The Design and Use of Detention Facilities for Stormwater ...
The Design and Use of Detention Facilities for Stormwater Management
Detention ponds are probably the most common management practice for the control of stormwater. If properly designed, constructed, and maintained, they can be very effective in controlling a wide range of pollutants and peak runoff flow rates. There is probably more information concerning the design and performance of detention ponds in the literature than for any other stormwater control device. Wet detention ponds are also a very robust method for reducing stormwater pollutants. They typically show significant pollutant reductions as long as a few design-related attributes are met. Many details are available to enhance performance, and safety, that should be followed. Many processes are responsible for the pollutant removals observed in wet detention ponds. Physical sedimentation is the most significant removal mechanism. However, biological and chemical processes can also contribute important pollutant reductions. The extensive use of aquatic plants, in a controlled manner, can provide additional pollutant removals. Wet detention ponds also are suitable for enhancement with chemical and advanced physical processes.
This course will use the DETPOND stormwater detention pond model (model and documentation) to evaluate and design stormwater detention ponds for a wide range of conditions. DETPOND is based on the same modeling approach used in SLAMM, but provides more detail to enable more effective evaluations. This course also includes extensive documentation of successful pond designs and approaches.
This material is excerpted from: Pitt, R. Stormwater Quality Management, Part Two: Treatment of Stormwater. CRC/Lewis. Boca Raton, FL. Publication forthcoming.
The following is an abbreviated table of contents of the course material available from the downloadable pdf file:
Introduction 4
Expected Detention Pond Performance 5
Potential Detention Pond Problems 5
Wet Detention Pond Design Guidelines to Minimize Potential Problems 5
Required Stormwater Detention Pond Maintenance 6
Basic Wet Detention Pond Design Guidelines 6
Wet Detention Pond Costs 7
Pond Size Calculation 7
Background 7
Multiple Benefits of Detention Facilities 8
Dry Ponds 9
Wet Detention Ponds 9
Extended Detention (Combination) Ponds 9
Roof Storage 10
Up-Sized Pipes 10
Underground Rock-Filled Detention 10
Use with Other Controls 10
Examples of Detention Pond Performance 11
Oil/Water Separators 19
Problems With Wet Detention Ponds 24
Safety of Wet Detention Ponds 24
Nuisance Conditions in Wet Detention Ponds and Degraded Water Quality 26
Attitudes of Nearby Residents and Property Values 26
Maintenance Requirements of Wet Detention Ponds 27
Routine Maintenance Requirements 27
Sediment Removal from Wet Detention Ponds 28
Vegetation Removal from Wet Detention Ponds 29
Detention Pond Costs 30
Guidelines To Enhance Pond Performance 33
Insect Control and Fish Stocking 33
Aquatic Plants for Detention Ponds 33
Locating Ponds 41
Pond Surface Area and Shape 46
Pond Water Depth 46
Pond Side Slopes 47
Internal Baffles 47
Outlet Structures 47
Emergency Spillways 48
Multiple Detention Ponds and their use With Other Control Devices 48
Enhancing Pond Performance During Severe Winter Conditions 48
Detention Pond Design Fundamentals 50
Upflow Velocity 51
Effects of Short-Circuiting on Particulate Removals in Wet Detention Ponds 54
Residence Time and Extended Detention Ponds 57
Particle Size 59
Particle Settling Velocities 64
Pond Water Losses and Liners 66
Flow Rate Reductions In Water Quality Ponds 70
Control of Pollutants Other Than Suspended Solids 70
Natural Bacterial Dieoff in Detention Ponds 72
Design Based on NURP Detention Pond Monitoring Results 73
Importance of Reservoir Routing 75
Introduction To Storage-Indication Method 75
Outflow Rates From Discharge Control Devices 75
Stage-Area and Storage-Indication Curve Development 79
Storage-Indication Calculation Procedure 81
Selecting Outflow Control Devices To Meet Water Quality Objectives 88
Wet Pond Design Criteria for Water Quality 90
The Use of the DETPOND Program to Statistically Evaluate Wet Pond Performance 97
DETPOND Verification using Data Collected at the Monroe St. Detention Pond, Madison, WI 103
Method of Investigation 107
Data Analysis and Observations 107
Particle Size Distributions and Short-Circuiting 115
Monroe St. Pond Verification Conclusions 116
Verification Based on Measured Performance at a Landfill Pond in Birmingham, AL. 117
Issues Associated with Using a Continuous Record of Rains vs. a Single Event Storm 121
Stream Habitat Benefits Associated with Peak Flow Reduction Criteria 122
Untreated Flows Associated with Single-Event Criteria 123
Benefits of Using Continuous, Long-Term Simulations 123
Example Use of DETPOND and Wet Detention Pond Analyses 128
Analysis of the Wet Stormwater Detention Pond for the Brook Highland Shopping Center 128
The Use of DETPOND to Evaluate Wet Detention Pond for Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport 136
Design Suggestions for In-Receiving Water Detention 152
Retro-fit Examples for Providing Water Quality Benefits in Existing Dry Detention Ponds 156
Evaluation and Recommended Modifications to a Small Dry Stormwater Detention Pond 156
Retrofit of Dry Detention Pond in Sunnyvale, CA 166
Retrofit Case Examples from the Center for Watershed Protection (Claytor 1998) 174
Conclusions 177
References 178
Appendix A: User Guide for DETPOND 193
Example Design Calculations and Evaluation Using DETPOND 193
Steps in Entering Data for Evaluation in DETPOND 198
Example 1: Create a Rain File for Use in DETPOND 210
Example 2: Edit the Rain File Created in Example 1 211
Example 3: Create a Rain File from CD ROM Data 212
Example 4: Stochastically Generate a Rain File 213
Example 5: Create a Particle Size Distribution File 214
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