |
|(ACCA F9 Financial Management December 2008 Q1(e)) |
6. Macroeconomic Targets
6.1 Government objectives for the economy are referred to as macroeconomic objectives or targets. The three main targets are usually:
(a) Economic growth and high employment
(b) Low inflation
(c) Balance of payments stability
6.2 Policies for achieving macroeconomic targets
|Policy type |Definition |
|Fiscal policy |How much the government decides to spend, and to raise as tax revenue |
|Monetary policy |Control over the money supply and of interest rates |
|Exchange rate policy |If the value of the local currency is forced down in value it makes imports more |
| |expensive and exports cheaper |
|Competition policy |Policies to encourage competition, e.g. blocking takeovers |
|Green policy |Policies to encourage protection of the environment |
7. Financial Institutions
7.1 Types of financial institutions
|Types |Functions |
|Merchant banks |Provide large corporate loans, often syndicated. Manager investment portfolios for |
| |corporate clients |
|Pension funds |Invest to meet future pension liabilities. |
|Insurance companies |Invest to meet future liabilities. |
7.2 Financial intermediaries provide the following functions: (Dec 09)
|Functions |Descriptions |
|Maturity transformation |A bank can make a 10-year loan (long-term) while still allowing its depositors to |
| |take money out whenever they want; so short-term deposits become long-term |
| |investments. |
|Aggregation of funds |A bank can aggregate lots of small amounts of money into a large loan. |
|Diversification of risk |Many individuals may be scared of lending money directly to one particular company |
| |because of that company going bankrupt. A bank will be lending money to many |
| |companies and will therefore be reducing the risk to themselves and therefore to the |
| |individuals whose money they are using. |
|Question 5 – Role of financial intermediaries |
|Discuss the role of financial intermediaries in providing short-term finance for use by business organisations. (4 marks) |
|(ACCA F9 Financial Management December 2009 Q4(a)) |
8. Financial Markets
8.1 Money markets – if a company or a government needs to raise funds for short-term (normally less than one year), they can access the money markets. For examples:
➢ Treasury bills
➢ Certificates of deposit (CD)
➢ Commercial paper (issued by companies with high credit rating)
➢ Bills of exchange
8.2 The role of the money markets
➢ Providing short-term liquidity to industry and the public sector
➢ Providing short-term trade finance
➢ Allowing an organization to manage its exposure to foreign currency risk and interest rate risk
8.3 Capital markets – If a company needs to raise funds for the long-term, it can access the capital markets (normally more than one year). For examples:
➢ Bonds
➢ Listed shares
8.4 Euromarkets – in recent years a strong market has built up which allows large companies with excellent credit ratings to raise finance in a foreign currency. This market is organised by international commercial banks
|Question 6 |
|List and explain the major functions performed by the capital markets. (5 marks) |
Additional Examination Style Questions
Question 7 – Efficient market hypothesis, effect of interest rate increase and comparison of objectives of not-for-profit organization and private company.
Tagna is a medium-sized company that manufactures luxury goods for several well-known chain stores. In real terms, the company has experienced only a small growth in turnover in recent years, but it has managed to maintain a constant, if low, level of reported profits by careful control of costs. It has paid a constant nominal (money terms) dividend for several years and its managing director has publicly stated that the primary objective of the company is to increase the wealth of shareholders. Tagna is financed as follows:
| |$m |
|Overdraft |1.0 |
|10 year fixed interest bank loan |2.0 |
|Share capital and reserves |4.5 |
| |7.5 |
Tagna has the agreement of its existing shareholders to make a new issue of shares on the stock market but has been informed by its bank that current circumstances are unsuitable. The bank has stated that if new shares were to be issued now they would be significantly under-priced by the stock market, causing Tagna to issue many more shares than necessary in order to raise the amount of finance it requires. The bank recommends that the company waits for at least six months before issuing new shares, by which time it expects the stock market to have become strong-form efficient.
The financial press has reported that it expects the Central Bank to make a substantial increase in interest rate in the near future in response to rapidly increasing consumer demand and a sharp rise in inflation. The financial press has also reported that the rapid increase in consumer demand has been associated with an increase in consumer credit to record levels.
Required:
(a) Discuss the meaning and significance of the different forms of market efficiency (weak, semi-strong and strong) and comment on the recommendation of the bank that Tagna waits for six months before issuing new shares on the stock market. (9 marks)
(b) On the assumption that the Central Bank makes a substantial interest rate increase, discuss the possible consequences for Tagna in the following areas:
(i) sales;
(ii) operating costs; and,
(iii) earnings (profit after tax).
(10 marks)
(c) Explain and compare the public sector objective of “value for money” and the private sector objective of “maximisation of shareholder wealth”. (6 marks)
(25 marks)
Question 8
Compare and contrast the financial objectives of a stock exchange listed company such as Bar Co and the financial objectives of a not-for-profit organisation such as a large charity.
(11 marks)
(ACCA F9 Financial Management December 2011 Q4(d))
Question 9
Discuss the reasons why small and medium-sized entities (SMEs) might experience less conflict between the objectives of shareholders and directors than large listed companies.
(4 marks)
(ACCA F9 Financial Management June 2012 Q3(a))
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