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2014 Chapter 6 & 8 Practice TestAP PsychologyName_________________Period_________________3. Which of the following behaviors indicate learning?A. Sheena dyes her hair green.B. Brad falls asleep watching TV.C. Simon whines whenever he wants something.D. Carrie is naturally athletic.Answer: C5. Little Millie covers her ears every time she sees a flash of lightening during a storm. This reaction demonstratesA. associative learning.B. classical conditioning.C. habituation.D. instrumental conditioning.Answer: B10. Pavlov’s dog learned to anticipate food whenever he was presented with stimuli associated with food. Pavlov knew that his dog associated specific stimuli with food because the ________ was elicited by the stimuli.A. UCR B. UCS C. CR D. CS Answer: C14. In classical conditioning situations, the ________ connection is innate, while the ________ connection is learned.A. UCS-CS; UCR-CRB. UCS-UCR; CS-CRC. UCR-CR; UCS-CSD. CS-CR; UCS-UCRAnswer: B15. You feel fine as you sit down in your usual seat in German class. However, when Dr. Kraus announces that there will be a pop quiz on the 100 most difficult vocabulary words covered in the last few classes, your heart starts pounding and you get a queasy feeling in your stomach. This reaction is most likely a(n)A. UCS.B. UCR.C. CS.D. CR.Answer: D19. During the winter months, Alfred receives a static shock each time he touches his car door when exiting his vehicle. Now Alfred flinches right before he touches the door. What represents the conditioned response?A. the shockB. car doorC. exiting the carD. flinching before touching the doorAnswer: D23. Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago. Now she cries out whenever any flying insect comes too close. Jennifer is demonstratingA. contiguity.B. contingency.C. generalization.D. discrimination.Answer: C27. Tyler’s grandmother used to receive emails from him every day so she would check her inbox regularly. Since Tyler went off to college, the emails have basically stopped. As a result, she no longer checks her inbox on a daily basis. If this pattern continues, we can expect ________ to occur.A. classical conditioningB. contiguityC. renewalD. extinctionAnswer: D29. Marcia was romantically involved with John. Unfortunately, Marcia eventually discovered that John was being a complete jerk, so she ended the relationship. One day in the mall, she suddenly gets a whiff of the cologne that John always wore. All the former good feelings come pouring back. This is an example ofA. reconditioning.B. spontaneous recovery.C. discrimination learning.D. unconditioned response.Answer: B34. It should take about thirty minutes for the aspirin Manny just took to relieve his headache, but Manny feels better within minutes. This is an example ofA. operant conditioning.B. aversive conditioning.C. generalization.D. the placebo effect.Answer: D37. John is taking an agent that causes nausea every time he smokes a cigarette. This is a form ofA. operant conditioning.B. counterconditioning.C. aversive conditioning.D. discrimination.Answer: C40. In a particular TV add, an attractive model is shown with a red Corvette. Which of the following statements is correct?A. All cars will now elicit the anticipation of an attractive person.B. The attractive model will have no effect on viewers.C. The ad will be more effective in eliciting the anticipation of an attractive person if the person in the ad appears in ads for other car companies. D. The ad will work best if the Corvette precedes the appearance of the attractive person.Answer: D45. Kevin used to cry, whine, throw temper tantrums, and eventually start screaming in the department store whenever he wanted a toy. His mother would resist initially but when he would start screaming she would give in. Eventually, Kevin started with the screaming to get his toy. Kevin is demonstrating A. classical conditioning.B. habituation.C. the Premack principle.D. the Law of Effect.Answer: D48. Melvin is a new fifth grade teacher. Unfortunately, many of his new students have a history of failing to complete their assignments. He wants to encourage his students to complete all of their assignments and to do well on them. From a behavioral perspective, Melvin shouldA. negatively reinforce the low achievers when they fail to complete their assignments.B. reinforce gradual approximations to the desired goal of completing 100% of the assignments.C. punish all the students if some do not complete their work.D. leave it to the students’ parents to take care of this problem.Answer: B50. Shaping could be used to train a dog to do which of the following behaviors?A. ring a doorbellB. begC. bring in the paperD. Both A and C are correct.Answer: D52. Cecil turns off all the lights in his house to avoid a huge electric bill. Cecil’s behavior is an example of A. positive reinforcement.B. negative reinforcement.C. generalization.D. discrimination.Answer: B53. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?A. waking up just before the alarm clock goes off in order to avoid the obnoxious alarm soundB. going shopping after getting a “B” on a difficult examC. treating yourself to an iTunes gift card after cleaning your roomD. exercising less after running a mini marathonAnswer: A55. Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be picked up if he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, picking up Simon whenever he cries is a ________ for the baby.A. positive reinforcerB. negative reinforcerC. positive punisherD. negative punisherAnswer: A56. The girl Jeremy has a crush on just walked into the movie store where he works. Which of his neurotransmitters is most activated?A. serotoninB. dopamineC. acetylcholineD. norepinephrineAnswer: B57. Because she once received a speeding ticket, Martha always drives the speed limit, even when there are no highway patrolmen present. Martha is demonstratingA. associative learning.B. avoidance learning.C. negative punishment.D. positive reinforcement.Answer: B59. One of your sorority sisters is in an abusive relationship. Her boyfriend physically abuses her and this has lead to several hospital visits. In talking with her, you discover that she also was abused by her father as a child. You now begin to understand why she puts up with an abusive boyfriend. This is a classic example of A. learned helplessness.B. imposed assault.C. victimization.D. sociocultural differences in learning.Answer: A63. A ________ would be LEAST interested in a primary reinforcer.A. gorillaB. dogC. fishD. humanAnswer: D70. Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. He gives Buster a doggie biscuit each time Buster sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules. Buster now has to sit on command three times before he gets a biscuit. Matt first used a ________ schedule, and then a ________ schedule to train Buster.A. continuous reinforcement schedule; fixed ratio schedule of reinforcementB. fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement; continuous reinforcement scheduleC. variable ratio schedule; fixed interval scheduleD. continuous reinforcement schedule; fixed interval scheduleAnswer: A76. Kayla is selling her Girl Scout cookies in the neighborhood. She never knows how many houses she will have to visit before she sells all of her cookies. Kayla is operating on a ________ schedule.A. fixed-ratio B. variable-ratio C. fixed-interval D. variable-interval Answer: B77. For the past week, Kelley has been scolded each time she teases her little brother. Her mother notices that the frequency of teasing is decreasing. Scolding Kelley is an example ofA. extinction.B. negative reinforcement.C. classical conditioning.D. positive punishment.Answer: D78. For the past month, Larry has been grounded each time he hits his little brother. Lately, Larry’s misbehavior towards his little brother has decreased. Grounding Larry is an example ofA. extinction.B. negative punishment.C. classical conditioning.D. positive reinforcement.Answer: B80. Kim is surprised and frustrated to find that her son’s misbehavior actually increases when she yells at him. In operant terms A. Kim should temporarily use corporal punishment as scolding is not working.B. yelling is serving to reinforce the misbehaviors instead of punishing them.C. yelling is serving as a positive punisher instead of a negative punisher.D. Both A and B are correct.Answer: B85. Research has shown applied behavior analysis to be effective inA. getting people to wear seatbelts.B. training autistic individuals.C. getting people to recycle.D. All of these.Answer: D87. Which of the following is/are associated with Bandura’s model of observational learning?A. UCS and CSB. reward and punishmentC. discrimination and extinctionD. retention and motor reproductionAnswer: D90. Jill watches as the teacher praises Ricky for getting the right answer. She decides to study harder in class. Jill is demonstratingA. negative reinforcement.B. vicarious punishment.C. positive learning.D. vicarious reinforcement.Answer: D92. On the way home from work, you decide to explore a side street that you have passed on several occasions. You are surprised to find that it runs parallel to the expressway. Several weeks later, there is a major accident on your usual travel route so you take this alternate route home. This is an example of ________ learning.A. discrimination B. latent C. operant D. associative Answer: B95. ________ is the species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.A. Instinctive driftB. Instinctive learningC. PreparednessD. ConceptualizationAnswer: C2. Cognitive psychologists are interested in examining all of the following except A. problem solving.B. idea formation.C. classical conditioning.D. decision making.Answer: C3. When using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer’s ________ and cognition as its ________.A. hardware; softwareB. monitor; keyboardC. hard drive; monitorD. software; hard driveAnswer: A5. Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of ________, a task that only humans can perform. A. developing new learning goalsB. prescribing medical treatmentsC. evaluating loan applicationsD. diagnosing medical illnessesAnswer: A6. Your sorority sister argues that AI machines will become intent on domination of the human race as soon as they realize that they are intellectually superior to humans. As a psychology major, you scoff at this position and argue that AI machines will never come to the realization that they are smarter than humans because theyA. are not and never will be.B. do not have the self awareness necessary to come to this conclusion.C. cannot complete tasks that involve evaluation.D. All of these.Answer: B8. After reading the section of the textbook on concepts, Mary Jo comes to the conclusion thatA. concepts are a form of cognitive efficiency and economy.B. concepts are the way people communicate with each other.C. concepts are abstract and have few practical applications.D. concepts are the reason that there are linguistic differences between ethnic groups.Answer: A11. In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because most real-life problemsA. are vague and ill-defined.B. suggest complex operations need to be employed.C. cannot be solved by the average person.D. All of these.Answer: A13. Sam manages a fast-food restaurant. He is frustrated because employees often call in sick at the last minute before they are supposed to start their shift. Given that Sam recognizes this problem, what should he do next?A. Sam should call a meeting with all his employees and explain the problem to them.B. Sam should threaten to fire anyone who calls in sick just prior to the start of their shift.C. Sam should evaluate his employee policies.D. Sam should define the problem in detail.Answer: D19. Jim needs a backyard shed to house his motorcycle, and even though he has never built one, he decides to do it himself. He buys a book of professionally drawn detailed shed plans. In this situation, Jim is using a(n)A. algorithm.B. heuristic.C. prototype.D. shortcut strategy. Answer: A22. Ivan has misplaced his keys. If he decides to use an algorithmic approach to find them, he willA. look in the last place he remembers seeing them.B. check his car first.C. call his wife to get the spare.D. start going through each drawer in his house.Answer: D23. What is the main difference between an algorithm and a heuristic?A. Only algorithms enhance learning.B. Heuristics take much more time than algorithms.C. An algorithm always leads to a correct solution, while a heuristic does not.D. Heuristics are effective for small problems, while algorithms are only used for complex ones.Answer: C25. ________ is a characteristic of good problem solvers.A. Self doubtB. HumilityC. EgocentrismD. RigidityAnswer: B27. Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her junk mail into confetti-sized pieces of paper. When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment, she runs out of protective styrofoam packing material. Suddenly, Monique gets the idea to use the shredded junk mail confetti for packing material. Monique hasA. overcome functional fixedness.B. used a heuristic to solve her packing problem.C. used an algorithm to solve her packing problem. D. demonstrated object fixation.Answer: A29. Human beings will often reason from the specific to the general. That is, people often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. This type of reasoning is termedA. deductive.B. retrospective.C. inductive.D. descriptive.Answer: C31. Carlos believes that all of the people from another part of his town are snobs. He believes that the students from this area are rich and spoiled. He is scheduled to perform with some of these students in an all-county musical presentation. If he assumes that these students are also rich and snobby, he is using ________ reasoning.A. inductive B. functionalC. critical D. deductiveAnswer: D33. Top down processing is to ________ reasoning as bottom up processing is to ________ reasoning.A. inductive; deductiveB. inductive; critical C. deductive; criticalD. deductive; inductiveAnswer: D35. Bonnie and Clyde have decided to purchase a new entertainment center. Because this will be a major financial investment, they spend a lot of time researching their options. You, a psychology student, advise them to distract themselves with an alternate activity before they come to any purchase decisions. Is this really good advice?A. No, research has shown that people who approach complex decisions in a consciously deliberate fashion and then act immediately make better choices.B. No, research has shown that people make better decisions when they study their options and act decisively before additional information causes them to change their minds.C. Yes, research has shown that people who approach complex decisions after being distracted are more likely to make better decisions.D. Yes, research has shown that a night of sleep is necessary before making a smart decision.Answer: C38. Many smokers like to point to the late George Burns, a famous actor who smoked cigars continuously for many years and lived to be nearly a hundred, as evidence that smoking is relatively harmless. These individuals tend to ignore the thousands of people who die every year from lung cancer. They are utilizing A. the availability heuristic.B. confirmation bias.C. the representativeness heuristic.D. hindsight bias.Answer: B40. Every week during football season, Fred and his friends have fun following the local high school teams. Before the games, Fred never really talks too much about how the games will turn out. On Monday, however, it is a different scenario altogether. Fred is more than happy to share with his friends that the games came out exactly as he thought they would and why. Fred is demonstratingA. overconfidence bias.B. hindsight bias.C. inductive reasoning.D. deductive reasoning. Answer: B45. Which of the following does NOT describe a critical thinker?A. grasps the deeper meaning of ideasB. has a sense of humilityC. relies on the opinion of more experienced othersD. questions assumptionsAnswer: C47. Which activity probably requires mindfulness?A. riding a bikeB. combing your hairC. brushing your teethD. studying psychologyAnswer: D50. Dr. Feelgood and Dr. Nogood both work at the local emergency room. Dr. Feelgood is almost always in a good mood whereas Dr. Nogood is seldom happy about anything. According to research, which physician would you want on duty if you have a medical emergency and why?A. Dr. Feelgood - he is likely to come to the correct diagnosis more quickly than Dr. Nogood.B. Dr. Feelgood - his positive attitude will help you recover faster.C. Dr. Nogood - he is less likely to be distracted by the unimportant details of your situation.D. Dr. Nogood - he is likely to think more seriously about the cause of your symptoms.Answer: A52. ________ thinking is best when a problem has only one right answer.A. ConvergentB. ConceptualC. AutomaticD. DivergentAnswer: A54. Which of the following is NOT a descriptor of creative thinkers?A. flexibleB. humorousC. externally motivatedD. risk takerAnswer: C57. The concept of ________ is best defined as the ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience.A. mindfulnessB. intelligenceC. reliabilityD. reasoningAnswer: B61. Although participants routinely scored about the same every time, the new fire fighters aptitude test showed almost no correlation to their actual performance. This new test isA. reliable and valid.B. reliable but not valid.C. not reliable but valid.D. not reliable and not valid.Answer: B63. A psychologist has developed a new test to measure the verbal ability of third graders. To determine the range of scores (and what is a good and bad score), he gives the test to 10,000 third graders. In the future, he will compare the performance of others to this reference group. This process of determining meaningful scores establishes testingA. criteria.B. validity.C. reliability.D. norms.Answer: D65. A 6-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have a ratio IQ ofA. 90.B. 100.C. 110.D. 120.Answer: B66. If an outcome measure is normally distributed, this means thatA. all scores are around the average score.B. some scores are well below average, but the other scores are above average.C. most scores are around the average with some scores being lower or higher.D. all scores are at the average range or higher.Answer: C68. Challenges to writing culturally-fair test questions include ________ factors.A. time B. language C. experience D. All of these.Answer: D70. Dr. Ambrose feels that a particular intelligence test is probably culturally biased. Which of the following test questions would concern Dr. Ambrose the most?A. Why do we need rain?B. In which month of the year is the Super Bowl played?C. What do we see in the sky at night?D. In what way are balloons and airplanes the same?Answer: B72. According to the American Psychological Association, by late adolescence the heritability of intelligence is about ________ percent.A. 25B. 40C. 55D. 75Answer: D75. Gifted children areA. highly intelligent.B. socially maladjusted. C. superior or talented.D. Both A and C are correct.Answer: D78. By definition, people who are gifted haveA. an IQ of 130 or higher.B. superior talent in a particular area.C. superior creative thinking skills.D. Either A or B.Answer: D85. Which theory of intelligence is best suited to explain the abilities of individuals with savant syndrome, or individuals with extremely high levels of intelligence in one area and virtually little or none in other areas?A. BinetB. WechslerC. TermanD. GardenerAnswer: D88. The word “ckprqpgezxeenfvk” violates EnglishA. phonology.B. morphology.C. syntax.D. semantics.Answer: A89. If the sound sequences “walk” and “ing” were combined to make “ingwalk,” this would violate EnglishA. phonology.B. morphology.C. syntax.D. semantics.Answer: B90. You tell your roommate, “I misplaced my wallet.” Your roommate exclaims, “Oh my goodness, you lost your wallet?” You respond, “No, I didn’t lose my wallet, I misplaced it.” This exchange best demonstrates the ________ aspect of language.A. morphologicalB. semanticC. pragmaticD. grammaticalAnswer: B91. The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar. This sentence isA. pragmatically correct but syntactically incorrect.B. semantically correct but syntactically incorrect.C. syntactically correct but semantically incorrect.D. syntactically and pragmatically incorrect.Answer: C93. Evidence of the role of language in cognitive activities includes the fact thatA. memory is stored in the form of images.B. memory is stored in the form of sounds.C. without language, people have no memories.D. memory is stored in the form of words.Answer: D98. The term universal linguist refers to the idea thatA. children must be exposed to language before the age of six in order to learn it.B. the size of the parent’s vocabulary affects the size of the child’s vocabulary.C. children from all over the world acquire language in the same order.D. infants can distinguish all of the sounds that make up human speech.Answer: D100. Just over a week ago, Anna lost her job at a manufacturing plant. At first, she was very worried about not being able to pay her bills. Since thinking it through, she is less stressed because she realizes that this may be the perfect opportunity to find that challenging career she always wanted. Anna’s consideration of the situation is best described as A. infinite generativity.B. confirmation of bias.C. a cognitive reappraisal.D. functional fixedness.Answer: C ................
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